The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - I Video Lecture | Social Studies (SST) Class 10

0:0:0: do you want to know how was life in
0:0:2: Europe in the 19th century
0:0:5: let me paint a picture for you imagine
0:0:8: being part of a vast Empire where you
0:0:11: couldn't even speak what you're thinking
0:0:12: you couldn't practice your own Customs
0:0:15: or religion and you're denied every
0:0:17: basic right that you have today
0:0:20: it's hard to imagine living in a place
0:0:22: where you have no say in the decisions
0:0:24: that affect your daily life
0:0:27: but this was the reality for many people
0:0:29: in Europe during the 19th century
0:0:32: however amidst all the unfairness and
0:0:35: oppression a powerful force emerged
0:0:37: nationalism
0:0:39: it was like a bright spark that lit a
0:0:42: fire in the hearts of the people who had
0:0:44: been oppressed for so long
0:0:47: it gave them a sense of pride in their
0:0:49: culture and Heritage and a feeling of
0:0:51: belonging that they had been missing
0:0:54: you would have heard this term multiple
0:0:56: times but do you know what is
0:0:58: nationalism
0:1:0: let me ask you a question to help you
0:1:2: understand the term nationalism how do
0:1:5: you feel when you see your country's
0:1:7: flag waving in the Wind
0:1:9: the feeling of patriotism runs high it's
0:1:13: a mixture of Pride patriotism and
0:1:16: excitement that fills your heart
0:1:18: it doesn't matter which part of the
0:1:21: country you live in when you see that
0:1:23: flag you know that you're part of this
0:1:25: country you belong to this and this
0:1:27: belongs to you
0:1:29: you're a part of something bigger than
0:1:31: yourself
0:1:33: that's the magic of our national flag
0:1:35: our country is made up of people from
0:1:38: different backgrounds religions and
0:1:41: cultures
0:1:42: but always remember that we may be
0:1:45: different but the one thing that binds
0:1:47: us all together is our shared sense of
0:1:49: nationalism
0:1:51: it's what drives us to work together
0:1:53: stand up for what's right and to strive
0:1:56: for a better future for ourselves and
0:1:58: for our fellow citizens
0:2:1: so nationalism is a political and social
0:2:4: ideology that emphasizes the importance
0:2:6: of a shared national identity culture
0:2:9: history and often language and promotes
0:2:12: the interests and aspirations of a
0:2:15: particular Nation or group of people
0:2:16: above those of others
0:2:19: so students in this video we will
0:2:22: explore first the vision of a world of
0:2:24: democratic and Social Republics or a
0:2:27: painting by Frederick sorio
0:2:30: second the French Revolution and the
0:2:32: idea of a Nation or the birth of
0:2:35: nationalism
0:2:36: third the making of nationalism in
0:2:39: Europe or the process of spread of
0:2:41: nationalism
0:2:43: before we dive into the very important
0:2:45: topic of nationalism and its impact on
0:2:48: Europe let us first understand the
0:2:51: vision of a world of Democratic or
0:2:53: Social Republics
0:2:55: let's take a closer look at the painting
0:2:58: that is given in the ncert book by
0:3:0: Frederick sorry you who was a French
0:3:2: artist to get a glimpse of the world he
0:3:5: envisioned a world of democratic and
0:3:7: Social Republics which refers to a
0:3:10: vision of a world where all nations are
0:3:12: democratic
0:3:13: this means that their governments are
0:3:16: chosen by and accountable to the people
0:3:18: and a society that prioritizes the
0:3:20: welfare of all citizens
0:3:23: he created a series of prints that
0:3:25: showed his vision of just that
0:3:28: and let me tell you it's pretty
0:3:30: impressive the first print in soryu
0:3:33: series shows people from Europe and
0:3:35: America Marching In A procession and
0:3:37: paying honor to the Statue of Liberty
0:3:40: but this isn't just any old statue this
0:3:43: is the Statue of Liberty holding the
0:3:46: torch of Enlightenment in one hand and
0:3:48: the charter of the rights of man in the
0:3:50: other
0:3:51: the torch of Enlightenment represents
0:3:53: the ideas of progress and knowledge the
0:3:56: charter of the rights of man is a
0:3:58: document created during the French
0:4:1: Revolution that symbolizes the belief
0:4:3: that everyone should have basic rights
0:4:6: and freedoms regardless of race gender
