The Concept of Social Integration | Psychology for UPSC Optional (Notes) PDF Download

Introduction

Social integration as a theoretical idea emerged in Anthropology in the twentieth century. Prior to that, anthropology was primarily focused on the study of human history and societal evolution. However, with the shift towards functionalism, the concept of social integration gained prominence. This article explores the various aspects and theories related to social integration, its origins, and its significance in social anthropology.

Defining Social Integration

To understand social integration, we need to consider the meanings of "social" and "integration." Social refers to our relationships with others and our ability to associate with them. Integration, on the other hand, involves successfully joining or mixing different units or aspects of society. Therefore, social integration can be defined as the state of equilibrium in which different units of society are joined or mixed together, forming a functioning unit that fulfills the needs of individuals and the collective. It encompasses the relationships between social groups and between individuals and society.

The Theory of Social Contract: The Beginning of the Idea

Before delving into the theories put forward by social anthropologists and sociologists, it is essential to examine the philosophical perspective of social integration. Thomas Hobbes proposed the theory of social contract, suggesting that before societies were formed, humans existed in a state of nature characterized by conflict and individual self-interest. To establish social order and prevent chaos, humans entered into a social contract, submitting to an authority that acts as an absolute ruler. This concept of a social contract aimed to bring about social integration and maintain social order.

1. Auguste Comte and the Idea of Social Integration: Auguste Comte, regarded as the founding figure of sociology, emphasized the need for social integration within society. He believed that society is a complex entity, and maintaining coordination, regulation, and control among its different parts is crucial. Comte proposed three ways to achieve social integration: mechanistic integration, organic integration, and super-organic integration. These mechanisms aim to establish a balance and prevent social pathologies that could harm society.
2. Herbert Spencer and the Organismic Analogy: Herbert Spencer further developed the concept of social integration by drawing an analogy between human organisms and society. He highlighted the similarities and differences between the two. Spencer emphasized the interdependence of parts within an organism and society, stating that this interdependence is essential for their sustenance. However, he also noted differences in the degree of connectedness, proximity of parts, and means of communication.
3. Emile Durkheim and the Theory of Social Integration: Durkheim introduced the concept of anomie, which refers to a state of normlessness and lack of moral regulation in society. He argued that social integration plays a crucial role in preventing anomie and maintaining social order. According to Durkheim, social integration is achieved through the collective conscience, a shared set of values, norms, and beliefs that individuals in a society internalize. The collective conscience creates social cohesion and regulates individual behavior, ensuring that individuals contribute to the well-being of the collective.
4. Durkheim identified two types of social integration: mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity. Mechanical solidarity is characteristic of traditional, pre-industrial societies where social cohesion is based on the similarity of individuals and their shared beliefs and values. In these societies, social integration is achieved through strong social bonds and collective consciousness. In contrast, organic solidarity emerges in modern, industrial societies where individuals are interdependent and specialized in their roles. Social integration in organic solidarity is based on the division of labor and mutual dependence among individuals.
5. Durkheim's theory of social integration highlights the importance of social cohesion in maintaining social order and preventing social disintegration. He argued that societies with low levels of social integration are more susceptible to social problems and deviant behavior. Therefore, he emphasized the significance of social integration for the stability and well-being of societies.

Anomie and the Idea of Social Disintegration

• Building on Durkheim's concept of anomie, social disintegration refers to a state in which the bonds of social integration weaken or break down. It is characterized by a lack of social cohesion, weakened social norms, and a sense of normlessness among individuals. Social disintegration can result from various factors, such as rapid social change, economic instability, breakdown of traditional institutions, or inadequate social integration mechanisms.
• When social disintegration occurs, individuals may feel disconnected from society, leading to feelings of isolation, alienation, and disorientation. This can give rise to social problems, including crime, deviance, and mental health issues. Social disintegration undermines social order and can threaten the stability and functioning of a society.

Durkheim's Influence in Social Anthropology

• Durkheim's theories of social integration and social disintegration have had a significant impact on the field of social anthropology. Anthropologists have adopted and expanded upon Durkheim's ideas to understand the dynamics of social groups, communities, and societies.
• Social anthropologists recognize the importance of social integration in studying various cultural phenomena, such as rituals, kinship systems, and social institutions. They analyze how these elements contribute to social cohesion, maintain social order, and foster collective identities. Additionally, anthropologists explore the consequences of social disintegration and its effects on individuals and communities.
• By examining social integration and disintegration, social anthropologists gain insights into the functioning of societies, the formation of social bonds, and the mechanisms that promote or hinder social cohesion. This knowledge contributes to a better understanding of human behavior, social change, and the challenges faced by diverse communities.

Summary

• Social integration is a fundamental concept in social anthropology that refers to the joining or mixing of different units or aspects of society to form a functioning unit. It involves the relationships between social groups and individuals within society. The concept has its roots in various theoretical perspectives, including the social contract theory proposed by Thomas Hobbes.
• Auguste Comte emphasized the need for social integration to maintain coordination and control within society. Herbert Spencer drew an analogy between human organisms and society to highlight the interdependence of parts. However, it was Emile Durkheim who made significant contributions to the theory of social integration. He emphasized the role of social integration in preventing anomie and maintaining social order. Durkheim identified mechanical and organic solidarity as two types of social integration, prevalent in different types of societies.
• Durkheim's ideas on social integration and social disintegration have influenced the field of social anthropology, where scholars study the dynamics of social groups, communities, and societies. By examining social integration and disintegration, anthropologists gain insights into the functioning of societies, the formation of social bonds, and the challenges faced by diverse communities.