UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2019: PSIR Paper 1 (Section- B) | PSIR Optional for UPSC (Notes) PDF Download

Q.5. Comment on the following in about 150 words each: (10x5=50Marks)
(a) Unity and integrity of India was perhaps the single uppermost factor in the minds of the Constitution makers. Comment.  (10 Marks)

Introduction
The unity and integrity of India were indeed crucial considerations for the Constitution makers while drafting the Indian Constitution. With the country newly independent from British rule and divided along religious lines during the partition, it was imperative to ensure that the diverse population of India remained united and that the integrity of the nation was preserved. This essay will discuss the various aspects of the Constitution that reflect the emphasis on unity and integrity, providing examples and explanations for each point.

1. Preamble: The Preamble of the Indian Constitution explicitly emphasizes unity and integrity. It states that India is a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic committed to securing justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity for all citizens. By acknowledging the diverse religious, linguistic, and cultural backgrounds of its citizens, the Constitution makers aimed to foster a sense of unity and promote national integration.

2. Fundamental Rights: The Fundamental Rights enshrined in the Constitution aim to protect the individual liberties of all citizens, irrespective of their religion, caste, or gender. By ensuring equal rights and opportunities for all, the Constitution promotes a sense of unity and equality among the diverse population. For example, Article 14 guarantees equality before the law, while Article 15 prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.

3. Directive Principles of State Policy: The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) provide guidelines for the government to promote social justice, equality, and welfare. These principles aim to reduce socio-economic inequalities and uplift marginalized sections of society, contributing to a more inclusive and unified India. For instance, Article 46 directs the state to promote the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of society, including Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

4. Federal Structure: The Indian Constitution establishes a federal structure with a division of powers between the central government and the states. This distribution of powers ensures that the diverse needs and aspirations of different regions and communities are accommodated. By granting autonomy to the states, the Constitution recognizes and respects the cultural and linguistic diversity of India, thereby strengthening the unity of the nation.

5. Language Policy: Language has been a sensitive and divisive issue in India. To address this, the Constitution makers included provisions to safeguard linguistic diversity while promoting a common national language. Hindi was recognized as the official language of the Union, but English was also allowed to continue for a specified period to ensure the unity and integrity of the nation. This language policy aimed to strike a balance between the need for a common language and the preservation of linguistic identities.

6. Anti-Defection Law: The Tenth Schedule of the Constitution, also known as the Anti-Defection Law, was introduced to prevent political instability and maintain the unity of political parties. It prohibits elected representatives from defecting to other parties and ensures that elected members remain loyal to the party and its ideology. This law promotes stability and prevents opportunistic alliances that could undermine the integrity of the political system.

7. National Symbols: The Constitution recognizes national symbols like the national flag, national anthem, and national emblem. These symbols represent the unity and integrity of the nation, transcending individual identities and fostering a sense of national pride and belonging. For example, the national flag with its tricolor represents the diversity of India, with each color symbolizing different aspects of the nation's ethos.

8. Emergency Provisions: The Constitution provides for emergency provisions in times of internal or external threats to the unity and integrity of the nation. These provisions empower the central government to take necessary actions to safeguard the nation's security. While emergency powers are exceptional measures, their inclusion in the Constitution reflects the importance given to maintaining the unity and integrity of India.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the unity and integrity of India were crucial considerations for the Constitution makers. The Indian Constitution reflects this emphasis through its preamble, fundamental rights, directive principles, federal structure, language policy, anti-defection law, national symbols, and emergency provisions. By recognizing the diverse identities and needs of its citizens while promoting a common national identity, the Constitution ensures that India remains a united and integrated nation. As the guiding document of the country, the Constitution plays a vital role in strengthening the bonds of unity and preserving the integrity of India.

(b) Dalit perspective on Indian national movement. Discuss.  (10 Marks)

Introduction
The Indian national movement, which aimed to free India from British colonial rule, witnessed the active participation of people from all sections of society. However, the Dalit perspective on the national movement was unique and different from that of other communities. Dalits, also known as untouchables or Scheduled Castes, faced severe social discrimination and oppression during the colonial era. Their struggle for equality and justice formed an integral part of the Indian national movement. This essay will discuss the Dalit perspective on the Indian national movement, highlighting their unique challenges, contributions, and the impact of their struggle.

Challenges faced by Dalits:

1. Caste-based discrimination: Dalits faced extreme social discrimination and were considered impure and untouchable by the upper castes. They were subjected to various forms of oppression, including untouchability, segregation, and denial of basic rights and opportunities.
Example: Dalits were prohibited from entering temples, accessing public spaces, and even drinking from the same wells as upper castes.

