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Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET PDF Download

What is Osmosis?

You haven't seen pickles being made at home, have you? That's all there is to osmosis' magic. How does osmosis work, though? Do you realise that osmosis is one of the most important factors in the survival of many species? We will learn everything about osmosis and osmotic pressure in this document.

In the process of Osmosis, solvent moves from a region of its higher concentration to a region of its lower concentration through a semi-permeable membrane, which allows the free passage of only solvent molecules.

Osmosis is the phenomenon of solvent flow through a semi-permeable membrane to equalize the solute concentrations on both sides of the membrane.

Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET

 

What is Osmotic Pressure?

Osmotic Pressure can be defined as:

The minimum pressure which should be applied on the solution, so as to prevent the migration of solvent molecules into the solution through a semi-permeable membrane.

Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEETThe osmotic pressure p of a solution is related to the molar concentration of solute M as: π = MRT, 

Where R is the gas constant and T is the absolute temperature.
Van’t Hoff equation for a dilute solution is similar to the ideal gas equation,
πV= nRT
Where π = osmotic pressure
R = gas constant
Some typical examples of osmosis and osmotic pressure are:
(i) The climbing of water up a tall tree from the soil.
(ii) Bursting of red-blood cells when placed in water.
(ii) Swelling of dry raisins when placed in water.


Types of Osmosis

  1. Exosmosis: This is the outward flow of water from a cell containing an aqueous solution through a semipermeable membrane, e.g. grape in NaCl solution.
  2. Endosmosis: This is the inward flow of water into a cell containing an aqueous solution through a semipermeable membrane, e.g. grape in water.

Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET

Difference between Endosmosis and Exosmosis

Key concept: The semipermeable membranes allow a selective passage to only the solvent molecules. Cellophane, parchment paper and animal protein membranes are typical semipermeable membranes.

  • The most frequently used semipermeable membrane in the laboratory is that of copper ferrocyanide, Cu2[Fe(CN)6] because it is very strong and can withstand very high pressure.
  • Remember that the semipermeable membrane of Cu2[Fe(CN)6] does not work in non-aqueous solution because it gets dissolved in nonaqueous solvents. 
  • Another synthetic semipermeable membrane is that of calcium phosphate.
  • Natural semipermeable membranes are cell walls, pig’s bladder, the skin surrounding white of an egg, the membrane surrounding RBCs etc. 

The hydrostatic pressure set up as a result of osmosis is a measure of the osmotic pressure of the solution.
For instance, if the solution of density d rises to height h, then osmotic pressure is expressed as π = h × d × g, where g is the acceleration due to gravity.
Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET

Tonicity

The ability of an extracellular solution to make water move into or out of a cell by osmosis is known as its tonicity.

Three terms—hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic—are used to describe whether a solution will cause water to move into or out of a cell:

Isotonic Solution

A pair of solutions having the same osmotic pressure are known as isotonic solutions.

  • If two such solutions are separated by a semipermeable membrane, there will be a transference of solvent from one solution to the other.
  • Isotonic solutions have the same concentration.
  • 0.85% NaCl solutions are found to be isotonic with blood, while 0.9%  NaCl solution isotonic with human RBCs.
    For isotonic solution, π1 = π2
    Or C= C⇒ n1/V1 = n2/V2
    or W1/m1V1 = W2/m2V2

Hypertonic Solution

If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, there will be a net flow of water out of the cell, and the cell will lose volume. A solution will be hypertonic to a cell if its solute concentration is higher than that inside the cell, and the solutes cannot cross the membrane.

When placed in hypertonic solutions, the fluid from the plant cells comes out and thus the cells contract in size (plasmolysis). When excess fertilizers (like urea) are applied, plasmolysis takes place and plants dry up (wilt).

Hypotonic Solution

If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, there will be a net flow of water into the cell, and the cell will gain volume. If the solute concentration outside the cell is lower than inside the cell, and the solutes cannot cross the membrane, then that solution is hypotonic to the cell. When placed in water or hypotonic solutions, cell swell and burst (haemolysis).

Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEETOsmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET

Comparison Between Diffusion And Osmosis

Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET

Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEETOsmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET

Difference between Osmotic Pressure and Vapour Pressure 
Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET


Example 1. Calculate the osmotic pressure and vapour pressure of 0.6% aqueous solution of a non-volatile, non-electrolyte solute, urea (NH2CONH2) at 25˚C. The vapour pressure of pure water at 25˚C is 24 mm Hg. Take densities to be 1 g mL-1 and assume ideal behaviour of the solution. Gas constant, R = 0.082 L atm. mol-1 K-1.
Key concept: Please refer to difference between osmotic pressure and vapour pressure while solving this illustration.
Solution.
Concentration of urea solution = 0.6%
This means, solution contains 0.6 g of urea per 100 g, and hence 100 mL of the solution,
So,
Mass of urea per litre of solution
= 0.6/100 × 100 = 6 g
Molar mass of urea, M = 60 g/mol
Concentration of urea in solution
= 6/60 mol/L = 0.1 mol/L

Example 2. At 25˚C, the osmotic pressure of human blood due to the pressure of various solutes in the blood is 7.65 atm. Assuming that molarity and molality are almost same, calculate the freezing point of blood. Kf = 1.86 K kg/mol. 
Solution. 
According to the Van't Hoff equation,
p = CRT
c = 7.65/(0.082)(298) = 0.313 mol/L
Since molarity and molality are same,
ΔTf = Kfm
ΔTf = 1.86 × 0.313 = 0.582
Freezing point of blood is - 0.582˚C.

Example 3. At 27°C, 36 g of glucose per litre has an osmotic pressure of 4.92 atm. If the osmotic pressure of solution is 1.5 atm at the same temperature, what should be its concentration?
Solution. 
Given that,
π= 4.92 atm, π2 = 1.5 atm
Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET
π1V1 = n1RT1
π2V2 = n2RT2
At same temperature,
Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET
Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET
∴ C2 = 0.061 mol/litre

Example 4. At 25°C, a solution containing 0.2 g of polyisobutylene in 100 mL of benzene developed a rise of 2.5 mm at osmotic equilibrium. Calculate the molecular weight of polyisobutylene if the density of the solution is 0.88 g/mL.
Solution. 
Height developed = 2.4mm
Osmotic pressure = h.d.g
Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET
207.187 dyne cm−2
Now πV = nRT
207.187 × 100
Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET
(R in erg; V in mL, using CGS system)
M = 2.39

Try yourself!

Question for Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor
Try yourself:A pair of solution bears the same osmotic pressure. What is this pair of solutions called?
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Question for Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor
Try yourself:A cell with lots of salt inside it is placed in a vessel containing just water. Which process takes place?
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Question for Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor
Try yourself:What is a necessary condition for osmosis to take place?
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Question for Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor
Try yourself:Which is the most appropriate method for determining the molar masses of biomolecules?
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What is Reverse Osmosis (RO)?

RO is a process in which a large pressure is applied to the solution side so as to overcome the osmotic pressure.

This pushes the pure solvent under pressure, out of the solution through the semi-permeable membrane. This process finds a number of practical applications. Some of them are the purification of drinking water, removal of salt from water molecules, removal of effluents from water, etc.

Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET

Water Purification

RO is considered one of the most important water purification technologies. The contaminants present in water are removed by pushing water under pressure through a semi-permeable membrane. Pure water is thus squeezed out which is fit for drinking. RO is also used in the desalinization of seawater. RO is a reliable source for obtaining potable water.

  • The process eliminates dissolved and suspended impurities, even bacteria.
  • The membrane is small enough to allow the solvent molecules to pass but does not allow large ions or molecules to pass through its pores.
  • Polymer membranes are used for the desalinization of seawater.
  • Cellulose acetate is often used as a semi-permeable membrane. It allows water molecules to pass but is impermeable to impurities.
  • It finds application in military, wastewater purification, food industry, landfill leachate purification, etc.

