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Previous Year Questions 2023 | |
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Previous Year Questions 2020 | |
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2018 & Rest of Years Questions |
Ans: (a)
James Watt improved the steam engine in the late 18th century by making it more efficient, which played a crucial role in the Industrial Revolution by powering machines and factories.
Q2: Who of the following set up the first Iron and Steel industry in India? [2023]
(a) J.R.D. Tata
(b) Purushotam Das
(c) R.G. Saraiya
(d) Thakur Das
Ans: (a)
J.R.D. Tata established the first iron and steel industry in India, called Tata Steel, in 1907 at Jamshedpur. This industry was a significant step in India's industrial development and marked the beginning of large-scale steel production in the country.
Q3: Read the given case and answer the questions that follow. [2023]
Market for Goods
One way in which new consumers are created is through advertisements. As you know, advertisements make products appear desirable and necessary. They try to shape the minds of people and create new needs. Today we live in a world where advertisements surround us. They appear in newspapers, magazines, hoardings, street walls, television screens. But if we look back into history, we find that from the very beginning of the industrial age, advertisements have played a part in expanding the markets for products, and in shaping a new consumer culture. When Manchester industrialists began selling cloth in India, they put labels 'MADE IN MANCHESTER' on the cloth bundles. The label was needed to make the place of manufacture and the name of the company familiar to the buyer. The label was also to be a mark of quality. When buyers saw written in bold on the label, they were expected to feel confident about buying the cloth.
(i) How was the marketing of goods done in India by the British?
View AnswerAns: Marketing of goods done in India by the British through advertisements.
(ii) How were the new consumers created through advertisement during colonial India?
View AnswerAns: Advertisements through newspapers, magazines, hoarding were the most important method used by the producers to expand the market. It played a major role in expanding the markets and shaping a new consumer culture. Advertisements make products appear desirable and necessary.
(iii) Identify the messages conveyed through advertisements during industrialization.
View AnswerAns: During industrialization, advertisements conveyed messages of modernity, convenience, quality, patriotism, and social status of consumers. These messages helped to promote and sell products to a growing consumer market and also shape up minds of people and create new needs in them.
Ans:
(i) Due to the industrial revolution and availability of job opportunities in factories of London.
(ii) Gas wor k was the seasonal Indu stry and they were In need to low wage workers.
(iii) (a) Machines needed huge capital investments.
(b) Machines were costly, ineffective, difficult to repair.
(c) Labour was available at low wages.
(d) In seasonal industries, only seasonal labour was required.
Ans: Carding is a mechanical process that disentangles, cleans and intermixes fibres to produce a continuous web such as cotton or wool are prepared prior to spinning.
Q6: Name the two industrialists of Bombay who built huge industrial empires during the nineteenth century. [2020]
Ans: Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata.
Q7: Why did the elite of Britain prefer hand-made goods in the mid-nineteenth century? Explain. [2020]
Ans: The elite of Britain preferred hand-made goods in the mid-nineteenth century for several reasons. Firstly, a range of products could only be produced with hand labor, as machines were primarily oriented towards producing uniform standardized goods for the mass market. Hand-made goods came to symbolize refinement and class, as they were better finished, individually produced, and carefully designed. Additionally, machine-made goods were often exported to the colonies, while hand-made goods were seen as a mark of British craftsmanship. The preference for hand-made goods by the elite reflected their desire for quality and exclusivity.
Q8: Why did the export of Indian textile decline at the beginning of the nineteenth century? Explain any three reasons. [2020]
Ans: The export of Indian textiles declined at the beginning of the nineteenth century due to several reasons. Firstly, Britain imposed duties on cotton textiles, making it more expensive for Indian textiles to compete in the export market. Secondly, the exports of British goods to India increased, flooding the Indian markets with Manchester goods. The competition from cheaper machine-made goods from Britain made it difficult for Indian textiles to maintain their market share. Lastly, by the mid-nineteenth century, most weaving regions in India faced a decline in exports as they struggled to compete with the cheaper and more efficient machine-made goods.
