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Structure of Nucleotide Video Lecture - NEET

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1. What is the structure of a nucleotide?
Ans. A nucleotide is composed of three main components: a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. The nitrogenous base can be either adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), or guanine (G). The pentose sugar is either ribose (in RNA) or deoxyribose (in DNA). The phosphate group is attached to the 5' carbon of the sugar molecule.
2. How are nucleotides arranged in DNA?
Ans. In DNA, nucleotides are arranged in a double helix structure. The two strands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nitrogenous bases. Adenine (A) always pairs with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) always pairs with guanine (G). This arrangement forms the basis of DNA replication and genetic information storage.
3. What is the role of nucleotides in protein synthesis?
Ans. Nucleotides play a crucial role in protein synthesis. Messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules are transcribed from DNA and contain a sequence of nucleotides that encode the instructions for building a specific protein. During translation, ribosomes read the mRNA sequence and use transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules, which are also composed of nucleotides, to bring the corresponding amino acids to the ribosome. This process ultimately leads to the synthesis of proteins.
4. How do nucleotides contribute to genetic variation?
Ans. Nucleotides contribute to genetic variation through mutations. Mutations are changes in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or be induced by external factors such as radiation or chemicals. Mutations can alter the genetic code, leading to variations in traits and potentially giving individuals a selective advantage or disadvantage in their environment.
5. Can nucleotides be used as energy sources in cells?
Ans. Yes, nucleotides can be used as energy sources in cells. When nucleotides are hydrolyzed, the high-energy phosphate bonds in the phosphate group are broken, releasing energy. This energy can be used for various cellular processes, including DNA replication, protein synthesis, and active transport. Additionally, nucleotides are involved in the synthesis of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the primary energy currency of cells.
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