2. Lack of representation: Dalits were underrepresented in the leadership and decision-making bodies of the national movement. The upper-caste leaders often overlooked their concerns and marginalized their voices.
Example: In the Round Table Conferences held to discuss India's political future, Dalit leaders were not given adequate representation, leading to the neglect of their specific issues.

3. Economic exploitation: Dalits were predominantly engaged in menial and low-paying jobs, resulting in economic exploitation. The British colonial policies further exacerbated their economic conditions.
Example: Dalits were forced to work as agricultural laborers, sanitation workers, and in other degrading occupations, earning meager wages and living in poverty.

Dalit contributions to the national movement:

1. Dalit-led movements: Despite the challenges, Dalits actively participated in various social and political movements that aimed to challenge the oppressive caste system and fight for their rights.
Example: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, a prominent Dalit leader, played a crucial role in the national movement. He led the Dalit movement, demanding equal rights, social justice, and the eradication of untouchability.

2. Dalit intellectuals and organizations: Dalit intellectuals and organizations emerged during the national movement, advocating for the rights of Dalits and highlighting their unique struggles.
Example: Jyotirao Phule, an influential Dalit social reformer, founded the Satyashodhak Samaj, which aimed to challenge the caste system and promote equality.

3. Dalit participation in civil disobedience movements: Dalits actively participated in civil disobedience movements, such as the Salt March and Quit India Movement, despite facing additional challenges due to their social status.
Example: In the Nagpur Satyagraha of 1923, thousands of Dalits led by Dr. Ambedkar protested against the discriminatory treatment they faced during the Mahad Satyagraha, where Dalits were denied access to a public tank.

Impact of Dalit struggle on the national movement:

1. Inclusion of Dalit concerns: The Dalit struggle forced the national movement leaders to acknowledge and address the issues faced by Dalits, leading to the inclusion of their concerns in the demands for independence.
Example: The Poona Pact of 1932, signed between Dr. Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi, ensured reserved seats for Dalits in the legislature, providing political representation.

2. Social reforms: The Dalit struggle paved the way for significant social reforms, challenging the caste system and promoting social equality and justice.
Example: The Temple Entry Movements, led by Dalits, aimed to challenge the practice of untouchability and gain access to temples and public spaces.

3. Formation of Dalit political parties: The Dalit struggle during the national movement laid the foundation for the formation of political parties representing Dalit interests.
Example: The Republican Party of India, founded by Dr. Ambedkar, aimed to fight for the political rights and social justice of Dalits.

Conclusion
The Dalit perspective on the Indian national movement was shaped by their unique challenges of caste-based discrimination, lack of representation, and economic exploitation. Despite these obstacles, Dalits actively participated in the struggle for independence, led movements, and contributed intellectually to the cause. The Dalit struggle forced the national movement leaders to address their concerns, leading to social reforms and political representation. The impact of the Dalit struggle continues to shape the discourse on social justice and equality in India today, making it an integral part of the Indian national movement's history.

(c) Despite constitutional mandate the Inter-State Council has not come of age. Discuss.  (10 Marks)

Introduction
The Inter-State Council was established in India as a constitutional body under Article 263 of the Constitution in order to promote coordination and cooperation between the states and the Union government. Its primary objective is to address the concerns and disputes arising between the states and to ensure harmonious functioning of the federal structure. However, despite its constitutional mandate, the Inter-State Council has not been able to fully realize its potential and has been largely ineffective in fulfilling its objectives. This essay will discuss the reasons behind the failure of the Inter-State Council to come of age and provide examples to support the arguments.

1. Lack of regularity and infrequent meetings: One of the main reasons for the ineffectiveness of the Inter-State Council is the lack of regular meetings. The council is supposed to meet at least twice a year, but in reality, it has not been able to adhere to this schedule. For example, during the period from 2004 to 2016, the council met only six times. This infrequency of meetings has resulted in delays in addressing important issues and has hindered the coordination and cooperation between the states and the Union government.

2. Limited powers and scope: Another reason for the ineffectiveness of the Inter-State Council is its limited powers and scope. The council can only make recommendations and its decisions are not binding on the states or the Union government. This lack of authority and enforceability has led to a situation where the council's recommendations are often ignored or not implemented effectively. For instance, the council had recommended the setting up of a permanent secretariat to assist in its functioning, but this recommendation has not been implemented so far.