Q9: Explain the impact of Industrialisation on the Indian weavers during the eighteenth century. [2020 C]
Ans: The impact of industrialisation on Indian weavers during the eighteenth century was primarily negative and led to significant changes in their lives and livelihoods:
Q10: Explain the ways through which British manufacturers attempted to take over the Indian market. [2020]
Ans: British manufacturers made several attempts to take over the Indian market during the colonial period. Some of the methods they employed include:
Ans: The decline of Indian cotton textiles in the early nineteenth century can be attributed to several causes. Firstly, the introduction of cheaper machine-made cotton goods from Britain made it difficult for hand-made Indian cotton textiles to compete in terms of price. The British goods flooded the Indian markets, leading to a decline in demand for Indian textiles. Secondly, the outbreak of the Civil War in the United States disrupted the supply of raw cotton from the US to Britain. As a result, Britain turned to India as a source of cotton, creating a shortage of raw materials for Indian weavers. Lastly, the establishment of cotton factories in India by the end of the nineteenth century further contributed to the decline of traditional handloom cotton textiles.
Q12: "Series of changes affected the pattern of industrialisation in India by the early twentieth century.” Analyse the statement. [Delhi 2019]
Ans: The statement highlights that a series of changes influenced the pattern of industrialisation in India by the early twentieth century. These changes can be analyzed as follows:
Q13: Explain any five factors responsible for the decline of the cotton textile industry in India in the mid-nineteenth century. [2019 C]
Ans: The cotton textile industry in India witnessed a decline in the mid-nineteenth century due to the following factors:
Q14: Describe the role of early entrepreneurs of India in the development of industries. [2019]
Ans: Early entrepreneurs in India played a significant role in the development of industries. Some examples of their contributions include:
Q15: Describe the conditions of workers in Europe after the Industrial Revolution. [Al 2019]
Ans: The conditions of workers in Europe after the Industrial Revolution were generally poor and marked by several challenges:
Ans: Merchants from towns in Europe began to move to the countryside in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries because they wanted to expand their production for the international market. However, they were unable to do so within the towns due to the power of urban crafts and trade guilds, which prevented the entry of merchants. Moving to the countryside allowed them to supply money to peasants and artisans and persuade them to produce goods for the growing demand.
Q17: What is proto-industrialisation? Explain the conditions in 18th century English countryside that created conditions for proto-industrialisation. [2017]
Ans: Proto-industrialisation refers to the early phase of industrialisation in Europe, before the establishment of factories. In the eighteenth century English countryside, certain conditions created favorable circumstances for proto-industrialisation. These conditions include the expansion of world trade and the acquisition of colonies, which led to an increased demand for goods. Merchants from towns in Europe began moving to the countryside, providing financial support to peasants and artisans and encouraging them to produce for the international market. This shift allowed for large-scale production and the emergence of a proto-industrial system.
Q18: How did the East India Company procure regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles from Indian weavers? [2017]
Ans: The East India Company procured regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles from Indian weavers by implementing certain strategies. Firstly, the company tried to eliminate existing traders and appointed "Gomasthas" as supervisors. These Gomasthas were responsible for overseeing the production of textiles and ensuring regular supplies. Secondly, the system of advances was introduced, where the company provided financial support to the weavers in exchange for their commitment to produce textiles exclusively for the company. This allowed the company to have direct control over the weavers and ensured a steady supply of textiles. Lastly, the weavers were forced to accept the prices fixed by the company, giving the company control over the pricing and production of textiles.
Q19: In the eighteenth century Europe, why did the peasants and artisans in the countryside readily agree to work for the merchants? Explain any three reasons. [2016]
Ans: In the eighteenth century Europe, peasants and artisans in the countryside readily agreed to work for merchants for several reasons. Firstly, the disappearance of open fields and the enclosure of commons left them with limited alternative sources of income. The offer of work from merchants provided them with an additional source of income that supplemented their shrinking income from cultivation. Secondly, many peasants had small plots of land that could not provide work for all family members. Working for merchants allowed them to utilize their skills and labor to earn a living. Lastly, merchants offered advances to the peasants and artisans, providing them with the necessary capital to produce goods. This financial support was appealing to the peasants and artisans who lacked the resources to expand their production on their own.
