Syllabus: Biology for Class 11 | Biology Class 11 - NEET PDF Download

 Page 1


 
 
BIOLOGY (Code No. 044) 
Class XI  (2024-25) 
 
The present curriculum provides the students with updated concepts along with an extended 
exposure to contemporary areas of the subject. The curriculum also aims at emphasizing the 
underlying principles that are common to animals, plants and microorganisms as well as 
highlighting the relationship of Biology with other areas of knowledge. The format allows a 
simple, clear, sequential flow of concepts. It relates the study of biology to real life through the 
developments in use of technology. It links the discoveries and innovations in biology to 
everyday life such as environment, industry, health and agriculture. The updated curriculum 
also focuses on understanding and application of scientific principles, while ensuring that 
ample opportunities and scope for learning and appreciating basic concepts continue to be 
available within its framework. The prescribed syllabus is expected to: 
? promote understanding of basic principles of Biology 
? encourage learning of emerging knowledge and its relevance to individual and 
society 
? promote rational/scientific attitude towards issues related to population, environment 
and development 
? enhance awareness about environmental issues, problems and their appropriate 
solutions 
? create awareness amongst the learners about diversity in the living organisms 
and developing respect for other living beings 
? appreciate that the most complex biological phenomena are built on essentially 
simple processes 
It is expected that the students would get an exposure to various branches of Biology in 
the curriculum in a more contextual and systematic manner as they study its various units. 
 
 
BIOLOGY (Code No. 044) COURSE STRUCTURE 
CLASS XI (2024 -25)  
(THEORY) 
 
Time: 03 Hours Max. Marks: 70 
 
 
Unit Title Marks 
I Diversity of Living Organisms 15 
II Structural Organization in Plants and Animals 10 
III Cell: Structure and Function 15 
IV Plant Physiology 12 
V Human Physiology 18 
 Total 70 
Page 2


 
 
BIOLOGY (Code No. 044) 
Class XI  (2024-25) 
 
The present curriculum provides the students with updated concepts along with an extended 
exposure to contemporary areas of the subject. The curriculum also aims at emphasizing the 
underlying principles that are common to animals, plants and microorganisms as well as 
highlighting the relationship of Biology with other areas of knowledge. The format allows a 
simple, clear, sequential flow of concepts. It relates the study of biology to real life through the 
developments in use of technology. It links the discoveries and innovations in biology to 
everyday life such as environment, industry, health and agriculture. The updated curriculum 
also focuses on understanding and application of scientific principles, while ensuring that 
ample opportunities and scope for learning and appreciating basic concepts continue to be 
available within its framework. The prescribed syllabus is expected to: 
? promote understanding of basic principles of Biology 
? encourage learning of emerging knowledge and its relevance to individual and 
society 
? promote rational/scientific attitude towards issues related to population, environment 
and development 
? enhance awareness about environmental issues, problems and their appropriate 
solutions 
? create awareness amongst the learners about diversity in the living organisms 
and developing respect for other living beings 
? appreciate that the most complex biological phenomena are built on essentially 
simple processes 
It is expected that the students would get an exposure to various branches of Biology in 
the curriculum in a more contextual and systematic manner as they study its various units. 
 
 
BIOLOGY (Code No. 044) COURSE STRUCTURE 
CLASS XI (2024 -25)  
(THEORY) 
 
Time: 03 Hours Max. Marks: 70 
 
 
Unit Title Marks 
I Diversity of Living Organisms 15 
II Structural Organization in Plants and Animals 10 
III Cell: Structure and Function 15 
IV Plant Physiology 12 
V Human Physiology 18 
 Total 70 
 
 
Unit-I Diversity of Living Organisms 
 
Chapter-1: The Living World 
Biodiversity; Need for classification; three domains of life; taxonomy and systematics; 
concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; binomial nomenclature 
 
Chapter-2: Biological Classification 
Five kingdom classification; Salient features and classification of Monera, Protista and Fungi 
into major groups; Lichens, Viruses and Viroids. 
 