3. Lack of political will and participation: The success of any institution depends on the active participation and involvement of all stakeholders. In the case of the Inter-State Council, there has been a lack of political will and interest in its functioning. Many state governments have shown apathy towards the council and have not actively participated in its meetings. This lack of participation has undermined the effectiveness of the council and has limited its ability to resolve inter-state disputes. For example, in the case of the Cauvery water dispute between Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, the Inter-State Council was unable to mediate and resolve the issue due to the lack of political will and cooperation from both states.

4. Dominance of the Union government: The Inter-State Council was created with the aim of promoting cooperative federalism and ensuring a balanced relationship between the states and the Union government. However, over the years, the council has become largely dominated by the Union government, leading to a situation where the states feel marginalized and their concerns are not adequately addressed. This imbalance of power has hindered the effectiveness of the council and has limited its ability to act as an impartial mediator between the states and the Union government.

Conclusion
In conclusion, despite its constitutional mandate, the Inter-State Council has not been able to come of age and fulfill its objectives effectively. The lack of regularity in meetings, limited powers and scope, lack of political will and participation, and dominance of the Union government are some of the key reasons behind its ineffectiveness. In order to make the Inter-State Council more effective, it is essential to address these issues and ensure active participation and cooperation from all stakeholders. Additionally, there is a need to strengthen the decision-making authority of the council and make its recommendations binding on the states and the Union government. Only then can the Inter-State Council truly come of age and play a meaningful role in promoting coordination and cooperation between the states and the Union government.

(d) Political decentralization has not been matched by administrative decentralization at the grass roots level. Explain  (10 Marks)

Introduction
Political decentralization refers to the transfer of power and decision-making authority from central governments to regional or local governments. It aims to enhance local participation, improve governance, and promote efficient service delivery. On the other hand, administrative decentralization involves the delegation of administrative powers and responsibilities to lower levels of government, including grassroots institutions. While political decentralization has gained momentum in recent decades, the same cannot be said for administrative decentralization at the grassroots level. This essay aims to explain this disparity by discussing the reasons behind it and providing relevant examples.

Reasons for the lack of administrative decentralization at the grass roots level:

1. Lack of political will: One of the primary reasons for the mismatch between political and administrative decentralization is the lack of political will. Often, politicians are more inclined to devolve power and decision-making authority to lower levels of government for political gains or to appease certain interest groups. However, they may be reluctant to grant administrative autonomy to grassroots institutions as it may threaten their own power and control. This lack of political will hinders the effective implementation of administrative decentralization.
For example, in many countries, local governments are elected but do not have the necessary administrative powers, resources, or capacity to effectively carry out their responsibilities. As a result, they become mere figureheads, lacking the authority and autonomy to make independent decisions or implement policies effectively.

2. Capacity constraints: Another reason for the lack of administrative decentralization at the grass roots level is the capacity constraints faced by local governments. Decentralization requires competent and capable local institutions that can effectively manage administrative responsibilities. However, many grassroots institutions lack the necessary skills, resources, and infrastructure to carry out their functions efficiently.
For instance, in developing countries, local governments often struggle with limited financial resources, inadequate infrastructure, and a lack of trained personnel. These capacity constraints make it challenging for them to effectively manage administrative tasks, such as budgeting, procurement, and service delivery. As a result, the central government retains control over these functions, undermining the purpose of administrative decentralization.

3. Lack of coordination and cooperation: Administrative decentralization necessitates coordination and cooperation among different levels of government. However, the lack of effective coordination mechanisms and cooperation between the central and local governments often hampers the implementation of administrative decentralization.
For example, in some countries, the central government may retain control over key administrative functions, such as personnel management and financial control. This undermines the autonomy and decision-making authority of local governments, leading to a lack of administrative decentralization at the grass roots level.

4. Resistance from bureaucracy: The bureaucracy plays a crucial role in the implementation of administrative decentralization. However, in many cases, the bureaucracy may resist decentralization efforts due to concerns about losing power, control, and resources. This resistance from the bureaucracy can hinder the effective implementation of administrative decentralization at the grass roots level.
For instance, bureaucrats may resist delegating administrative powers to local governments, fearing that it may lead to a loss of control over resources, personnel, and decision-making. This resistance can result in a lack of administrative decentralization, with central government agencies retaining control over key administrative functions.

Conclusion
While political decentralization has gained momentum in recent years, administrative decentralization at the grass roots level has not been adequately matched. The lack of political will, capacity constraints, a lack of coordination and cooperation, and resistance from the bureaucracy are some of the key reasons behind this disparity. To address this issue, governments need to demonstrate greater political will to devolve administrative powers to local institutions, provide capacity-building support to grassroots governments, establish effective coordination mechanisms, and address the concerns of the bureaucracy. By doing so, administrative decentralization can be effectively implemented at the grass roots level, leading to improved governance and service delivery.

