The Hindu Editorial Analysis- 3rd November 2023 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly - UPSC PDF Download

Biosphere reserves are evolving as pockets of hope

Why in News?

On the second anniversary of World Biosphere Reserve Day, November 3, it is important to reflect on the progress made in conserving and sustainably using these

vital ecosystems

What are Biosphere Reserves?

• Biosphere reserves are specific regions designated to achieve a balance between biodiversity conservation and sustainable development.
• These reserves function as living laboratories for testing and implementing strategies to address the requirements of both nature and human communities.
• Biosphere reserves usually encompass three interconnected zones:
  • A core zone, primarily dedicated to rigorous conservation.
  • A buffer zone, where human activities are carefully managed and controlled.
  • A transition zone, which accommodates human settlements and activities in a way that facilitates the overall balance.

Biosphere Reserves in India

• India's diverse ecosystems and rich biodiversity have placed it prominently on the global conservation map, with a network of biosphere reserves playing a crucial role in protecting its natural heritage and promoting sustainable development.
• Biosphere reserves include various terrestrial, coastal, and marine ecosystems, as per UNESCO's introduction of the concept in 1971 through the Man and the Biosphere (MAB) program.
• India has established 18 biosphere reserves, generally falling under the IUCN Category V Protected areas.
• The Odisha Government has proposed to designate the Mahendragiri Hill Complex as a Biosphere Reserve, which would be the state's second such reserve after the Simlipal Biosphere Reserve.
• For IAS Exam aspirants, knowledge of India's Biosphere Reserves is significant, and the article offers detailed information for UPSC CSE candidates.
• There are 11 Indian biosphere reserves that have received UNESCO's prestigious designation as Protected Biosphere Reserves, providing valuable insights for UPSC exam preparation.
• Globally, Biosphere Reserves are distributed as follows: 85 sites in 31 African countries, 33 sites in 12 Arab States, 157 sites in 24 Asian and Pacific countries, 302 sites in 38 European and North American countries, and 130 sites in 21 Latin American and Caribbean countries.

World’s First Biosphere Reserve

• The world’s first biosphere reserve was founded in 1979. According to UNESCO’s data as of July 2021, there are a total of 714 biosphere reserves spanning 129 countries worldwide, including 21 transboundary sites.

Importance of Biosphere Reserves

• Conservation: These reserves preserve biodiversity, protect endangered species, and conserve unique ecosystems.
• Research: They provide platforms for scientific research, ecological studies, and monitoring of ecosystem dynamics.
• Education: Biosphere reserves promote environmental education, awareness, and capacity-building.
• Sustainable Development: By integrating conservation and development, they support sustainable livelihoods and community engagement.

Criteria for Designation Biosphere reserves are designated by UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere (MAB) program. The areas chosen must meet specific criteria, such as representing a significant variety of ecosystems, including core protected areas, and demonstrating a commitment to sustainable development.

Three zones of the Biosphere

Biosphere reserves consist of three integrated zones, each serving three interconnected and complementary purposes:

• The core area: This region is entirely safeguarded and serves as a haven for ecosystems, landscapes, species, and genetic diversity preservation.
• The buffer zone: Encircling or adjoining the core areas, this zone supports activities aligned with ecological sustainability, bolstering scientific research, monitoring, training, and education efforts.
• The transition area: Situated at the periphery, this section allows for controlled human activities to encourage sustainable economic and human development.

List of Biosphere Reserves in India

Biosphere reserves are designated through official notifications by either state or central governments. Following their establishment as biosphere reserves, these areas can be proposed for inclusion in UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme. Currently, India boasts a total of 18 biosphere reserves.

Biosphere Reserves Across India

• Exploring the diverse landscapes and ecosystems that adorn India, one encounters the intricate tapestry of Biosphere Reserves. These remarkable enclaves stand as testament to the country’s commitment to conserving biodiversity while nurturing sustainable development. In this exploration of these Reserves across India, we delve into the unique zones where nature’s wonders are carefully safeguarded and human interactions are orchestrated in harmony with the environment.

Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve

• Encompassing parts of the Western Ghats, this reserve is known for its biodiversity hotspots and unique montane ecosystems.
• Includes Nagarhole and Bandipur National Parks, and the Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary.

Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve

• Houses the iconic Nanda Devi peak and the Nanda Devi National Park, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
• Known for its high-altitude flora and fauna and breathtaking landscapes.

Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve

• Comprises a marine and coastal ecosystem, encompassing coral reefs, mangroves, and seagrass beds.
• Supports diverse marine life, including the endangered dugong.

Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve

• Recognized for its unique mangrove ecosystem and the critically endangered Bengal tiger.
• Spans across parts of India and Bangladesh and is the largest mangrove forest in the world.

Nokrek Biosphere Reserve

• Home to the Nokrek National Park, which protects the rare and endangered red panda.
• Encompasses a variety of ecosystems, including subtropical forests and grasslands.

Simlipal Biosphere Reserve

• Known for its rich biodiversity and the Simlipal National Park, a tiger reserve.
• Houses numerous species of mammals, birds, and reptiles.

Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve

• Located in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, it includes both marine and terrestrial ecosystems.
• Supports unique species, including the Nicobar megapode and the dugong.

UNESCO-Designated Biosphere Reserves – Global Recognition

• In a recent development, the Panna Biosphere Reserve achieved the esteemed international status of a UNESCO Protected Biosphere Reserve. This recognition was bestowed in the year 2020. Preceding this, India’s Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve had already earned a spot on this prestigious roster in 2018.
• With the inclusion of these two Biosphere Reserves, a total of 12 out of the country’s 18 biosphere reserves have now joined the esteemed World Network of Biosphere Reserves. This network aligns with the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme guidelines.

Here is a list of the UNESCO-Designated Reserves in India:

• The Global Network of Biosphere Reserves (GNBR) encompasses internationally selected areas under protection. 
• It forms a dynamic and interconnected collection of distinguished sites. 
• This network advocates for the balanced integration of human and natural realms to foster sustainable development through various avenues. 
• When a nation designates a particular region as a biosphere reserve, it gains the opportunity to propose its inclusion in UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme. 
• Should UNESCO approve the government’s proposal, the designated area will be welcomed into the Global Network of Biosphere Reserves (GNBR).

Biosphere Reserves: Conserving Nature and Enabling Sustainable Development

• India’s biosphere reserves stand as testament to the nation’s commitment to conserving its ecological heritage while fostering sustainable development. 
• These areas provide a platform for research, education, and the coexistence of humans and nature. 
• By recognizing the delicate balance between ecological conservation and human needs, these reserves showcase the potential for harmonious interaction between people and the environment.

Biosphere Reserves: Challenges and the Road Ahead

• While biosphere reserves offer a promising approach to conservation and development, they also face challenges. 
• Conflicts between conservation goals and local livelihoods, habitat degradation, and climate change impacts are pressing issues. 
• It’s imperative for all stakeholders to collaborate in finding innovative solutions that balance conservation with the needs of local communities.
• India’s biosphere reserves are a testament to the country’s commitment to preserving its rich natural heritage. 
• These ecological havens not only safeguard biodiversity but also provide a blueprint for sustainable development. 
• By fostering research, education, and community engagement, these reserves are paving the way for a harmonious relationship between humans and the environment. 
• As guardians of these valuable landscapes, it’s our collective responsibility to support and cherish these reserves for generations to come.