0:4:8: or social class
0:4:10: in the foreground of the image you can
0:4:13: see the shattered remains of absolutist
0:4:15: symbols
0:4:17: absolutist symbols are things that
0:4:19: rulers like kings or dictators use to
0:4:22: show they have complete control and
0:4:24: power over the people they rule
0:4:26: it's a powerful statement about the
0:4:29: changes that were taking place in Europe
0:4:31: during the 19th century
0:4:33: and speaking of the powerful the nations
0:4:36: in the procession are identified by
0:4:38: their flags and traditional attire
0:4:41: the United States and Switzerland led
0:4:44: the weight followed by France and
0:4:46: Germany
0:4:47: but that's not all other nations in the
0:4:50: procession include Austria the kingdom
0:4:53: of the two sicilies Lombardi Poland
0:4:56: England Ireland Hungary and Russia
0:5:0: but wait there's more in the sky above
0:5:4: Christ Saints and Angels symbolize
0:5:6: support among the nations of the world
0:5:8: and people from different cultures
0:5:11: they have been used by the artist to
0:5:14: symbolize Brotherhood among the nations
0:5:16: of the world
0:5:17: to summarize the painting soryu's use of
0:5:20: symbolism highlights the power of unity
0:5:23: and Brotherhood among nations fighting
0:5:25: against the strong Powers which have
0:5:27: oppressed them for years and his vision
0:5:30: continues to inspire people today
0:5:33: it's incredible to think that this
0:5:35: artwork was created over a century ago
0:5:37: yet its message is still relevant in
0:5:40: today's world
0:5:42: now let's move on to our second topic
0:5:44: that is the French Revolution or the
0:5:47: idea of a Nation
0:5:49: the French revolutionaries set the stage
0:5:52: for the birth of nation-states in Europe
0:5:55: they played a significant role in
0:5:57: creating a shared sense of identity and
0:6:0: Foster a sense of unity and pride among
0:6:3: the French people by introducing ideas
0:6:5: such as La patri that is the Fatherland
0:6:8: and
0:6:9: which is the citizen
0:6:12: the revolutionaries didn't stop there
0:6:15: they also made significant changes to
0:6:18: the political system the Estates General
0:6:21: was renamed the National Assembly and
0:6:23: elected by active citizens while a
0:6:26: centralized administrative system
0:6:27: formulated uniform laws for all citizens
0:6:30: within the nation's borders
0:6:33: these changes helped to solidify the
0:6:36: idea of a French nation-state
0:6:38: but the revolutionaries didn't just want
0:6:41: to create a strong French nation-state
0:6:43: they believed that it was the destiny of
0:6:46: the French Nation to free the people of
0:6:48: Europe from despotism or dictatorship
0:6:51: they spread the idea of nationalism
0:6:54: through their armies during the
0:6:56: Revolutionary Wars bringing significant
0:6:58: changes to other European nations
0:7:1: the rise of Napoleon and the
0:7:3: introduction of the Napoleonic Code in
0:7:6: 1804 brought even more changes to Europe
0:7:9: in the Dutch Republic Switzerland Italy
0:7:12: and Germany Napoleon simplified
0:7:15: administrative divisions abolished the
0:7:18: feudal system and freed peasants from
0:7:20: serfdom and minorial dues which is the
0:7:23: fees that peasants or serves a farmer
0:7:25: owed to the Nobles who were their
0:7:27: landlord
0:7:28: trade restrictions were removed in towns
0:7:31: while transport and communication
0:7:33: systems were improved
0:7:35: this newfound Freedom benefited peasants
0:7:38: Artisans workers and new businessmen
0:7:42: so students the emergence of nation
0:7:45: states in Europe was a complex process
0:7:47: with many different factors at Play
0:7:50: the French revolutionaries and Napoleon
0:7:53: played a significant role in shaping the
0:7:55: modern European nation state and their
0:7:58: legacy can still be felt today now that
0:8:1: you have understood the topic you must
0:8:3: practice short and long answer questions
0:8:5: on edurev
0:8:7: this will help you understand the
0:8:9: variety of questions that will be asked
0:8:11: in the exam
0:8:13: with the second topic covered it's time
0:8:15: to move on to the third one which is the
0:8:18: making of nationalism in Europe
0:8:21: just like the French Revolution there
0:8:24: were different movements going around in
0:8:26: different parts of Europe