Chapter-3: Plant Kingdom 
Classification of plants into major groups; Salient and distinguishing features and a few 
examples of Algae, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae (Topics excluded – 
Angiosperms, Plant Life Cycle and Alternation of Generations) 
 
Chapter-4: Animal Kingdom 
Salient features and classification of animals, non-chordates up to phyla level and chordates 
up to class level (salient features and at a few examples of each category). 
(No live animals or specimen should be displayed.) 
Unit-II Structural Organization in Plants and Animals 
 
Chapter-5: Morphology of Flowering Plants 
Morphology of different parts of flowering plants: root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit 
and seed. Description of family Solanaceae 
Chapter-6: Anatomy of Flowering Plants 
Anatomy and functions of tissue systems in dicots and monocots. 
Chapter-7: Structural Organisation in Animals 
Morphology, Anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory,respiratory, 
nervous and reproductive) of frog. 
Unit-III Cell: Structure and Function 
 
Chapter-8: Cell-The Unit of Life 
Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life, structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; Plant 
cell and animal cell; cell envelope; cell membrane, cell wall; cell organelles - structure and 
function; endomembrane system, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles, 
mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, microbodies; cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles 
(ultrastructure and function); nucleus. 
Chapter-9: Biomolecules 
Chemical constituents of living cells: biomolecules, structure and function of proteins, 
carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids; Enzyme - types, properties, enzyme action. (Topics 
excluded: Nature of Bond Linking Monomers in a Polymer, Dynamic State of Body 
Constituents Concept of Metabolism, Metabolic Basis of Living, The Living State) 
Page 3


 
 
BIOLOGY (Code No. 044) 
Class XI  (2024-25) 
 
The present curriculum provides the students with updated concepts along with an extended 
exposure to contemporary areas of the subject. The curriculum also aims at emphasizing the 
underlying principles that are common to animals, plants and microorganisms as well as 
highlighting the relationship of Biology with other areas of knowledge. The format allows a 
simple, clear, sequential flow of concepts. It relates the study of biology to real life through the 
developments in use of technology. It links the discoveries and innovations in biology to 
everyday life such as environment, industry, health and agriculture. The updated curriculum 
also focuses on understanding and application of scientific principles, while ensuring that 
ample opportunities and scope for learning and appreciating basic concepts continue to be 
available within its framework. The prescribed syllabus is expected to: 
? promote understanding of basic principles of Biology 
? encourage learning of emerging knowledge and its relevance to individual and 
society 
? promote rational/scientific attitude towards issues related to population, environment 
and development 
? enhance awareness about environmental issues, problems and their appropriate 
solutions 
? create awareness amongst the learners about diversity in the living organisms 
and developing respect for other living beings 
? appreciate that the most complex biological phenomena are built on essentially 
simple processes 
It is expected that the students would get an exposure to various branches of Biology in 
the curriculum in a more contextual and systematic manner as they study its various units. 
 
 
BIOLOGY (Code No. 044) COURSE STRUCTURE 
CLASS XI (2024 -25)  
(THEORY) 
 
Time: 03 Hours Max. Marks: 70 
 
 
Unit Title Marks 
I Diversity of Living Organisms 15 
II Structural Organization in Plants and Animals 10 
III Cell: Structure and Function 15 
IV Plant Physiology 12 
V Human Physiology 18 
 Total 70 
 
 
Unit-I Diversity of Living Organisms 
 
Chapter-1: The Living World 
Biodiversity; Need for classification; three domains of life; taxonomy and systematics; 
concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; binomial nomenclature 
 
Chapter-2: Biological Classification 
Five kingdom classification; Salient features and classification of Monera, Protista and Fungi 
into major groups; Lichens, Viruses and Viroids. 
 