Q20: Describe any three conditions that were favorable for the continuing growth of industries in 18th-century India. [2016]
Ans: Three conditions that were favorable for the continuing growth of industries in 18th-century India are as follows: Firstly, India had abundant coal and iron-ore deposits, providing essential resources for industrial production. Secondly, the presence of numerous perennial rivers facilitated transportation and irrigation, supporting industrial activities. Thirdly, India had access to abundant raw materials, such as cotton, silk, and spices, which were in high demand in both domestic and international markets. These favorable conditions, along with the vast network of roads and railways and the presence of a large market, contributed to the growth of industries in 18th-century India.
Q21: Industrialization gave birth to imperialism. Justify the statement with three arguments. [2016]
Ans: The statement that industrialization gave birth to imperialism can be justified with the following arguments: Firstly, industrialization created a need for a constant supply of raw materials to sustain the production of goods. Industrialized nations, such as Britain, sought new sources of raw materials to meet this demand, leading to the colonization of resource-rich regions. Secondly, industrialized countries implemented heavy import duties as protective tariffs to safeguard their domestic industries. As a result, they needed to find new markets for their products, which led to the colonization of areas where industrialization had not yet occurred. Lastly, colonies served as both suppliers of cheap raw materials and easy markets for the finished goods of industrialized nations. The race for colonies among industrialized nations was driven by economic motives, making imperialism a direct result of industrialization.
Q22: How was foreign trade from India conducted before the age of machine industries? Explain. [2016]
Ans: Before the age of machine industries, foreign trade from India was conducted through various means. Firstly, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles. While coarser cotton was produced in many countries, the finer varieties often came from India. Merchants, including Armenian and Persian traders, would transport these goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, Eastern Persia, and Central Asia. Secondly, bales of fine textiles were carried on camelback through mountain passes and across deserts, connecting different regions. Lastly, a vibrant sea trade operated through major precolonial ports such as Surat, Masulipatnam, and Hooghly, which were connected to Gulf, Red Sea, and Southeast Asian ports, respectively. These trade routes and networks facilitated the exchange of goods and the establishment of commercial ties with various regions.
Q23: Explain any three reasons for the clashes between the weavers and the gomasthas. [2016]
Ans: Clashes between the weavers and the gomasthas, who were appointed supervisors by the East India Company, were primarily caused by the following reasons: Firstly, the weavers had previously dealt with local supply merchants who belonged to the same villages and had established relationships with them. The sudden introduction of gomasthas, who were outsiders with no long-term social connections, led to conflicts and resistance. Secondly, the gomasthas acted arrogantly and often marched into villages with sepoys and peons, intimidating and punishing weavers for any delays or discrepancies. This authoritarian behavior further fueled the clashes. Lastly, the weavers' freedom to bargain for prices or sell to other buyers was restricted by the company. The low wages offered by the company and the lack of alternative options led to discontent among the weavers, resulting in clashes and revolts in some places.
Q24: How did the abundance of labor in the market affect the lives of the workers in the nineteenth century? Explain with examples. [2017]
Ans: The abundance of labor in the market during the nineteenth century had significant effects on the lives of workers:
Q25: What was 'Proto-industrialisation'? Explain the importance of proto-industrialisation. [2016]
Ans: Proto-industrialisation refers to the system of industries that existed in Europe before the arrival of modern machine-run factories. It involved large-scale production for an international market and was based in the countryside rather than in factories. The importance of proto-industrialisation can be seen in its effects on the economy and society:
Q26: Why were the British industrialists not keen to introduce modern machinery in the nineteenth century? Explain any five reasons. [2016]
Ans: British industrialists in the nineteenth century were not enthusiastic about introducing modern machinery due to the following reasons:
Q27: Explain with examples the importance of advertisement in the marketing of goods. [2016]
Ans: Advertisement plays a crucial role in the marketing of goods. Some examples highlighting its importance include:
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1. What were the main factors that led to the Age of Industrialisation? |
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