0:8:28: also this topic is very interesting and
0:8:31: complex because the countries in Europe
0:8:33: consist of lots of variety in terms of
0:8:36: culture language religion or others
0:8:39: it's a story of Kingdoms duchies cantons
0:8:43: and Empire where people spoke different
0:8:46: languages belonged to different ethnic
0:8:48: groups and had their own autonomous
0:8:51: rulers
0:8:52: so in this topic we will study first
0:8:55: different nation states in Europe
0:8:59: second the aristocracy and the new
0:9:1: middle class
0:9:3: third the ideology of liberalism fourth
0:9:7: conservatives
0:9:8: fifth the revolutionaries and how each
0:9:12: of them contributed to the making of
0:9:14: nationalism in Europe
0:9:16: starting with the different nation
0:9:18: states in Europe in Germany Italy and
0:9:22: Switzerland there were many divisions
0:9:24: among the people
0:9:26: each group had its own identity and
0:9:28: culture often speaking different
0:9:30: languages
0:9:32: the same was true for the Habsburg
0:9:34: Empire which ruled over Austria-Hungary
0:9:38: it encompassed many regions including
0:9:41: the tyrol Austria the sudeton land
0:9:44: Bohemia Lombardi and Venetia
0:9:47: the aristocracy in Bohemia was mainly
0:9:50: German speaking while the
0:9:52: italian-speaking provinces were mainly
0:9:54: ruled by the austrians
0:9:57: in Hungary the population was divided
0:10:0: into two halves with one speaking magya
0:10:3: and the other various dialects
0:10:6: in Galicia the aristocracy spoke polish
0:10:9: and there were other subject peasant
0:10:11: peoples living within the boundaries of
0:10:13: the Empire including Bohemians slovaks
0:10:16: slovenes croats and romaines
0:10:20: despite their differences these diverse
0:10:23: groups shared a common loyalty to the
0:10:25: emperor
0:10:26: but this Bond did not Foster a sense of
0:10:29: political Unity it was difficult for
0:10:32: these groups to come together and form a
0:10:35: cohesive nation state because of their
0:10:37: varied identities and cultures
0:10:40: so the story of Europe in the 19th
0:10:43: century is one of diversity and
0:10:45: complexity
0:10:47: but how did nationalism and the idea of
0:10:49: nation-states emerge so let us now study
0:10:53: about the aristocracy and the new middle
0:10:55: class
0:10:57: politically and socially a small group
0:11:0: of people held a dominant position on
0:11:2: the continent
0:11:4: we are talking about the aristocracy the
0:11:7: landowning elite who spoke French and
0:11:9: controlled the society
0:11:11: meanwhile the vast majority of the
0:11:14: population consisted of the peasantry
0:11:16: who worked the land and lived in poverty
0:11:19: but all of that was about to change
0:11:22: thanks to the onset of the Industrial
0:11:24: Revolution in England
0:11:26: suddenly new social groups emerged
0:11:29: including the working class who toiled
0:11:31: in factories and the middle class made
0:11:34: up of industrialists businessmen and
0:11:36: professionals
0:11:38: these groups were educated and
0:11:40: liberal-minded and they started to
0:11:42: challenge the status quo
0:11:44: as aristocratic privileges were
0:11:47: abolished concepts of national Unity
0:11:49: began to gain traction
0:11:52: moving on students have you ever heard
0:11:55: of the term liberalism and its
0:11:57: connection to nationalism in early 19th
0:12:0: century Europe
0:12:1: liberalism derived from the Latin word
0:12:4: Liber meaning free was a revolutionary
0:12:7: concept for the new middle classes
0:12:10: it emphasized individual freedom and
0:12:13: equality before the law but
0:12:15: unfortunately only property owning men
0:12:17: had the right to vote and get elected
0:12:19: while women and men without property
0:12:22: were excluded from political rights
0:12:25: this inequality led to the formation of
0:12:27: opposition movements that demanded equal
0:12:30: political rights and economic liberalism
0:12:33: advocated for free markets and the
0:12:35: elimination of state-imposed barriers on
0:12:37: the movement of goods and capital
0:12:40: in 1834 a customs Union called the
0:12:43: zolvare was created at prussia's
0:12:46: initiative and most German states joined
0:12:49: which eliminated tariff barriers and
0:12:51: reduced the number of currencies from
0:12:53: over 30 to 2.