Chapter-3: Plant Kingdom 
Classification of plants into major groups; Salient and distinguishing features and a few 
examples of Algae, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae (Topics excluded – 
Angiosperms, Plant Life Cycle and Alternation of Generations) 
 
Chapter-4: Animal Kingdom 
Salient features and classification of animals, non-chordates up to phyla level and chordates 
up to class level (salient features and at a few examples of each category). 
(No live animals or specimen should be displayed.) 
Unit-II Structural Organization in Plants and Animals 
 
Chapter-5: Morphology of Flowering Plants 
Morphology of different parts of flowering plants: root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit 
and seed. Description of family Solanaceae 
Chapter-6: Anatomy of Flowering Plants 
Anatomy and functions of tissue systems in dicots and monocots. 
Chapter-7: Structural Organisation in Animals 
Morphology, Anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory,respiratory, 
nervous and reproductive) of frog. 
Unit-III Cell: Structure and Function 
 
Chapter-8: Cell-The Unit of Life 
Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life, structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; Plant 
cell and animal cell; cell envelope; cell membrane, cell wall; cell organelles - structure and 
function; endomembrane system, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles, 
mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, microbodies; cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles 
(ultrastructure and function); nucleus. 
Chapter-9: Biomolecules 
Chemical constituents of living cells: biomolecules, structure and function of proteins, 
carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids; Enzyme - types, properties, enzyme action. (Topics 
excluded: Nature of Bond Linking Monomers in a Polymer, Dynamic State of Body 
Constituents Concept of Metabolism, Metabolic Basis of Living, The Living State) 
 
 
 
Chapter-10: Cell Cycle and Cell Division 
Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance 
Unit-IV Plant Physiology 
 
Chapter-13: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants 
Photosynthesis as a means of autotrophic nutrition; site of photosynthesis, pigments involved 
in photosynthesis (elementary idea); photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis; 
cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation; chemiosmotic hypothesis; photorespiration; C3 
and C4 pathways; factors affecting photosynthesis. 
Chapter-14: Respiration in Plants 
Exchange of gases; cellular respiration - glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and 
electron transport system (aerobic); energy relations - number of ATP molecules generated; 
amphibolic pathways; respiratory quotient. 
Chapter-15: Plant - Growth and Development 
Seed germination; phases of plant growth and plant growth rate; conditions of growth; 
differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation; sequence of developmental processes in 
a plant cell; plant growth regulators - auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA. 
 
Unit-V Human Physiology 
Chapter-17: Breathing and Exchange of Gases 
Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); Respiratory system in humans; mechanism of 
breathing and its regulation in humans - exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation 
of respiration, respiratory volume; disorders related to respiration - asthma, emphysema, 
occupational respiratory disorders. 
Chapter-18: Body Fluids and Circulation 
Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood; composition of lymph and its 
function; human circulatory system - Structure of human heart and blood vessels; cardiac 
cycle, cardiac output, ECG; double circulation; regulation of cardiac activity; disorders of 
circulatory system - hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, heart failure. 
Chapter-19: Excretory Products and their Elimination 
Modes of excretion - ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism; human excretory system – 
structure and function; urine formation, osmoregulation; regulation of kidney function - renin - 
angiotensin, atrial natriuretic factor, ADH and diabetes insipidus; role of other organs in 
excretion; disorders - uremia, renal failure, renal calculi, nephritis; dialysis and artificial kidney, 
kidney transplant. 
Chapter-20: Locomotion and Movement 
Types of movement - ciliary, flagellar, muscular; skeletal muscle, contractile proteins and 
muscle contraction; skeletal system and its functions; joints; disorders of muscular and skeletal 
systems - myasthenia gravis, tetany, muscular dystrophy, arthritis, osteoporosis, gout. 
Chapter-21: Neural Control and Coordination 
Neuron and nerves; Nervous system in humans - central nervous system; peripheral nervous 
system and visceral nervous system; generation and conduction of nerve impulse 
Page 4


 
 
BIOLOGY (Code No. 044) 
Class XI  (2024-25) 
 
The present curriculum provides the students with updated concepts along with an extended 
exposure to contemporary areas of the subject. The curriculum also aims at emphasizing the 
underlying principles that are common to animals, plants and microorganisms as well as 
highlighting the relationship of Biology with other areas of knowledge. The format allows a 
simple, clear, sequential flow of concepts. It relates the study of biology to real life through the 
developments in use of technology. It links the discoveries and innovations in biology to 
everyday life such as environment, industry, health and agriculture. The updated curriculum 
also focuses on understanding and application of scientific principles, while ensuring that 
ample opportunities and scope for learning and appreciating basic concepts continue to be 
available within its framework. The prescribed syllabus is expected to: 
? promote understanding of basic principles of Biology 
? encourage learning of emerging knowledge and its relevance to individual and 
society 
? promote rational/scientific attitude towards issues related to population, environment 
and development 
? enhance awareness about environmental issues, problems and their appropriate 
solutions 
? create awareness amongst the learners about diversity in the living organisms 
and developing respect for other living beings 
? appreciate that the most complex biological phenomena are built on essentially 
simple processes 
It is expected that the students would get an exposure to various branches of Biology in 
the curriculum in a more contextual and systematic manner as they study its various units. 
 
