Space Internet | Science & Technology for UPSC CSE PDF Download

Introduction

• The Starlink network is an ambitious project aimed at beaming data signals from space.
• The project envisions a constellation of nearly 12,000 satellites to provide low-cost and reliable space-based Internet services worldwide.
• Launched in 2015, the project currently has 122 satellites in orbit.

Significance of the Starlink Project

• Universal Internet Access: The primary goal is to ensure reliable and uninterrupted Internet services reach every corner of the globe.
• Addressing the Digital Divide: Over 4 billion people lack access to reliable Internet networks, mainly due to geographical challenges.
• Infeasibility of Traditional Infrastructure: Traditional methods like fiber-optic cables or wireless networks are impractical in remote or challenging terrains.
• Satellite Signals as a Solution: Satellites in space can overcome these obstacles effectively.

Why Low Earth Orbit (LEO) over Geostationary Orbit?

• Geostationary Orbit: Located at 35,786 km above the Earth's Equator, satellites in this orbit appear stationary, covering a large part of the Earth.
  • Advantages: Wide coverage with fewer satellites, easier linkage.
  • Disadvantage: High latency due to the distance; approximately 600 milliseconds.

LEO's Solution to Latency

• Low Earth Orbit (LEO): Satellites orbiting at altitudes of 200-2,000 km from the Earth's surface.
  • Reduced Latency: Latency drops to 20-30 milliseconds, comparable to terrestrial data transfer times.

Concerns over LEOs

• Increased Satellite Requirement: LEOs cover smaller areas, necessitating a larger number of satellites to achieve global coverage.
• Space Debris: LEOs contribute to space debris, raising collision risks.
• Astronomical Challenges: Astronomers are concerned that satellite constellations could obstruct space observations and signal detection from celestial objects.

Conclusion

• The Starlink project aims to revolutionize Internet accessibility by leveraging a vast constellation of LEO satellites.
• While it solves latency issues, concerns over space debris and astronomical interference must be addressed for its long-term success.