(e) Write a short note on the significance of the Chipko Movement.  (10 Marks)

Introduction
The Chipko Movement, also known as the Chipko Andolan, was a grassroots environmental movement that originated in the Himalayan region of Uttarakhand in India in the 1970s. The word "Chipko" means "to hug" or "to cling" in Hindi, which symbolizes the act of embracing trees to protect them from being cut down. This movement was driven by the local communities, particularly women, who resorted to nonviolent means to protest against deforestation and promote ecological conservation. The Chipko Movement holds immense significance in terms of its impact on environmental activism, women empowerment, and raising awareness about the importance of sustainable development.

Significance of the Chipko Movement:

1. Environmental Conservation: The Chipko Movement played a pivotal role in raising awareness about the importance of conserving forests and protecting the environment. It brought to light the adverse effects of deforestation on local ecosystems, water sources, and wildlife habitats. By organizing tree-hugging protests and forming human chains around trees, the movement effectively prevented the felling of trees and brought attention to the need for sustainable practices in forestry. The movement also led to the formulation of policies and regulations for forest conservation and the banning of commercial logging in certain regions, ensuring the preservation of valuable natural resources for future generations.

2. Women Empowerment: The Chipko Movement witnessed active participation and leadership of women from the local communities, challenging the traditional gender roles and empowering women to take a stand for environmental conservation. Women played a crucial role in the movement as they were the ones who were directly dependent on forests for their livelihoods, gathering firewood, fodder, and medicinal herbs. Their involvement showcased their knowledge and connection with the environment, further highlighting the importance of their inclusion in decision-making processes. The movement provided a platform for women to voice their concerns and assert their rights over natural resources. It led to the recognition of women's role in environmental protection and paved the way for their increased participation in similar movements and initiatives.

3. Inspiration for Global Environmental Movements: The Chipko Movement served as an inspiration and model for various environmental movements around the world. Its success in preventing deforestation through nonviolent resistance became a symbol of people's power against destructive policies. The movement inspired similar initiatives like the Appiko Movement in Karnataka, India, and the Green Belt Movement in Kenya, Africa. These movements adopted the principles of community participation, nonviolence, and sustainable development to address local environmental issues. The Chipko Movement's influence extended beyond its immediate impact, highlighting the power of grassroots activism and the potential for collective action to bring about positive change in environmental conservation.

Conclusion
The Chipko Movement holds immense significance in the history of environmental activism. It not only contributed to the protection of forests and promotion of sustainable practices but also empowered women and inspired similar movements worldwide. The movement's success in raising awareness about the importance of environmental conservation and challenging destructive policies serves as a reminder of the power of collective action in addressing pressing environmental issues. The legacy of the Chipko Movement continues to inspire individuals and communities to stand up for the environment and strive for a more sustainable future.

Q.6. Answer the following
(a) National movement in India was anti-imperialist and increasingly radical in its socio-economic and political programmes. Discuss.  (20 Marks)

Introduction
The national movement in India was a significant period in the country's history, marked by a strong opposition to British imperialism. Over time, the movement became increasingly radical in its socio-economic and political programmes. This essay will discuss the various aspects of the national movement in India that exemplify its anti-imperialist and radical nature, with relevant examples.

1. Socio-economic programmes:

(a) Swadeshi movement: The Swadeshi movement was a key socio-economic programme during the national movement. It aimed at boycotting British goods and promoting indigenous industries. This movement was a direct response to British economic exploitation and aimed to revive Indian industries and promote self-reliance.
Example: The Bengal Partition of 1905 led to widespread protests and the promotion of Swadeshi goods. Indians boycotted British textiles and started wearing khadi (handspun cloth) as a symbol of resistance. This movement not only challenged British economic dominance but also fostered a sense of national pride.

(b) Non-cooperation movement: The non-cooperation movement, led by Mahatma Gandhi, was another socio-economic programme that aimed to challenge British authority. It involved boycotting British institutions, including schools, law courts, and administrative bodies.
Example: The non-cooperation movement gained momentum in the early 1920s and witnessed widespread participation. Indians began boycotting foreign goods, leading to a decline in British imports. This movement demonstrated the people's determination to break free from British economic and political control.

2. Political programmes:

(a) Demand for self-rule: The national movement increasingly demanded self-rule or Swaraj, reflecting the growing radicalism in its political agenda. Indians sought to establish a democratic and independent nation, free from British interference.
Example: The Indian National Congress, the primary political organization during the national movement, adopted resolutions demanding self-rule at its annual sessions. The demand for self-rule showcased the nation's aspiration for political autonomy and the rejection of British imperial domination.