 
BIOLOGY (Code No. 044) COURSE STRUCTURE 
CLASS XI (2024 -25)  
(THEORY) 
 
Time: 03 Hours Max. Marks: 70 
 
 
Unit Title Marks 
I Diversity of Living Organisms 15 
II Structural Organization in Plants and Animals 10 
III Cell: Structure and Function 15 
IV Plant Physiology 12 
V Human Physiology 18 
 Total 70 
 
 
Unit-I Diversity of Living Organisms 
 
Chapter-1: The Living World 
Biodiversity; Need for classification; three domains of life; taxonomy and systematics; 
concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; binomial nomenclature 
 
Chapter-2: Biological Classification 
Five kingdom classification; Salient features and classification of Monera, Protista and Fungi 
into major groups; Lichens, Viruses and Viroids. 
 
Chapter-3: Plant Kingdom 
Classification of plants into major groups; Salient and distinguishing features and a few 
examples of Algae, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae (Topics excluded – 
Angiosperms, Plant Life Cycle and Alternation of Generations) 
 
Chapter-4: Animal Kingdom 
Salient features and classification of animals, non-chordates up to phyla level and chordates 
up to class level (salient features and at a few examples of each category). 
(No live animals or specimen should be displayed.) 
Unit-II Structural Organization in Plants and Animals 
 
Chapter-5: Morphology of Flowering Plants 
Morphology of different parts of flowering plants: root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit 
and seed. Description of family Solanaceae 
Chapter-6: Anatomy of Flowering Plants 
Anatomy and functions of tissue systems in dicots and monocots. 
Chapter-7: Structural Organisation in Animals 
Morphology, Anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory,respiratory, 
nervous and reproductive) of frog. 
Unit-III Cell: Structure and Function 
 
Chapter-8: Cell-The Unit of Life 
Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life, structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; Plant 
cell and animal cell; cell envelope; cell membrane, cell wall; cell organelles - structure and 
function; endomembrane system, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles, 
mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, microbodies; cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles 
(ultrastructure and function); nucleus. 
Chapter-9: Biomolecules 
Chemical constituents of living cells: biomolecules, structure and function of proteins, 
carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids; Enzyme - types, properties, enzyme action. (Topics 
excluded: Nature of Bond Linking Monomers in a Polymer, Dynamic State of Body 
Constituents Concept of Metabolism, Metabolic Basis of Living, The Living State) 
 
 
 
Chapter-10: Cell Cycle and Cell Division 
Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance 
Unit-IV Plant Physiology 
 
Chapter-13: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants 
Photosynthesis as a means of autotrophic nutrition; site of photosynthesis, pigments involved 
in photosynthesis (elementary idea); photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis; 
cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation; chemiosmotic hypothesis; photorespiration; C3 
and C4 pathways; factors affecting photosynthesis. 
Chapter-14: Respiration in Plants 
Exchange of gases; cellular respiration - glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and 
electron transport system (aerobic); energy relations - number of ATP molecules generated; 
amphibolic pathways; respiratory quotient. 
Chapter-15: Plant - Growth and Development 
Seed germination; phases of plant growth and plant growth rate; conditions of growth; 
differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation; sequence of developmental processes in 
a plant cell; plant growth regulators - auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA. 
 
