Hindu-Muslim Unity:
The Mutiny:
Dr. K. Datta:
A war of fanatic religionists against Christians:
Criticism:
Hindu-Muslim Conspiracy:
Conflict Between Civilization and Barbarism:
Struggle Between White and Black:
Benjamin Disraeli, a conservative leader in England, referred to the 1857 uprising as "a national rising." He argued that it was not a spontaneous event but the result of careful planning and organization, suggesting that the decline of empires is due to adequate causes and not trivial incidents like greased cartridges.
Early national leaders reinterpreted the 1857 uprising as a people's revolt and its leaders as national heroes. For example,V. D. Savarkar described it in his book The Indian War of Independence(1909) as a "planned war of national independence." He also argued that earlier uprisings were rehearsals for 1857.
Later national leaders emphasized the popular character of the Revolt, highlighting the unity between Hindus and Muslims in the struggle for freedom from British rule.
Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru:
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad:
Azad noted that the leaders of the revolt were unable to unite and were more focused on their personal rivalries than on the common cause. He believed that these internal conflicts were major factors in the failure of the uprising.
Dr. R.C. Majumdar and Dr. S.N. Sen on the Uprising of 1857:
R. C. Majumdar's Analysis of the Revolt of 1857:
Dr. S. N. Sen's Views on the 1857 Mutiny:
Dr. S. B. Chaudhuri's Perspective on the 1857 Revolt:
Rural Base of the Revolt:
Eric Stokes:
Marxist Historians:
Conclusion:
The Revolt of 1857 and Its Aftermath:
Transfer of Control:
No Extension of Territorial Possessions:
Civil Services Reform:
Reorganizing the Indian Army:
Development of Representative Institutions:
Racial Bitterness:
End of an Era:
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