(b) Civil disobedience movement: The civil disobedience movement, also led by Mahatma Gandhi, was a radical political programme that aimed to challenge British authority through non-violent means. It involved acts of non-compliance with British laws, such as the famous Salt March.
Example: The Salt March of 1930 was a significant event during the civil disobedience movement. Gandhi and his followers marched to the coastal village of Dandi to protest against the British salt monopoly. This act of civil disobedience not only defied British laws but also united people across different regions and social backgrounds against imperial rule.

3. Anti-imperialist stance:

(a) Critique of British policies: The national movement in India was marked by a strong critique of British policies that perpetuated economic exploitation and political subjugation. Leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Dadabhai Naoroji highlighted the exploitative nature of British rule.
Example: Dadabhai Naoroji's book, "Poverty and Un-British Rule in India," published in 1901, argued that British policies drained wealth from India and impoverished its people. This critique exposed the inherent flaws in the British imperial system and further galvanized the anti-imperialist sentiment among Indians.

(b) Formation of revolutionary organizations: As the national movement grew more radical, revolutionary organizations emerged to challenge British rule through armed struggle. These organizations, such as the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association and Anushilan Samiti, aimed to liberate India from British imperialism through violent means.
Example: The Kakori Conspiracy of 1925, orchestrated by the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association, involved the robbery of a train carrying British funds. This act of defiance demonstrated the willingness of revolutionaries to resort to violence to undermine British authority and achieve independence.

Conclusion
The national movement in India was undoubtedly anti-imperialist and increasingly radical in its socio-economic and political programmes. The movement's leaders and activists were determined to challenge British imperialism and establish a free and independent nation. Through socio-economic programmes like the Swadeshi movement and political initiatives such as the demand for self-rule and civil disobedience, Indians actively resisted British domination. The movement's anti-imperialist stance was further reinforced by the critique of British policies and the emergence of revolutionary organizations. Overall, the national movement in India played a pivotal role in shaping the country's future by promoting socio-economic reforms and demanding political autonomy.

(b) What has been the political fallout of the Green Revolution in India? Explain.  (15 Marks)

Introduction
The Green Revolution was a significant agricultural transformation that took place in India during the late 1960s and early 1970s. It involved the introduction of high-yielding varieties of seeds, along with the use of modern agricultural techniques and inputs, to increase agricultural productivity. The Green Revolution had a profound impact on India's political landscape, leading to both positive and negative consequences. This essay will discuss the political fallout of the Green Revolution in India by examining its impact on various aspects of the political system.

1. Rise of agricultural productivity: The Green Revolution led to a remarkable increase in agricultural productivity in India. This increased food production played a crucial role in addressing the issue of food scarcity and reducing the dependence on food imports. The political fallout of this achievement was significant, as it enhanced the credibility of the ruling government and helped to maintain political stability. For instance, the Indian National Congress, which was in power during the Green Revolution, showcased this success as one of their major achievements, strengthening their political position.

2. Socio-economic changes: The Green Revolution brought about significant socio-economic changes in rural India. The adoption of modern agricultural techniques and technologies led to an increase in income levels for farmers who embraced these new methods. This rise in income resulted in improved living standards and increased social mobility. Consequently, the political fallout of this socio-economic transformation was the emergence of a new class of prosperous farmers who became politically influential. This group of farmers, often referred to as the "Green Revolution elite," started to exert their influence on local politics, demanding better infrastructure and policies that favored their interests.

3. Regional disparities: While the Green Revolution brought prosperity to some regions, it also created regional disparities in terms of agricultural development. Certain states, such as Punjab and Haryana, benefited greatly from the Green Revolution due to their favorable agro-climatic conditions and access to irrigation facilities. However, other states, especially those in eastern and central India, lagged behind in terms of agricultural development. This disparity gave rise to regional tensions and demands for equitable distribution of resources and development opportunities. The political fallout of this regional imbalance was the rise of regional political parties that championed the cause of underdeveloped regions and demanded a fair share of resources.

4. Environmental consequences: The Green Revolution had unintended environmental consequences, such as the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which resulted in soil degradation and water pollution. The political fallout of these environmental issues was the emergence of environmental movements and organizations advocating for sustainable agriculture and conservation. These movements influenced the political discourse and forced the government to introduce policies promoting organic farming and environmental sustainability. For example, the Narmada Bachao Andolan, a social movement fighting against large dams and displacement, gained prominence as a result of the environmental fallout of the Green Revolution.