Unit-V Human Physiology 
Chapter-17: Breathing and Exchange of Gases 
Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); Respiratory system in humans; mechanism of 
breathing and its regulation in humans - exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation 
of respiration, respiratory volume; disorders related to respiration - asthma, emphysema, 
occupational respiratory disorders. 
Chapter-18: Body Fluids and Circulation 
Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood; composition of lymph and its 
function; human circulatory system - Structure of human heart and blood vessels; cardiac 
cycle, cardiac output, ECG; double circulation; regulation of cardiac activity; disorders of 
circulatory system - hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, heart failure. 
Chapter-19: Excretory Products and their Elimination 
Modes of excretion - ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism; human excretory system – 
structure and function; urine formation, osmoregulation; regulation of kidney function - renin - 
angiotensin, atrial natriuretic factor, ADH and diabetes insipidus; role of other organs in 
excretion; disorders - uremia, renal failure, renal calculi, nephritis; dialysis and artificial kidney, 
kidney transplant. 
Chapter-20: Locomotion and Movement 
Types of movement - ciliary, flagellar, muscular; skeletal muscle, contractile proteins and 
muscle contraction; skeletal system and its functions; joints; disorders of muscular and skeletal 
systems - myasthenia gravis, tetany, muscular dystrophy, arthritis, osteoporosis, gout. 
Chapter-21: Neural Control and Coordination 
Neuron and nerves; Nervous system in humans - central nervous system; peripheral nervous 
system and visceral nervous system; generation and conduction of nerve impulse 
 
 
 
Chapter-22: Chemical Coordination and Integration 
Endocrine glands and hormones; human endocrine system - hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, 
thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads; mechanism of hormone action (elementary 
idea); role of hormones as messengers and regulators, hypo - and hyperactivity and related 
disorders; dwarfism, acromegaly, cretinism, goiter, exophthalmic goitre, diabetes, Addison's 
disease. 
Note: Diseases related to all the human physiological systems to be taught in brief. 
 
 
PRACTICALS 
 
Time: 03 Hours Max. Marks: 30 
 
 
Evaluation Scheme Marks 
One Major Experiment Part A (Experiment No- 1,3,7,8) 5 Marks 
One Minor Experiment Part A (Experiment No- 6,9,10,11,12,13) 4 Marks 
Slide Preparation Part A (Experiment No- 2,4,5) 5 Marks 
Spotting Part B 7 Marks 
Practical Record + Viva Voce (Credit to the student’s work over the 
academic session may be given) 
4 Marks 
Project Record + Viva Voce 5 Marks 
Total 30 Marks 
 
A: List of Experiments 
1. Study and describe locally available common flowering plants, from family 
Solanaceae (Poaceae, Asteraceae or Brassicaceae can be substituted in case of 
particular geographical location) including dissection and display of floral whorls, 
anther and ovary to show number of chambers (floral formulae and floral diagrams), 
type of root (tap and adventitious); type of stem (herbaceous and woody); leaf 
(arrangement, shape, venation, simple and compound). 
2. Preparation and study of T.S. of dicot and monocot roots and stems (primary). 
3. Study of osmosis by potato osmometer. 
4. Study of plasmolysis in epidermal peels (e.g. Rhoeo/lily leaves or flashy 
scale leaves of onion bulb). 
5. Study of distribution of stomata on the upper and lower surfaces of leaves. 
6. Comparative study of the rates of transpiration in the upper and lower surfaces of 
leaves. 
7. Test for the presence of sugar, starch, proteins and fats in suitable 
plant and animal materials. 
8. Separation of plant pigments through paper chromatography. 
Page 5


 
 
BIOLOGY (Code No. 044) 
Class XI  (2024-25) 
 
The present curriculum provides the students with updated concepts along with an extended 
exposure to contemporary areas of the subject. The curriculum also aims at emphasizing the 
underlying principles that are common to animals, plants and microorganisms as well as 
highlighting the relationship of Biology with other areas of knowledge. The format allows a 
simple, clear, sequential flow of concepts. It relates the study of biology to real life through the 
developments in use of technology. It links the discoveries and innovations in biology to 
everyday life such as environment, industry, health and agriculture. The updated curriculum 
also focuses on understanding and application of scientific principles, while ensuring that 
ample opportunities and scope for learning and appreciating basic concepts continue to be 
available within its framework. The prescribed syllabus is expected to: 
? promote understanding of basic principles of Biology 
? encourage learning of emerging knowledge and its relevance to individual and 
society 
? promote rational/scientific attitude towards issues related to population, environment 
and development 
? enhance awareness about environmental issues, problems and their appropriate 
solutions 
? create awareness amongst the learners about diversity in the living organisms 
and developing respect for other living beings 
? appreciate that the most complex biological phenomena are built on essentially 
simple processes 
It is expected that the students would get an exposure to various branches of Biology in 
the curriculum in a more contextual and systematic manner as they study its various units. 
 
