Morning Star Textbook Solutions: Non-Aligned Movement | History and Civics Class 10 ICSE PDF Download

Very Short Questions

Q1: Give two main features of the policy of non-alignment.
Ans: 
(i) It opposes military alliances.
(ii) It supports the rights of all people to freedom and justice.

Q2: Name two architects of the NAM.
Ans: 
(i) Jawaharlal Nehru of India.
(ii) Joseph Broz Tito of Yugoslavia.

Q3: What is Panchsheel?
Ans: It is a peace agreement consisting of five principles, signed between India and China in 1954.

Q4: State three basic objectives of the Non-Aligned Movement.
Ans: 
(i) To maintain international peace.
(ii) To abolish colonialism and imperialism.
(iii) To protect the environment.

Q5: When was the first summit of NAM at Belgrade held?
Ans: The first NAM summit was held in Belgrade in 1961.

Q6: How many countries attended first summit of NAM at Belgrade summit?
Ans: 25 countries participated in the first Belgrade summit.

Q7: Mention two issues discussed at the first summit of NAM at Belgrade summit.
Ans: The Belgrade summit discussed disarmament and colonialism.

Q8: Who presided over this conference?
Ans: India's first Prime Minister, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, presided over the conference.

Short Questions – I

Q1: When did the concept of non-alignment emerge? Why?
Ans: The concept of non-alignment emerged during the Cold War after World War II, when the world was divided between American and Soviet power blocs. Newly independent nations chose to remain non-aligned rather than join either bloc.

Q2: Describe briefly what is meant by non-alignment?
Ans: Non-alignment is an independent movement allowing nations to follow their own policies without joining or being influenced by superpower blocs.

Q3: What led to the formation of NAM?
Ans: NAM formed due to the independence of Asian and African nations, the poverty of these newly independent countries, and their desire for global peace.

Q4: Non-alignment does not mean ‘isolation’ or ‘neutrality’. Why?
Ans: Non-alignment differs from isolation or neutrality because it represents a positive, constructive policy promoting freedom, security, peace, and cooperation.

Q5: Mention some issues discussed at the first NAM summit.
Ans: The first NAM summit adopted a 27-point Declaration that condemned all forms of colonialism and called for complete disarmament.

Q6: What were Pt. Nehru’s views about non-alignment?
Ans: Nehru advocated non-alignment to keep India away from power politics between opposing blocs. He believed Afro-Asian countries should use their resources for their people's welfare rather than serving superpower interests.

Q7: In what way did Nehru advocate a policy of disarmament?
Ans: Nehru consistently condemned the buildup of destructive weapons and supported the 1963 agreement banning atomic tests.

Q8: How was NAM instrumental in abolishing the policy of Apartheid in South Africa?
Ans: Under Nehru's guidance, India sponsored a 1962 UN resolution calling for diplomatic and economic action against South Africa's apartheid policy. All NAM countries supported the UN's economic boycott of South Africa.

Q9: Mention any two major problems faced by NAM.
Ans: Major problems included most members' dependence on economic aid from big powers and the questionable sincerity of members like Pakistan and Cuba who were allied with power blocs.

Q10: While explaining the basic principles of non-alignment, what did Nehru propose?
Ans: Nehru proposed keeping away from power blocs opposed to each other while maintaining close friendly relations with all countries.

Q11: What is the significance of the Bandung Conference?
Ans: The Bandung Conference established cooperation among newly independent nations that later evolved into the Non-Aligned Movement.

Short Questions – II

Q1: What is meant by Non-Aligned movement.
Ans: The Non-Aligned Movement refers to organized efforts by states following a policy of independence from power blocs. Unlike neutrality (which means avoiding international politics), non-alignment is a positive concept. NAM includes most developing countries from Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

Q2: Why did Nehru advise all the newly independent Afro-Asian nations to keep themselves away from the influence of the super-powers?
Ans: Nehru advised independence from superpower influence because these nations were poor and underdeveloped, had endured significant struggle for independence, and needed peace. He worried they might compromise their independence by joining power blocs.

