Moderate Period of Indian National Congress (1885-1905):
Moderate Leaders:
W.C. Banerjee:
Feroze Shah Mehta:
Justice Ranade:
Surendranath Banerjee:
G. Subramanya Aiyar:
Dadabhai Naoroji:
Dadabhai Naoroji(4 September 1825 – 30 June 1917) was a prominent Indian figure known as the Grand Old Man of India. He was a Parsi intellectual, educator, cotton trader who played a significant role in early Indian politics. Naoroji became the first Asian member of the British Parliament, serving from 1892 to 1895.
Gopal Krishna Gokhale:
Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya:
Badruddin Tyabji:
Badruddin Tyabji (10 October 1844 – 19 August 1906) was an Indian lawyer and the third President of the Indian National Congress.
Methods:
Immediate Demand:
Expectation of Moderate Politicians:
Faith in British Rule:
Response:
Social Reforms
Constitutional Reforms and Legislative Advocacy:
From 1885 to 1892, nationalist demands for constitutional reforms focused on:
The early nationalists aimed for democratic self-government.
The Congress demanded:
The scope of constitutional demands expanded over time.
The British aimed to use the councils to integrate vocal Indian leaders:
Demand for Indianisation of Services: The moderates advocated for the Indianisation of the civil service, believing it would be more responsive to Indian needs and reduce the financial drain caused by expatriate officers' salaries and pensions. This demand was also framed as a measure against racism.
Simultaneous Civil Service Examinations: The moderates called for simultaneous civil service examinations in India and London, along with raising the age limit for candidates from nineteen to twenty-three.
Resolution in House of Commons: In 1892-93, under William Gladstone's initiative, the House of Commons passed a resolution for simultaneous examinations. However, the secretary of state opposed this, the maximum age for examination was further lowered, disadvantaging Indian candidates.
Criticism of Bureaucracy and Judiciary: The moderates criticized the oppressive bureaucracy and the expensive, time-consuming judicial system. They called for the separation of judicial and executive functions.
Administrative Demands: The moderates also demanded the extension of trial by jury, repeal of the arms act, a campaign against the exploitation of indentured labor in Assam tea gardens. They sought increased expenditure on welfare (health, sanitation), education (especially elementary and technical), irrigation works, agricultural improvement, agricultural banks for cultivators.
Better Treatment for Indian Labor Abroad: They demanded better treatment for Indian laborers in other British colonies, who faced oppression and racial discrimination.
Causes of Extremism:
Goal:
Nature of Extremism and Its Leaders:
Lala Lajpat Rai (Punjab Keshari):
Bhagat Singh's Revenge Plot:
Lajpat Rai's Political Involvement:
Deportation and Party Split:
Bipin Chandra Pal:
Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak:
V O Chidambaram Pillai:
Aurbindo Ghosh:
Assessment of Extremism:
Moderates:
Extremists:
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1. What were the main phases of the Indian National Congress? |
2. What was the ideology of the Indian National Congress during its early years? |
3. What programs were initiated by the Indian National Congress, and what were their limited successes? |
4. How can the early nationalists be evaluated in terms of their contributions to India's freedom movement? |
5. What were the differences between the Moderates and Extremists within the Indian National Congress? |
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