Ovulation | Medical Science Optional Notes for UPSC PDF Download

Introduction

Ovulation takes place 10-12 hours after the peak of luteinizing hormone (LH) and approximately 36 hours after the LH surge. The follicular phase, also known as the proliferative phase, is the period in the menstrual cycle when ovarian follicles mature. It spans from the onset of menstruation to the initiation of ovulation.

During the follicular phase, estrogen levels reach their peak towards the phase's conclusion. This surge in estrogen triggers an increase in luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels. This surge persists for 24 to 36 hours, resulting in the rupture of ovarian follicles and the release of the oocyte from the ovary through the oviduct.

Ovulation | Medical Science Optional Notes for UPSC

The primary physiological indicator signaling impending ovulation is the LH surge. An LH peak level of 75 ng/mL is essential for ovulation, and this surge takes place 24-36 hours before the actual ovulation. The LH peak persists for a duration of 24 hours.

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What is the primary physiological indicator signaling impending ovulation?
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The LH surge leads to the following outcomes:

  • Completion of the meiosis of the ovum
  • Ovulation
  • Formation and development of the corpus luteum

Tests for Ovulation

Understanding the timing of ovulation within the menstrual cycle holds significance for both enhancing fertility and family planning.

Basal Body Temperature (BBT) Method:
It is established that basal body temperature falls around the time of ovulation, typically by about 1/2° F. A convenient and reasonably reliable indicator of ovulation time is a change—usually a rise—in basal body temperature. This increase begins 1-2 days after ovulation. For accurate temperature charting, women interested in tracking their ovulation should use a digital thermometer and measure their temperatures (orally or rectally) in the morning before getting out of bed. The likely cause of the temperature change during ovulation is the increase in progesterone secretion, given that progesterone has thermogenic properties.

Ovulation | Medical Science Optional Notes for UPSC

Fern Test:
This test illustrates the cyclic alterations in cervical mucus influenced by various hormones. In the preovulatory phase (estrogenic phase), a drop of cervical mucus spread and dried on a glass slide exhibits a palm leaf or fern-type reaction, attributed to the presence of sodium chloride. This reaction diminishes post-ovulation under the influence of progesterone. Progesterone causes the cervical mucus to thicken, become tenacious, and impervious to sperm and bacteria.

Spinnbarkeit Phenomenon or Thread Test:
Ovulation mucus displays remarkable elasticity, withstanding stretching up to 10 cm. This quality is termed spinnbarkeit or the thread test for estrogen activity. During the secretory phase, cervical mucus becomes tenacious, and its viscosity increases, causing it to lose the spinnbarkeit property and fracture under tension. This characteristic is referred to as tack.

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Ovulation | Medical Science Optional Notes for UPSC

Endometrial Biopsy:
Evidence of secretory changes confirms that the menstrual cycle has been ovulatory.

Daily Ultrasound:
Ultrasonic visualization of the ovaries is conducted from the 10th to the 16th day of the menstrual cycle. This noninvasive, accurate, and safe method observes the follicle's daily growth rate of 1-2 mm, reaching 20 mm or more at midcycle when follicular rupture and ovulation occur. The abrupt disappearance of the follicle, the presence of free fluid in the pouch of Douglas, and the growth of the corpus luteum are observable outcomes.

Hormonal Studies:

  • Plasma Progesterone: Levels rise following ovulation.
  • LH Surge.
  • FSH: Elevated FSH levels are evident in cases of ovarian failure.

Reproductive physiology-Repeats

Ovulation -Repeats 

  • Define ovulation and identify the hormones essential for the process. Explain the significance of knowing the timing of ovulation. (2014)
  • Discuss tests that indicate the occurrence of ovulation in females. (2011)
The document Ovulation | Medical Science Optional Notes for UPSC is a part of the UPSC Course Medical Science Optional Notes for UPSC.
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FAQs on Ovulation - Medical Science Optional Notes for UPSC

1. What is ovulation and why is it important for women's health?
Ans. Ovulation is the process in which a mature egg is released from the ovary and is ready for fertilization. It is an important part of a woman's menstrual cycle and is necessary for pregnancy to occur. Ovulation also plays a role in regulating hormonal balance and overall reproductive health.
2. How can I determine when I am ovulating?
Ans. There are several methods to determine when you are ovulating. These include tracking your menstrual cycle, monitoring changes in cervical mucus, using ovulation predictor kits, and observing changes in basal body temperature. Consulting with a healthcare professional can help you identify the most suitable method for tracking ovulation.
3. Can I get pregnant if I have irregular ovulation?
Ans. While irregular ovulation can make it more challenging to conceive, it is still possible to get pregnant. It may require more careful tracking of ovulation and timing intercourse accordingly. If you are having difficulty getting pregnant due to irregular ovulation, it is advisable to consult with a fertility specialist who can provide further guidance and assistance.
4. Are there any signs or symptoms of ovulation?
Ans. Yes, there are some signs and symptoms that can indicate ovulation. These include a change in cervical mucus consistency, mild pelvic pain or twinges, breast tenderness, increased sexual desire, and a slight increase in basal body temperature. However, it is important to note that not all women experience these symptoms, and they may vary from person to person.
5. Can stress affect ovulation?
Ans. Yes, stress can potentially affect ovulation. High levels of stress can disrupt hormonal balance and interfere with the regularity of menstrual cycles, leading to irregular ovulation or even anovulation (lack of ovulation). It is important to manage stress through relaxation techniques, exercise, and seeking support if needed to promote optimal reproductive health.
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