The Hindu Editorial Analysis- 21st December 2022 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly - UPSC PDF Download

The new normal in the Indo­Pacific contestation 

Context

As 2022 comes to an end, the world is embracing a ‘new normal’ where new fault lines are being reconfigured in the Indo­Pacific. 

• The Indian Ocean and South Asian regions are at the heart of this contestation, considering their geo­political and geo­economic prominence and India’s emergence as a major power. 
• As tensions between an aggressive China and an emerging India intensify.
• The concept of Indo-Pacific is a recent one; about a decade old. However, it has risen to significance quite rapidly. One of the reasons behind the popularity of the Indo-Pacific region is the shift in the center of gravity of geopolitics towards Asia.
• The world’s largest economies are located in the Indo-Pacific region namely, China, India, Japan, Indonesia, South Korea, Thailand, Australia, Taiwan, Malaysia and Philippines.
• India's "Look East" and "Act East" policies also entered the phase of Indo-Pacific policy and strategy in 2018. The northeastern region of India is immensely significant from strategic as well as economic point of view when it comes to strengthening India’s ties with the southeast and east Asian nations which are also a part of the Indo-Pacific.

What are the Look East and Act East Policies?

• Look East Policy:
  • In order to recover from the loss of the strategic partner USSR (end of the Cold war 1991), India sought to build up a relationship with the USA and allies of the USA in Southeast Asia.
  • In this pursuit, former Prime Minister of India P V Narasimha Rao launched Look East policy in 1992, to give a strategic push to India’s engagement with the South-East Asia region, to bolster its standing as a regional power and a counterweight to the strategic influence of China.
• Act East Policy:
  • The ‘Act East Policy’ announced in November 2014 is the upgrade of the Look East Policy.
  • It is a diplomatic initiative to promote economic, strategic and cultural relations with the vast Asia-Pacific region at different levels.
  • It involves intensive and continuous engagement with Southeast Asian countries in the field of connectivity, trade, culture, defense and people-to-people-contact at bilateral, regional and multilateral levels.

How NER Connects India with Indo-Pacific Region?

• Strategic Significance:
  • North-East India is the gateway to South-East Asia and beyond. It is India’s land-bridge to Myanmar.
  • India's Act East Policy places the northeastern states on the territorial frontier of India's eastward engagement.
• Economic Importance: Investments in NER states basically have two fronts:
  • The strategic location of the region connects the product markets of the larger Indian geography with the robust South and Southeast Asian markets.
  • The existence of potent input market catalysts such as social (diversity, cultural richness), physical (potential energy supply hubs), human (inexpensive, skilled labor) and natural (minerals, forests) capitals in the region.
• Infrastructure Development:
  • Japan has been engaged for decades in the development and modernization of infrastructure, particularly road connectivity, across states in the region.
  • The country is presently involved in the construction of the Dhubri-Phulbari bridge across the Brahmaputra River.

What are the Major Challenges in Connecting NER with Indo Pacific?

• Serious Non-Traditional Threats: It includes the pernicious phenomena of smuggling, drug trafficking, transnational border crime, rebel activity, and the inflow of refugees from Myanmar.
• China's Malicious Activities: China has been known to play a pivotal role in the India’s border tensions in the Northeast region such as Doklam conflict and in exacerbating the above-mentioned serious non-traditional threats.
  • Militant groups in northeastern region are getting funding from China such as United Liberation Front of Assam (U.L.F.A.) in 1979.
• Internal Security Concerns: Extremist and insurgency groups that have international links in escaping security forces, using of hideouts in neighboring countries like Myanmar, and the alleged presence of international intelligence agencies like ISI that operate in the NER are other major concerns that hinder the optimum utilization of NER's potential.
• Growth and Developmental Challenges: Isolation from the rest of India, lack of efficient infrastructure, poor road connectivity and slow pace of industrial growth are major causes of the NER’s backwardness.

What can be Done to Uplift NER?

• Act-East from Northeast: Comprehensive implementation of Act East policy is relevant to the entire country but particularly important for the long-term growth of the NER.
  • The agenda for its implementation must be prepared in active association with the State Governments of NER.
• Managing Border and Connectivity Issues: Connectivity drives commerce, air links to the NER should be a priority. The development of road and railway projects should also be in accordance with disaster-resilient measures.
  • A fair assessment shows that there is plenty of room for future border management and road connectivity. that is both functional and people-focused.
  • Japan has been India’s major partner in development of NER; such partnerships need to be leveraged with other countries too.
  • More Employment Opportunities: Thousands of graduates are produced by local universities of NER. To uplift their living standard, creation of appropriate jobs and employment opportunities are need of the hour.