ABNORMAL MOLAR MASS
Molecular masses of the solute can be easily determined with the help of colligative properties; relative lowering in vapour pressure, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure easily. But, we derived the relation between the molecular mass of solute and colligative properties under some assumptions, which are:

  • The solution is diluted that is, solvent is available in large amount in order to obey Raoult’s Law
  • The solute neither went dissociation or association in the solution

So, how do we determine the molecular mass of solute in case the above assumptions are not valid? Basically, the abnormality is due to:

(i) Association of Solute Particles

  • Some solute molecules start to associate inside the solution. 
  • This means now there are less number of solute particles in the solution. 
  • As colligative properties vary with solute particles in the solution, they will decrease along with the solute particles. 
  • As colligative properties are inversely proportional to the molecular mass of solute, we get a higher molar mass of the solute. 
  • For Example: Ethanoic acid or acetic acid ( CH3COOH) associate in solution to form a dimer due to hydrogen bonding.
    Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET

Image 2: Ethanoic Acid dimer due to hydrogen bonding

(ii) Dissociation of Solute Particles

  • Some solute molecules, generally electrolytes dissociate into two or more ions/particles when dissolved in a solution. 
  • This leads to increase in solute particles in the solution, thereby increase in colligative properties of solutions. 
  • As colligative properties and molecular mass of solute varies inversely, we get a lower molar mass of the solute.

Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEETNaCl dissociate into two ions when dissolved in water

Such a molar mass, whose value is higher or lower than its expected value is known as Abnormal Molar Mass. For Example, weak electrolytes dissociate in water to form ions, example Hydrofluoric Acid (HF), dissociate into hydrogen cation and fluorine anion.

Van’t Hoff Factor

To determine colligative properties for solutions which undergo association and dissociation, a Dutch physical chemist Jacobus Henricus van’t Hoff in the year 1880 introduced the concept of Van’t Hoff Factor i to sort out association and dissociation problem while calculating the molar mass of solute.
The Van’t Hoff factor is denoted by ‘i’ and is obtained when we divide normal mass with an abnormal mass of solute. Mathematically, it is represented in three forms:
i = Normal Molar Mass/Abnormal Molar Mass
i = Observed Colligative property/Calculated Colligative property
i = Total Number of Moles of Particles after Association/Dissociation / Total Number of Moles of Particles before Association / Dissociation
Thus, the value of i depends upon the state of solute in the solution.

Following cases become possible. 

  • When, i = 1, then the solute remains unaffected (i.e., normal) in solution.
  • When, i > 1, then the solute undergoes dissociation in solution.
  • When, i < 1, then the solute undergoes association in solution.

Thus, for
Potassium chloride (KCl) in aqueous solution, i is nearly equal to 2.
Barium chloride (BaCl2) in aqueous solution, i is nearly equal to 3.
Benzoic acid (C6H5COOH) in benzene, i is nearly equal to 0.5.
Acetic acid (CH3COOH) in benzene, i is nearly equal to 0.5.


Calculation of I (Van’t Hoff Factor)

First, we write an equation of the solute being associated or dissociated
CASE 1: WHEN SOLUTE UNDERGOES DISSOCIATION WHEN DISSOLVED IN SOLVENT
Degree of dissociation: It is defined as the number of moles dissociated over the initial number of moles taken.
Van’t Hoff factor = Total number of particles at equilibrium/Total initial number of particle
Let c moles per litre of an electrolyte AxBy be taken and let it dissociated as
AxBy →xAy+ + yBx–
t = 0   C   0   0      
c (1 − α) xcα ycα At equilibrium
i = concentration or number of moles after dissociation/concentration or number of moles before dissociation
i =[c - cα + xcα + ycα ]/c
or i = [1 - α + xα + yα ]/1
=  1 + [(x + y)–1]α
Let x + y = n = number of particles formed after dissociation
i = 1 + (n – 1)α

Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET

Degree of Association may be defined as the number of molecules associated per unit volume over initial concentration
i = Total number of particles or concentration after association/Total number of particles or concentration before association
Let n molecules of an electrolyte A undergo association
then, nA → An 
           C        0    t = 0
    C – C · α    C.α/n  At. equilibrium
Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEETOsmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET

 Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET


MODIFIED EQUATIONS FOR COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
For solutes which undergo dissociation or association in solutions, the equations for the colligative properties are modified by inserting the van'tHoff's factor in them as follows:
Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET


Example 1. Acetic acid (CH3COOH) associates in benzene to form double molecules. 1.65 g of acetic acid when dissolved in 100 g of benzene raised the boiling point by 0.36˚C. Calculate the Van't Hoff factor and the degree of association of acetic acid in benzene. (Kb = 2.57 K kg mol -1).
Solution.

Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEETTotal moles at equilibriumOsmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET∆Tb = Kb × m,
Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEETα = 0.981Van't Hoff factor = no. of moles at equilibrium/Initial no. of moles

Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEETExample 2. Derive a relationship between Kb, Tb and ∆Hvap for a liquid. 
Solution.
Let us consider a pure liquid. At its boiling point, Tb, its vapour pressure P˚ would be equal to the external pressure.
P˚ = Pext at temperature Tb.
Now let us consider a non-volatile solute dissolved in the liquid. When the solution reaches temperature Tb, the vapour pressure of the system, would be less than the external pressure. When the solution is heated further and it reaches its boiling Tb, the vapour pressure of the solution would be equal to Pext which is equal to the P˚ of the pure liquid at its boiling point. Since vapour pressure of a system are the Kp's for the respective equilibrium,
Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEETAssuming the solution to be highly dilute, Tb would be very close to Tb.
Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEETOsmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEETSince Xsolute is very small, we can make the approximation that in (1 - x) = -x (when x is very small).
Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEETIgnoring n in comparison to N in the denominatorOsmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEETOsmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEETMultiplying by 1000 on both the sides, we get,Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEETOsmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEETSimilarly, Kf = Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEETExample 3. To 500 cm3 of water, 3.0 × 10- 3 kg of acetic acid is added. If 23% of acetic acid is dissociated, what will be the depression in freezing point? Kf and density of water are 1.86 K kg-1 mol-1 and 0.997 g cm-3 respectively. 
Solution. Molality of acetic acid 

Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEETTotal number of moles per kg of solvent = 0.1003 (1 + 0.23)ΔTf = Kfm = 1.86 × 0.1003 × 1.23 = 0.23o C

Example. 4. At 300 K, the vapour pressure of an ideal solution containing one mole of A and 3 moles of B is 500 mm of Hg. At the same temperature, if one mole of B is added to this solution, the vapour pressure of the solution increases by 10 mm of Hg. Calculate the V.P. of A and B in their pure state.
Solution. 

Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET
When, one mole of B is further added to it, 

Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEETSolving equations (i) and (ii), we getP°A= 440 mm, P°B= 600 mm

Example 5. A decinormal solution of NaCl exerts an osmotic pressure of 4.6 atm. at 300 K. Calculate its degree of dissociation. (R = 0.082 L atm. K-1mol-1). 
Solution. 
No. of moles of NaCl per litre of solution = 0.1
Osmotic pressure (p) = 4.6 atm., Temperature (T) = 300 K
Had NaCl not dissociated, then
p normal = CRT = 0.1 × 0.082 × 300 atm. = 2.46 atm.
But, pobs = 4.6 atm.
As per definition,

Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET

Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET

For the dissociation of an electrolyte producing n ions,

Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEETSo, Percentage dissociation = 100 × a = 100 × 0.87 = 87%
Example 6. Vapour pressure of C6H6 and C7H8 mixture at 50˚C are given by: P = 179 XB 92, where XB is mole fraction of C6H6. Calculate (in mm): 
(A) Vapour pressure of pure liquids. 
(B) Vapour pressure of liquid mixture obtained by mixing 936 g C6H6 and 736 g toluene. 
(C) If the vapours are removed and condensed into liquid and again brought to the temperature of 50˚C, what would be mole fraction of C6H6 in vapour state? 
Solution. 
(A) Given, P = 179XB + 92
For pure, C6H6, XB = 1
B= 179 + 92 = 271 mm
For pure C7H8, XB = 0
T= 179 x 0 + 92 = 92 mm
(B) Now PM = P°BXB + P°TXT

Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET = 162.6 +36.8 = 199.4 mmMoles of C6H6 = 936/78 = 12
Moles of C7H8 = 736/92 = 8
(C) Now mole fraction of C6H6 in vapour phase of initial mixture (X'T)
Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEETMoles fraction of C7H8 in vapour phase of initial mixture (X'L)
Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET

These vapours are taken out and condensed into liquid. The liquid is again brought to 50˚C to get again vapour-liquid equilibrium.
Thus, mole fraction of C6H6 in vapour phase of initial mixture
= Mole fraction of C6H6 in liquid phase on II mixture X'B
Similarly, mole fraction of C7H8 in vapour phase of initial mixture
= Mole fraction of C7H8 in liquid phase on II mixture X'T

Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEETTherefore,

 Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET= 271 × 0.815 + 92 × 0.185 mm= 220.865 + 17.02 = 237.885 mm
New mole fraction of C6H6 in vapour phase

Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET

New mole fraction of C7H8 in vapour phase = 0.072.