5. Political implications for small farmers: The Green Revolution had mixed implications for small and marginal farmers in India. While some small farmers were able to benefit from the increased productivity and income, many others faced challenges due to the high cost of modern inputs and the shift towards cash crops. This led to increased indebtedness among small farmers and a rise in farmer suicides in certain regions. The political fallout of these challenges was the mobilization of farmers' organizations and the emergence of farmer-centric political parties, such as the Bharatiya Kisan Union and the All India Kisan Sabha, which advocated for the rights and welfare of small farmers.

Conclusion
The Green Revolution in India had a profound impact on the country's political landscape. It brought about significant improvements in agricultural productivity and socio-economic conditions, leading to political stability and the emergence of influential farmer elites. However, it also resulted in regional disparities, environmental consequences, and challenges for small farmers, leading to the rise of regional political parties, environmental movements, and farmer-centric political organizations. The political fallout of the Green Revolution highlights the complex and multifaceted nature of its impact on India's political system.

(c) The changing socio-economic profile of our legislators does not augur well for the health of Indian democracy. Comment.  (15 Marks)

Introduction
Indian democracy is based on the principles of representation and inclusivity, where the elected legislators are expected to reflect the diversity of the society they represent. However, in recent years, there has been a noticeable shift in the socio-economic profile of our legislators, which raises concerns about the health of Indian democracy. This essay will analyze the implications of this changing profile and argue that it does not bode well for the health of Indian democracy.

1. Lack of representation: One of the key issues with the changing socio-economic profile of legislators is the lack of representation of marginalized and underprivileged sections of society. Historically, Indian politics has been dominated by upper-caste, affluent individuals who have limited understanding and empathy towards the challenges faced by marginalized communities. This lack of representation can hinder the formulation of inclusive policies and perpetuate the existing socio-economic disparities.
For example, a study conducted by the Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR) found that in the 2019 Lok Sabha elections, only 27% of the elected MPs had a rural background. This indicates a significant underrepresentation of rural communities, which constitute a major portion of India's population. The absence of legislators with a rural background can result in policies that neglect the needs and aspirations of rural India.

2. Influence of money and power: The changing socio-economic profile of legislators has also led to an increasing influence of money and power in politics. Wealthy individuals with business interests often have greater access to resources and are able to fund their election campaigns, thereby gaining an advantage over candidates from less affluent backgrounds. This leads to a situation where politics becomes more about personal interests and less about public service.
For instance, a report by the Centre for Media Studies estimated that the 2019 general elections in India witnessed a total expenditure of around 60,000 crores, making it one of the most expensive elections globally. This highlights the growing role of money power in Indian politics, which can undermine the democratic principles of equal representation and fair competition.

3. Disconnect from ground realities: The changing socio-economic profile of legislators has also resulted in a growing disconnect between the elected representatives and the ground realities of the people they represent. Many of the legislators come from privileged backgrounds and have limited exposure to the challenges faced by ordinary citizens. This disconnect can lead to a lack of understanding and empathy towards the problems faced by the marginalized sections of society.
For example, a survey conducted by the Lokniti-CSDS in 2019 found that the average assets of the elected MPs had increased by 247% over the last decade. This indicates a significant growth in the wealth of legislators, which may contribute to a detachment from the lived experiences of the common people. Such a disconnect can hinder the formulation of effective policies and exacerbate the existing socio-economic disparities.

4. Impact on policy-making: The changing socio-economic profile of legislators can have a detrimental impact on the policy-making process. Legislators from privileged backgrounds may prioritize policies that cater to their own interests or the interests of the elite, neglecting the needs of the marginalized sections of society. This can further deepen the existing socio-economic inequalities and hinder the progress of inclusive development.
For instance, the passage of the controversial Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) in 2019 sparked widespread protests across the country. Critics argue that the legislation is discriminatory and violates the principles of secularism and equality enshrined in the Indian Constitution. The passage of such a law highlights the influence of certain vested interests in shaping policy decisions, which may not align with the principles of democracy and inclusivity.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the changing socio-economic profile of our legislators is a cause for concern for the health of Indian democracy. The lack of representation of marginalized communities, the growing influence of money and power, the disconnect from ground realities, and the impact on policy-making are all factors that contribute to this concern. To ensure the health and vibrancy of Indian democracy, it is crucial to address these issues and strive for a more inclusive and representative political system. This can be achieved through measures such as electoral reforms, greater transparency in campaign financing, and increased participation of underprivileged sections of society in politics. Only by doing so can we ensure that the democratic values of equality, justice, and inclusive development are upheld in our country.