Q3: State the issues discussed at Banding conference.
Ans: The Bandung Conference of 1955 gave practical shape to the Panchsheel principles, condemned colonialism, and emphasized economic growth for third-world countries.

Q4: Mention the five principles which form the core of ‘Panchsheel’.
Ans: The five Panchsheel principles are:

• Mutual respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty
• Mutual non-aggression
• Mutual non-interference in internal affairs
• Equality for mutual benefit
• Peaceful coexistence

Q5: State two actions taken by Jawahar Lal Nehru to further strengthen the cause of Non-Alignment.
Ans: Nehru established the Panchsheel principles on which NAM is based. He also organized the Asian Relations Conference before India's independence to promote Asian cooperation, which laid the groundwork for NAM.

Q6: Explain how Non-Alignment is neither neutrality, nor neutralisation, nor non-commitment.
Ans: Non-alignment actively engages with international problems rather than remaining passive. While newly independent nations lacked military and economic power, they possessed moral force and collective reason to maintain world peace. NAM has consistently supported international peace, justice, and freedom, opposing injustice in cases like the 1956 Suez Crisis, Israel's policies, and the US attack on Iraq.

Long Questions

Q1: Discuss the factors that led to the formation of NAM.
Ans: Factors leading to NAM's formation included:

• Global tension from the Cold War and desire to prevent another world war
• Struggle against imperialism and neo-colonialism by newly independent nations
• Desire for independent judgment and solving problems without outside interference
• Promotion of goodwill and cooperation among Asian and African nations
• Need to restructure the international economic order for development
• Formation of a collective moral force to promote world peace

Q2: What were the objectives of NAM?
Ans: NAM's objectives included:

• Eliminating causes of war
• Protecting newly independent countries from colonial domination
• Opposing colonialism, imperialism, and racial discrimination
• Advocating sovereign equality of all states
• Encouraging friendly international relations
• Promoting peaceful settlement of disputes
• Opposing force and nuclear weapons
• Strengthening the UN as a peace organization
• Protecting human rights and the environment
• Building a new international economic order based on equity and justice

Q3: Describe the role of Non-Aligned Movement in world affairs.
Ans: A number of summits were held by NAM countries to discuss world problems.
(i) The non-aligned nations discussed world affairs at Belgrade in 1961 and Cairo in 1964, in order to bring peace in the world.
(ii) Economic resolutions were adopted at Algiers in 1973.
(iii) The New Delhi Summit in 1983 discussed about disarment and the Iran-Iraq conflict, the Palestinian disarmament and apartheid in South Africa.
(iv) At the Harare summit in 1986 apartheid and racial discrimination were condemned.
(v) When Nelson Mandela was freed in October 1989, he worked actively against apartheid with the full support of NAM.
(vi) The Jakarta Summit of 1992 formulated proposals for democratising the united nations and emphasised globalization of world economy.
(vii) The Kuala Lampur summit in 2003, demanded that the benefits of globalization and the advances in science and technology be shared by the rich and powerful countries with the developing countries.
(viii) At the Havana summit in 2006 the NAM member countries condemned Israel’s attack on Lebanon, supported Iran’s nuclear energy plans and criticised USA’s foreign policy.
NAM still has relevance as with the changing world the member countries have changed their emphasis. NAM is now stressing on human rights, democracy and economic development.

Q4: What is India’s role in NAM?
Ans: India's role in NAM:

• Jawaharlal Nehru played a leading role in developing, refining, and popularizing non-alignment alongside Nasser (Egypt) and Tito (Yugoslavia)
• Nehru convened the Asian Relations Conference in New Delhi (March 1947) to forge Asian unity
• He established the five principles of peaceful coexistence (Panchsheel), which became NAM's core principles
• Under his leadership, India pursued friendship, cooperation, and world peace, advocating disarmament as essential for global peace

Picture Based Questions

Q1: Answer the following:
(i) Identify the persons in the picture given below.
(ii) With which movement they were associated?
Ans: 
(i) The persons in the picture are (From Left) Nasser, Tito and Nehru.
(ii) They were associated with Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).