Example 7. The freezing point depression of an HF (aq) solution with molality 0.10 m is -0.201˚C. What will be the Van’t Hoff factor? Take the value of Kf to be 1.86˚Cm-1
Solution. 
HF (aq) → H+ + F-
We have Δ T= -0.201 C0 , m = 0.10 and Kf = 1.86 ˚Cm-1
The freezing point depression is Δ Tf = i Kfm
0.201 = i × 1.86 × 0.10
The value of Van’t Hoff factor will be 1.08

Example 8. A millimolar solution of potassium ferricyanide is 70% dissociated at 27°C. Find out the osmotic pressure of the solution.
Solution.
Given, concentration of solution = C = 1/1000 M = 10–3M

Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET


Where α = degree of dissociation = 70% = 70/100 = 0.7
Total moles of after dissociation = (1 – α) + 3α + α = 1+ 3α
∴ i = 1 + 3α/1
i = 1+3α = 1+(3 × 0.7) = 3.1
Since osmotic pressure
π = iCRT
∴ π = 3.1 × 10–3 × 0.0821 × 300
= 0.31 × 3 × 0.0821 atm = 0.07635 atm

TRY YOURSELF!
Q.1. A 0.5 percent aqueous solution of Potassium Chloride was found to freeze at 0.24°C. Calculate the Van't Hoff factor and degree of dissociation of the solute at this concentration (Kf for water is 1.86).
Ans. 
Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET
Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET
i = Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET
= 1.923; i = 1+(n–1)α
1.923 = 1+ (2–1)α ⇒ 1.923 = 1+ α
α = 1.923 – 1 = 0.923
or  α = 0.923 or 92.3%

Q.2. If the apparent degree of ionization of KCl (KCl = 74.5 gm mol–1) in water at 290K is 0.86. Calculate the mass of KCl which must be made up to 1 dm3 of aqueous solution so as to produce the same osmotic pressure as the 4.0% solution of glucose at that temperature.,
Ans.
Due to ionization of KCl
Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET

From question, degree of ionization = a = 0.86
∴ i = 1+ 0.86 = 1.86
For Osmotic pressure of glucose,
For 4% glucose solution,
Weight of glucose = 40 gm,
Volume of solution = V = 1L = 1dm3
Molecular weight of glucose C6H12O6= m = 180
Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEETwhere πglucose = osmotic pressure of glucose
Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEETSimilarly,Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEETOsmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEETAs both solutions are isotonic,∴ πKCl = πglucose
Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEETOsmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET= 8.9 gm

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FAQs on Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Van’t Hoff Factor - Chemistry Class 12 - NEET

1. What is osmosis?
Ans. Osmosis is the process by which solvent molecules move from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration through a semipermeable membrane.
2. What is osmotic pressure?
Ans. Osmotic pressure is the pressure exerted by a solvent to prevent the inward flow of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane, in order to maintain equilibrium between the solvent and solute concentrations.
3. What are the types of osmosis?
Ans. The two types of osmosis are endosmosis, which refers to the inward flow of solvent molecules into a cell, and exosmosis, which refers to the outward flow of solvent molecules from a cell.
4. What is tonicity?
Ans. Tonicity refers to the ability of a solution to cause osmosis and induce changes in cell volume. It is determined by the relative concentrations of solutes in the solution compared to inside the cell.
5. What is the difference between osmotic pressure and vapor pressure?
Ans. Osmotic pressure is the pressure exerted by a solvent to prevent the inward flow of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane, while vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by the vapor phase of a substance in equilibrium with its liquid or solid phase. The main difference is that osmotic pressure is related to solute concentration and membrane permeability, while vapor pressure is related to the evaporation of a substance.
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