0:12:55: the establishment of a railway Network
0:12:57: further encouraged mobility and
0:13:0: connected economic interests to National
0:13:2: unification
0:13:4: all these developments created a surge
0:13:7: of economic nationalism reinforcing the
0:13:10: broader nationalist sentiments that were
0:13:12: emerging at that time
0:13:14: the ideas of liberalism and nationalism
0:13:16: were closely intertwined and had a
0:13:19: significant impact on shaping the
0:13:21: political and economic landscape of
0:13:23: Europe in the 19th century
0:13:25: so what drove European governments after
0:13:28: the defeat of Napoleon in 1815
0:13:32: as Europe emerged from the aftermath of
0:13:35: the French Revolution a new political
0:13:37: order in 1815 emerged with the ideology
0:13:40: of conservatism at its core
0:13:43: but what is conservatism well it
0:13:46: prioritized the preservation of monarchy
0:13:49: the church social hierarchies and
0:13:52: property
0:13:53: it emphasized the importance of family
0:13:55: and recognized the potential of
0:13:57: modernization to strengthen traditional
0:14:0: institutions like the monarchy
0:14:3: but conservatives did not seek to revert
0:14:5: to pre-revolutionary society instead
0:14:9: they believed that a modern Army
0:14:11: efficient bureaucracy a dynamic economy
0:14:14: and the abolition of feudalism and
0:14:16: serfdom could enhance the power of
0:14:18: autocratic monarchies
0:14:21: at the Congress of Vienna in 1815
0:14:24: representatives from Britain Russia
0:14:26: Russia and Austria met to conceive a
0:14:29: settlement for Europe
0:14:31: they established a conservative order in
0:14:34: Europe and restored the bourbon Dynasty
0:14:36: in France
0:14:38: French territories were given up and
0:14:41: several states were established on
0:14:43: France's borders to prevent future
0:14:45: French expansion
0:14:47: the primary objective was to restore
0:14:49: monarchies that Napoleon had overthrown
0:14:52: however liberals were inspired by the
0:14:55: memory of the French Revolution and
0:14:57: demanded freedom of the press
0:15:0: liberal nationalists criticized the new
0:15:3: conservative order and called for equal
0:15:5: political rights
0:15:7: so conservatism was not the only
0:15:10: ideology present in Europe during the
0:15:12: early 19th century
0:15:14: there were voices of dissent demanding
0:15:17: equal political rights and freedom of
0:15:19: the press
0:15:21: lastly do you know what secret societies
0:15:24: were established in Europe in the early
0:15:26: 19th century
0:15:28: and what their goal was well let's dive
0:15:32: into this topic together in 1815 after
0:15:36: the Congress of Vienna several secret
0:15:38: societies were formed in different
0:15:40: European countries to train
0:15:42: revolutionaries and spread their ideas
0:15:45: they aim to oppose monarchical forms of
0:15:48: government and fight for liberty and
0:15:50: freedom
0:15:51: and guess what creating nation-states
0:15:55: was also considered an essential aspect
0:15:57: of this struggle for freedom
0:15:59: one of the most prominent
0:16:1: revolutionaries was Giuseppe matsini who
0:16:4: founded two underground societies young
0:16:7: Italy in Marseille and young Europe in
0:16:10: Burn
0:16:11: young Europe's members were like-minded
0:16:14: young men from France Italy Poland and
0:16:17: the German states
0:16:19: following matsini's model secret
0:16:21: societies were also established in
0:16:24: Germany France Switzerland and Poland
0:16:27: however these secret societies were seen
0:16:30: as a threat to conservative regimes and
0:16:33: were harshly criticized by conservative
0:16:35: leaders like matinich who referred to
0:16:38: matsini as the most dangerous enemy of
0:16:41: our social order
0:16:42: so students as we come to the end of our
0:16:45: journey through 19th century Europe we
0:16:48: can see that the emergence of nation
0:16:50: states was a complex process shaped by a
0:16:53: range of political social and economic
0:16:56: factors
0:16:57: from the French Revolution to the
0:16:59: Industrial Revolution and from the rise
0:17:2: of nationalism to the diversity of
0:17:4: European cultures and identities the
0:17:7: story of Europe in the 19th century is
0:17:9: one of transformation and change
0:17:12: as we continue to study we will cover
0:17:15: the remaining part of the chapter in the
0:17:17: upcoming videos
0:17:19: also make sure to study chapter notes or
0:17:22: solve McQ tests of this chapter on
0:17:25: edurev to ensure you score well in your
0:17:27: school exams
0:17:29: not just social studies you get amazing
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0:17:38: thank you