UPSC Daily Current Affairs- 1st May 2024 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly PDF Download

GS-I

Patachitra Painting

Subject: Art and Culture

Source: DTE

Why in News?

The first-generation women patachitra artists of West Bengal’s village of Naya are selling their work online and are being recognized worldwide.

About Patachitra Painting

• It is a form of traditional, cloth-based scroll painting originating from Odisha and West Bengal in eastern India, dating back to the 12th century.
• In Sanskrit, "Patta" means "cloth" and "Chitra" means "picture".
• These paintings are renowned for their intricate details, depicting mythological narratives and folktales, often focusing on stories of Hindu deities.
• Originally created for ritual purposes and as souvenirs for pilgrims, Patachitras are an ancient art form of Odisha.

Making of Patachitra Paintings

• Pattachitra paintings are crafted on a unique canvas made by layering cotton sarees with tamarind paste and clay powder.
• Traditionally, cotton canvas was used, but now both cotton and silk canvases are employed.
• Artists directly fill colors without initial sketches, beginning with the borders first.
• Natural sources like lamp soot and powdered conch shells are used to obtain colors.
• Each painting can take weeks to months to complete due to the intricate details involved.

Severe Heatwave in India

Subject: Geography

Source: Business Today

Why in News?

India is currently facing a severe heatwave, particularly in April, with temperatures soaring to record levels across the country.

• This heatwave has been unusually intense, impacting even hill stations and regions not typically associated with such extreme weather conditions.
• The most severely affected regions include Maharashtra, West Bengal, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh among others.

Understanding the Concept of Heatwave:

• A heatwave is a condition where air temperatures reach levels that can be fatal to the human body when exposed.
• It is quantitatively defined based on temperature thresholds over a region concerning actual temperature or its deviation from normal.
• In some countries, heatwaves are determined by factors like the heat index, which considers both temperature and humidity.

Criterions for Declaring a Heatwave:

• A heatwave is typically declared if the maximum temperature at a station reaches at least 40°C for plains and 30°C for hilly regions.
• In coastal regions, a heatwave is described when the maximum temperature departure is 4.5°C or more from the normal, with the actual maximum temperature being 37°C or higher.

Period and Regions Affected by Heatwaves in India:

• Heatwaves primarily occur in India from March to June, with May being the peak month.
• Affected areas include the plains of northwest India, central, east, and north peninsular India.

Monitoring Heatwaves by the India Meteorological Department (IMD):

• The IMD utilizes a network of surface observatories across the country to measure various meteorological parameters like temperature, humidity, pressure, and wind speed.
• Based on daily maximum temperature station data, the IMD determines heatwave occurrences according to its specific definition.

Impact of Heatwaves on the Human Body:

• Heatwaves can lead to heat exhaustion and heat stroke, affecting the body's ability to regulate temperature and causing imbalances in essential salts like sodium and potassium.
• Severe cases of heat stroke can result in organ disruption, brain dysfunction, and even death.

Preventive Measures to Avoid Heat Stroke:

• To prevent heat stroke, it is crucial to lower the body's core temperature rapidly by using methods such as cold water application, consuming cold drinks, and restoring electrolyte balance.
• Avoiding direct sunlight exposure, especially between noon and 3 pm, and refraining from intense physical activities during high-temperature periods can help prevent heat-related illnesses.

Factors Contributing to the Intense Heatwave in India:

• Two main factors contributing to the extreme heat in April are the El Niño weather pattern and the presence of anticyclone systems over specific regions.
• El Niño leads to abnormal warming of surface waters in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, resulting in elevated global temperatures and harsh heatwave conditions.
• Anticyclone systems create high-pressure areas that push hot air downwards, generating more heat at the Earth's surface and preventing cooling sea breezes.

GS-II

The Election Commission of India's options when polling process is disrupted

Subject: Polity and Governance

Source: Indian Express

Why in News?

The Election Commission of India (EC), under various Sections of the Representation of People Act, 1951 (RPA), declared void the poll on April 19, in 11 polling stations of Manipur, and 8 polling stations of Arunachal Pradesh. Repolls were conducted on April 22 and April 24 respectively. Elections were also adjourned in Madhya Pradesh’s Betul Lok Sabha constituency due to the death of a candidate on April 9. The polling, originally scheduled on April 26, will now be held on May 7.

Background

• India's election laws provide a framework for handling disruptions in the polling process.
• Provisions for repolls, adjournments, and voiding of polls ensure fairness and transparency.

