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FAQs on Past Year Paper - Biology (Set - 2), Delhi, 2016, Class 12, Biology - Additional Study Material for NEET

1. What is the structure and function of DNA in biology?
Ans. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that contains the genetic instructions for the development and functioning of all living organisms. It is a double-stranded helical structure that is made up of nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine). The structure of DNA allows it to store and transmit genetic information from one generation to the next. It serves as a template for the synthesis of RNA, which in turn directs the synthesis of proteins.
2. How does natural selection contribute to the process of evolution?
Ans. Natural selection is a key mechanism of evolution. It refers to the process by which certain heritable traits become more or less common in a population over successive generations. This occurs because individuals with traits that are advantageous for their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on these beneficial traits to their offspring. On the other hand, individuals with traits that are less advantageous are less likely to survive and reproduce, leading to a decrease in the prevalence of these traits in the population. Over time, natural selection can result in the emergence of new species and the adaptation of organisms to their environment.
3. What are the main differences between mitosis and meiosis?
Ans. Mitosis and meiosis are two types of cell division processes. Mitosis is involved in the growth, repair, and asexual reproduction of organisms, while meiosis is specifically involved in the production of gametes (sex cells) for sexual reproduction. The main differences between mitosis and meiosis include: - Mitosis results in the formation of two genetically identical daughter cells, while meiosis results in the formation of four genetically unique daughter cells. - Mitosis involves one round of cell division, while meiosis involves two rounds of cell division. - Mitosis produces diploid cells (containing two sets of chromosomes), while meiosis produces haploid cells (containing one set of chromosomes). - Mitosis does not involve crossing over, while meiosis involves the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I.
4. What is the role of enzymes in biological reactions?
Ans. Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts in biological reactions. They speed up the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. Enzymes achieve this by binding to specific substrates and facilitating the conversion of substrates into products. Enzymes are highly specific, meaning they can only catalyze specific reactions. They are not consumed or altered during the reaction and can be used repeatedly. Enzymes play a crucial role in various cellular processes, such as metabolism, DNA replication, and protein synthesis.
5. How do hormones regulate physiological processes in the human body?
Ans. Hormones are chemical messengers that are produced by various glands in the endocrine system. They are secreted into the bloodstream and travel to target cells or organs, where they regulate physiological processes. Hormones bind to specific receptors on target cells, initiating a signaling cascade that leads to specific cellular responses. Different hormones have different effects on the body, such as regulating metabolism, growth and development, reproductive processes, and maintaining homeostasis. The levels of hormones are tightly regulated through feedback mechanisms to ensure proper functioning of the body.
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