 
BIOLOGY (Code No. 044) COURSE STRUCTURE 
CLASS XI (2024 -25)  
(THEORY) 
 
Time: 03 Hours Max. Marks: 70 
 
 
Unit Title Marks 
I Diversity of Living Organisms 15 
II Structural Organization in Plants and Animals 10 
III Cell: Structure and Function 15 
IV Plant Physiology 12 
V Human Physiology 18 
 Total 70 
 
 
Unit-I Diversity of Living Organisms 
 
Chapter-1: The Living World 
Biodiversity; Need for classification; three domains of life; taxonomy and systematics; 
concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; binomial nomenclature 
 
Chapter-2: Biological Classification 
Five kingdom classification; Salient features and classification of Monera, Protista and Fungi 
into major groups; Lichens, Viruses and Viroids. 
 
Chapter-3: Plant Kingdom 
Classification of plants into major groups; Salient and distinguishing features and a few 
examples of Algae, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae (Topics excluded – 
Angiosperms, Plant Life Cycle and Alternation of Generations) 
 
Chapter-4: Animal Kingdom 
Salient features and classification of animals, non-chordates up to phyla level and chordates 
up to class level (salient features and at a few examples of each category). 
(No live animals or specimen should be displayed.) 
Unit-II Structural Organization in Plants and Animals 
 
Chapter-5: Morphology of Flowering Plants 
Morphology of different parts of flowering plants: root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit 
and seed. Description of family Solanaceae 
Chapter-6: Anatomy of Flowering Plants 
Anatomy and functions of tissue systems in dicots and monocots. 
Chapter-7: Structural Organisation in Animals 
Morphology, Anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory,respiratory, 
nervous and reproductive) of frog. 
Unit-III Cell: Structure and Function 
 
Chapter-8: Cell-The Unit of Life 
Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life, structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; Plant 
cell and animal cell; cell envelope; cell membrane, cell wall; cell organelles - structure and 
function; endomembrane system, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles, 
mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, microbodies; cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles 
(ultrastructure and function); nucleus. 
Chapter-9: Biomolecules 
Chemical constituents of living cells: biomolecules, structure and function of proteins, 
carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids; Enzyme - types, properties, enzyme action. (Topics 
excluded: Nature of Bond Linking Monomers in a Polymer, Dynamic State of Body 
Constituents Concept of Metabolism, Metabolic Basis of Living, The Living State) 
 
 
 
Chapter-10: Cell Cycle and Cell Division 
Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance 
Unit-IV Plant Physiology 
 
Chapter-13: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants 
Photosynthesis as a means of autotrophic nutrition; site of photosynthesis, pigments involved 
in photosynthesis (elementary idea); photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis; 
cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation; chemiosmotic hypothesis; photorespiration; C3 
and C4 pathways; factors affecting photosynthesis. 
Chapter-14: Respiration in Plants 
Exchange of gases; cellular respiration - glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and 
electron transport system (aerobic); energy relations - number of ATP molecules generated; 
amphibolic pathways; respiratory quotient. 
Chapter-15: Plant - Growth and Development 
Seed germination; phases of plant growth and plant growth rate; conditions of growth; 
differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation; sequence of developmental processes in 
a plant cell; plant growth regulators - auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA. 
 