Intentional destruction, taking away of EVMs

• Under Section 58 of the RPA, the EC can declare a poll void due to EVM damage or tampering.
• The Returning Officer informs the EC, which can schedule a new poll.
• All electors can vote in the fresh poll, with inked fingers for identification.

Booth capturing

• Booth capturing activities are defined in the RPA and include various illegal actions.
• The Presiding Officer closes EVMs in case of booth capturing at a polling station.
• EC may declare the poll void or countermand the election based on the situation.

Natural disasters, other disruptions to polling

• Presiding Officer can adjourn the poll due to natural calamities or other disruptions.
• After EC approval, the adjourned poll resumes with certain conditions.

Death of a candidate

• Section 52 of RPA mandates poll adjournment in case of a recognized candidate's death.
• EC orders adjournment and calls for a new candidate nomination in such cases.
• In some cases, by-elections may be held depending on the circumstances.

Constitution and the Redistribution of Wealth

Subject: Polity and Governance

Source: The Hindu

Why in News?

There have been heated exchanges between the ruling government and the Opposition with respect to the redistribution of wealth during the ongoing election campaign.

The Supreme Court has also constituted a nine-judge Bench to interpret the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) with respect to ownership and control of material resources.

• The Constitution's stance on social and economic justice, liberty, and equality is outlined in the Preamble.
• Fundamental rights in Part III ensure liberty and equality for citizens.
• Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) in Part IV guide governments towards social and economic justice.
• Article 39(b) and (c) emphasize the fair distribution of material resources for the common good.

Historical Context of the Redistribution of Wealth

• Originally, the Constitution included the right to property under Article 19(1)(f).
• Amendments were made to facilitate land acquisition for public welfare, diminishing the right to property.
• Judicial interpretations like in Golak Nath, Kesavananda Bharati, and Minerva Mills cases shaped the balance between fundamental rights and DPSP.
• The 44th amendment act transformed the right to property into a constitutional right under Article 300A.

Current Debate on the Redistribution of Wealth

• Indian economic shifts from socialism to liberalization aimed at reducing inequality and encouraging growth.
• Measures like nationalization, high taxes, and wealth redistribution had mixed outcomes.
• Transition to a market-driven economy increased government resources but also led to heightened wealth inequality.
• Promises in the Congress manifesto and debates between political parties focus on wealth distribution and economic justice.

Way Forward

• Global inequality challenges necessitate government protection for the disadvantaged.
• Past high-tax policies did not meet intended goals and fostered income concealment.
• Fostering innovation and growth while ensuring equitable distribution of benefits is crucial.
• Policy formulation should align with current economic models, prioritizing economic justice for all as per the Indian Constitution.

Look Out Circulars (LOCs)

Subject: Polity and Governance

Source: Indian Express

Why in News?

The Bombay High Court recently ruled that public sector banks are not allowed to suggest or request Look Out Circulars (LOCs) against loan defaulters.

About Look Out Circulars (LOCs)

• LOCs are directives issued by the government to immigration authorities, regulating an individual's movement.
• Immigration departments enforce LOCs, preventing individuals under notice from entering or exiting the country.
• Law enforcement uses LOCs to restrain individuals wanted by the police or investigative agencies from crossing borders.
• Issuance of LOCs is typically by police, intelligence agencies, or authorized government bodies under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).

Guidelines

• LOCs are permissible only in criminal or penal cases, requiring a stated reason for issuance.
• In the absence of a pending criminal case, LOCs cannot be issued, with agencies notified of departures or arrivals instead.
• Exceptions allow LOC issuance in circumstances affecting India's sovereignty, security, bilateral relations, or strategic interests.
• LOCs are also applicable in cases of terrorism, offenses against the state, or departure detrimental to public interest.
• Essential details like name, parentage, passport number, and birth date are mandatory for LOC issuance.
• Originators must regularly review and update LOC requests to prevent inconvenience to genuine travelers.
• Periodic quarterly and annual reviews of issued LOCs are mandatory, with outcomes reported to the MHA.
• The legal implications of LOC issuance are transferred to the initiating agency, despite issuance by the Bureau of Immigration.
• Authority for issuing LOCs stems from The Passports Act, 1967, governing passport issuance and travel endorsements.

GS-III

PARADOX OF THRIFT

Subject: Economy

Source: The Hindu

Why in News?

The paradox of savings, also known as the paradox of thrift, has attracted recent attention in discussions related to the economy.

Background:

The concept was made famous by British economist John Maynard Keynes in his 1936 book, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money.

About PARADOX OF THRIFT:

Paradox Explanation

• The Paradox of Thrift suggests that increased saving during a recession can lead to a decrease in overall economic activity.