Q.7. Answer the following.
(a) Development has overshadowed the influence of caste in electoral behaviour in recent elections. Discuss.  (20 Marks)

Introduction
Caste has been a fundamental and powerful determinant of electoral behavior in India for decades. The caste system, deeply ingrained in the social fabric of the country, has traditionally influenced voting patterns, with people often aligning themselves with candidates from their own caste or caste-based political parties. However, in recent years, there has been a growing perception that development has started to overshadow the influence of caste in electoral behavior. This essay aims to discuss this notion by examining various factors that have contributed to the shift in voting patterns, such as economic development, urbanization, education, and changing political dynamics.

1. Economic Development: One of the key factors that have led to the diminishing influence of caste in electoral behavior is economic development. As India has experienced significant economic growth over the past few decades, people have started to prioritize issues related to development, such as job creation, infrastructure, and poverty alleviation, over traditional caste-based considerations. For example, in the 2014 general elections, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) successfully campaigned on a platform of economic growth and development, appealing to voters across different castes. This resulted in a significant shift in voting patterns, with many people choosing candidates based on their perceived ability to deliver economic progress rather than their caste affiliation.

2. Urbanization: The rapid urbanization that India has witnessed in recent years has also played a crucial role in diminishing the influence of caste in electoral behavior. As more people migrate to cities and towns in search of better employment opportunities and improved living standards, they are exposed to a more cosmopolitan and diverse environment. In urban areas, people are less likely to be confined to their caste-based social networks and are more inclined to vote for candidates who promise good governance and effective administration, regardless of their caste background. The rise of urban middle-class voters, who are more concerned about development and corruption-free governance, has further contributed to the diminishing importance of caste in electoral behavior.

3. Education: Education has emerged as a significant factor in reducing the influence of caste in electoral behavior. As literacy rates have increased and access to education has improved, people have become more aware of their rights, more politically conscious, and less tied to traditional caste-based voting patterns. Educated voters are more likely to analyze a candidate's track record, policy positions, and party platforms, rather than voting solely based on caste considerations. For instance, in the state of Bihar, where caste politics has historically been dominant, the rise of educated youth has led to a shift in voting behavior, with more emphasis on development and governance.

4. Changing Political Dynamics: The changing political dynamics in recent elections have also contributed to the diminishing influence of caste in electoral behavior. The emergence of regional parties with a broader appeal, focusing on issues beyond caste, has challenged the dominance of caste-based political parties. These regional parties often champion regional development, identity politics, and inclusive growth, attracting voters across different castes. For example, the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) in Delhi, led by Arvind Kejriwal, successfully positioned itself as a party focusing on good governance and anti-corruption, which resonated with voters from various castes and resulted in a landslide victory in the 2015 Delhi assembly elections.

Conclusion
While caste has traditionally played a significant role in shaping electoral behavior in India, there is a growing perception that development has started to overshadow its influence. Factors such as economic development, urbanization, education, and changing political dynamics have contributed to this shift in voting patterns. As India continues to progress economically, urbanize rapidly, and invest in education, it is likely that the influence of caste in electoral behavior will continue to diminish. However, it is important to acknowledge that caste still remains a significant social and political factor in many parts of the country, and its complete eradication from electoral behavior may be a long-term process. Nonetheless, the increasing focus on development and governance in recent elections is a positive sign, as it reflects the changing aspirations and priorities of the Indian electorate.

(b) The Comptroller and Auditor-General of India enhances the accountability of the Government and serves as the watchdog of the finances of the Government. Explain.  (15 Marks)

Introduction
The Comptroller and Auditor-General (CAG) of India is an authoritative body that plays a crucial role in enhancing the accountability of the government and acts as a watchdog for the finances of the government. It functions independently and is responsible for auditing the accounts of the government, both at the central and state levels. This essay will discuss the various ways in which the CAG enhances government accountability and acts as a guardian for the government's finances, supported by relevant examples.

1. Audit of government accounts: The primary responsibility of the CAG is to audit the accounts of the government and ensure their accuracy and transparency. The CAG examines the financial statements and records of various government departments to ensure compliance with financial rules and regulations. For example, the CAG audits the accounts of the Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Defense, and other key government departments to ascertain the correctness of their financial transactions.

2. Prevention of financial irregularities: The CAG acts as a watchdog against financial irregularities and corruption within the government. By closely scrutinizing financial transactions, the CAG can identify any instances of misappropriation, fraud, or non-compliance with financial rules. This helps in preventing financial irregularities and ensures that public funds are utilized judiciously. For instance, the CAG uncovered the coal scam in 2012, where irregularities in the allocation of coal blocks resulted in a loss of revenue to the government. This led to a public outcry and subsequent legal action against the individuals involved.