Unit-V Human Physiology 
Chapter-17: Breathing and Exchange of Gases 
Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); Respiratory system in humans; mechanism of 
breathing and its regulation in humans - exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation 
of respiration, respiratory volume; disorders related to respiration - asthma, emphysema, 
occupational respiratory disorders. 
Chapter-18: Body Fluids and Circulation 
Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood; composition of lymph and its 
function; human circulatory system - Structure of human heart and blood vessels; cardiac 
cycle, cardiac output, ECG; double circulation; regulation of cardiac activity; disorders of 
circulatory system - hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, heart failure. 
Chapter-19: Excretory Products and their Elimination 
Modes of excretion - ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism; human excretory system – 
structure and function; urine formation, osmoregulation; regulation of kidney function - renin - 
angiotensin, atrial natriuretic factor, ADH and diabetes insipidus; role of other organs in 
excretion; disorders - uremia, renal failure, renal calculi, nephritis; dialysis and artificial kidney, 
kidney transplant. 
Chapter-20: Locomotion and Movement 
Types of movement - ciliary, flagellar, muscular; skeletal muscle, contractile proteins and 
muscle contraction; skeletal system and its functions; joints; disorders of muscular and skeletal 
systems - myasthenia gravis, tetany, muscular dystrophy, arthritis, osteoporosis, gout. 
Chapter-21: Neural Control and Coordination 
Neuron and nerves; Nervous system in humans - central nervous system; peripheral nervous 
system and visceral nervous system; generation and conduction of nerve impulse 
 
 
 
Chapter-22: Chemical Coordination and Integration 
Endocrine glands and hormones; human endocrine system - hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, 
thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads; mechanism of hormone action (elementary 
idea); role of hormones as messengers and regulators, hypo - and hyperactivity and related 
disorders; dwarfism, acromegaly, cretinism, goiter, exophthalmic goitre, diabetes, Addison's 
disease. 
Note: Diseases related to all the human physiological systems to be taught in brief. 
 
 
PRACTICALS 
 
Time: 03 Hours Max. Marks: 30 
 
 
Evaluation Scheme Marks 
One Major Experiment Part A (Experiment No- 1,3,7,8) 5 Marks 
One Minor Experiment Part A (Experiment No- 6,9,10,11,12,13) 4 Marks 
Slide Preparation Part A (Experiment No- 2,4,5) 5 Marks 
Spotting Part B 7 Marks 
Practical Record + Viva Voce (Credit to the student’s work over the 
academic session may be given) 
4 Marks 
Project Record + Viva Voce 5 Marks 
Total 30 Marks 
 
A: List of Experiments 
1. Study and describe locally available common flowering plants, from family 
Solanaceae (Poaceae, Asteraceae or Brassicaceae can be substituted in case of 
particular geographical location) including dissection and display of floral whorls, 
anther and ovary to show number of chambers (floral formulae and floral diagrams), 
type of root (tap and adventitious); type of stem (herbaceous and woody); leaf 
(arrangement, shape, venation, simple and compound). 
2. Preparation and study of T.S. of dicot and monocot roots and stems (primary). 
3. Study of osmosis by potato osmometer. 
4. Study of plasmolysis in epidermal peels (e.g. Rhoeo/lily leaves or flashy 
scale leaves of onion bulb). 
5. Study of distribution of stomata on the upper and lower surfaces of leaves. 
6. Comparative study of the rates of transpiration in the upper and lower surfaces of 
leaves. 
7. Test for the presence of sugar, starch, proteins and fats in suitable 
plant and animal materials. 
8. Separation of plant pigments through paper chromatography. 
 
 
9. Study of the rate of respiration in flower buds/leaf tissue and germinating seeds. 
10. Test for presence of urea in urine. 
11. Test for presence of sugar in urine. 
12. Test for presence of albumin in urine. 
13. Test for presence of bile salts in urine. 
 
B. Study and Observe the following (spotting): 
 
1. Parts of a compound microscope. 
2. Specimens/slides/models and identification with reasons - Bacteria, Oscillatoria, 
Spirogyra, Rhizopus, mushroom, yeast, liverwort, moss, fern, pine, one 
monocotyledonous plant, one dicotyledonous plant and one lichen. 
3. Virtual specimens/slides/models and identifying features of - Amoeba, Hydra, liver 
fluke, Ascaris, leech, earthworm, prawn, silkworm, honey bee, snail, starfish, shark, 
rohu, frog, lizard, pigeon and rabbit. 
4. Mitosis in onion root tip cells and animals cells (grasshopper) from permanent slides. 
5. Different types of inflorescence (cymose and racemose). 
6. Human skeleton and different types of joints with the help of virtual images/models 
only.