Under-consumption Theories

• It is part of under-consumption theories of the business cycle, which blame economic downturns on low consumption and high savings.

Implications for the Economy

• Reduced Consumption: When a large portion of the population saves more and spends less, overall consumer spending decreases. For instance, during a recession, people save more out of caution due to economic uncertainty. However, this behavior can lead to lower overall consumption levels.
• Contraction of Output: As consumption decreases, businesses face reduced demand for their products and services. Consequently, they produce less, causing a decline in economic output. This drop in production impacts both employers and employees, resulting in reduced income for all.

ASSAM RIFLES

Subject: Defence and Security

Source: MSN

Why in News? 

The Assam Rifles recently made a significant interception of arms, ammunition, and military supplies near the Indo-Myanmar border in Nagaland's Mon district.

Background: The recovery of heavy-caliber weapons in the border region marks a notable success in the ongoing border sealing efforts by the Assam Rifles.

About ASSAM RIFLES:

• The Assam Rifles, known as the Sentinels of North East, is India's oldest paramilitary force.

Formation and Evolution:

• Origin: The force's roots can be traced back to the Cachar Levy established in 1835 during British colonial rule.
• Name Changes: It underwent various name changes before being officially designated as the Assam Rifles in 1917.
• Historical Legacy: The Assam Rifles has a rich history, having served in both World Wars.

Role and Responsibilities:

• Counter-Insurgency Force: The Assam Rifles is crucial in counter-insurgency operations in the Northeast's challenging terrain.
• Law and Order: It aids in maintaining law and order in the region, working in conjunction with the Indian Army.
• Indo-Myanmar Border Security: The force safeguards the Indo-Myanmar border, ensuring security and preventing illicit activities.
• Sentinels of the Northeast: Known as the "Friends of the Hill People," the Assam Rifles has close ties with local communities.

Dual Control Structure:

• Administrative Control: Managed by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).
• Operational Control: Oversight lies with the Indian Army under the Ministry of Defence, ensuring coordination between civil administration and military operations.

Water Trading

Subject: Environment and Ecology

Source: Times of India

Why in News?

As urbanization gathers pace, more and more wastewater is generated. But only about 40% of this is treated, and even that is not being reused.

• Definition: Water trading involves treating water as a commodity for exchange rather than solely a public good. This mechanism allows water to be traded among users based on their requirements.
• Mechanism: In this system, a water company can opt to purchase water from a third party instead of developing its water source. It can then distribute this water to users in need.

Enabling Elements for Water Trading

• Ownership: It is crucial that ownership of water is clear and indisputable to facilitate trading.
• Water Entitlements: These entitlements should be transferable to enable the trading process.
• Water Reuse Certificates (WRCs): These certificates act as tradable permits within the water trading system.

Need for Reuse of Treated Wastewater through Water Trading

• Only around 40% of urban wastewater in India undergoes treatment, with minimal reuse of treated water.
• Significant temporal and spatial variations in water distribution emphasize the need for efficient water reuse, especially in regions like India.
• The National Water Policy of 2002 & 2012 advocates for private involvement in water management and highlights the importance of public-private partnerships.
• Wastewater pollution, primarily from agricultural runoff, poses a severe threat to water bodies and human health globally.
• Asia, particularly regions like northeast China and India, faces considerable water stress, affecting a significant portion of the population.
• Groundwater extraction for irrigation, especially for water-intensive crops like paddy and sugarcane, contributes to water stress and scarcity.

Challenges/Issues for Reuse of Treated Wastewater through Water Trading

• Cost considerations pose a challenge as treating wastewater for reuse may not always be economically competitive in comparison to fresh water sources.
• Continuous wastewater generation requires consistent treatment processes, which may not align with fluctuating demand patterns across different sectors.
• Establishing a market demand for treated wastewater is essential for it to become a viable tradable commodity.
• Maintaining infrastructure, ensuring quality control, and addressing supply disruptions are critical for the success of water trading initiatives.

Way Forward

• Establishment of Independent Regulatory Authorities (IRAs) empowered to allocate water resources and set prices for treated wastewater.
• Development of a dedicated trading platform involving all stakeholders to manage water reuse effectively.
• Identification of specific areas such as industrial clusters, residential units, and agricultural lands for treated wastewater reuse.
• Implementation of site-specific plans using GIS tools and community engagement to promote the acceptance of treated wastewater.
• Implementation of monitoring mechanisms and social impact assessments under the oversight of IRAs to ensure accountability and effectiveness.
• Advocacy for water neutrality, where the total water demand remains constant despite new developments, can be supported through promoting water reuse initiatives.