3. Performance audit: Apart from financial auditing, the CAG also conducts performance audits to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of government programs and policies. These audits evaluate whether the allocated funds have been utilized optimally and whether the desired outcomes have been achieved. By assessing the performance of government programs, the CAG holds the government accountable for its policies and ensures that public resources are utilized effectively. For example, the CAG conducted a performance audit of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) and highlighted instances of fund mismanagement and lack of transparency in the implementation of the scheme.

4. Transparency and accountability in public procurement: The CAG plays a crucial role in ensuring transparency and accountability in public procurement processes. It scrutinizes the tendering and contracting processes to identify any irregularities or favoritism in awarding contracts. This helps in preventing corruption and ensuring a level playing field for all stakeholders. For instance, the CAG's audit of the Commonwealth Games held in Delhi in 2010 revealed widespread irregularities in the procurement of goods and services, leading to a loss of public funds.

5. Reporting to the Parliament: The CAG submits its audit reports to the Parliament, which are then examined by the Public Accounts Committee (PAC). These reports provide valuable insights into the financial management of the government and help in holding the government accountable for its actions. The PAC scrutinizes the CAG's findings and recommendations and can summon government officials for further examination. This parliamentary oversight ensures that the government is answerable to the public and that corrective actions are taken based on the CAG's recommendations.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India plays a critical role in enhancing the accountability of the government and acting as a watchdog for the finances of the government. Through its audits and performance assessments, the CAG ensures transparency, prevents financial irregularities, and promotes efficient utilization of public resources. The CAG's reports and recommendations, submitted to the Parliament, further strengthen the accountability of the government and facilitate corrective actions. The CAG's independence and impartiality make it an essential institution in ensuring good governance and fiscal responsibility in India.

(c) Discuss, in brief, the role of the National Commission for women. Do you think it is a toothless organization?  (15 Marks)

Introduction
The National Commission for Women (NCW) is a statutory body established in 1992 under the National Commission for Women Act, 1990. It is tasked with protecting and promoting the rights of women in India, ensuring their empowerment, and addressing gender-related issues. While the NCW has made significant strides in advocating for women's rights, some critics argue that it lacks teeth and fails to effectively enforce its recommendations. This essay will discuss the role of the NCW, analyze its effectiveness, and provide examples to determine whether it is a toothless organization.

Role of the National Commission for Women:

1. Policy Formulation: The NCW plays a crucial role in formulating policies and advising the government on matters related to women. It provides recommendations on legislative measures, policies, and programs that promote gender equality and protect women's rights. For instance, the NCW actively participated in the formulation of the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, which aimed to address domestic violence against women.

2. Advocacy and Awareness: Another essential role of the NCW is to advocate for women's rights and raise awareness about gender-related issues. It organizes seminars, workshops, and campaigns to sensitize society and create a conducive environment for women. For example, the NCW launched the "Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao" campaign, aiming to address the declining child sex ratio and promote the education of girls.

3. Complaints and Redressal: The NCW acts as a platform for women to voice their grievances and seek redressal. It receives complaints from women regarding various issues such as domestic violence, dowry harassment, workplace discrimination, and sexual harassment. The commission then investigates these complaints and provides recommendations for action. This function ensures that women have a channel to seek justice and hold perpetrators accountable.

4. Research and Documentation: The NCW conducts research and studies on various aspects of women's issues to get a comprehensive understanding of the challenges faced by women in India. This research helps in formulating evidence-based policies and interventions. For instance, the NCW conducted a study on the impact of acid attacks on women and made recommendations to strengthen legal provisions and support mechanisms for survivors.

Effectiveness of the National Commission for Women:

1. Success Stories: The NCW has achieved notable successes in addressing women's issues and advocating for their rights. For instance, it played a significant role in the amendment of the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition, and Redressal) Act, 2013, which expanded the definition of workplace and made it mandatory for organizations to set up internal complaints committees.

2. Influence on Policy: The recommendations and reports provided by the NCW have influenced policy formulation and legislative changes. For example, the NCW's recommendations on women's reservation in panchayats led to the passing of the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments, which reserved one-third of the seats for women in local government bodies.

3. Public Awareness: The NCW's campaigns and awareness programs have played a crucial role in sensitizing society towards women's issues. These initiatives have helped in changing societal attitudes and breaking gender stereotypes. For instance, the "Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao" campaign has led to increased awareness about the importance of educating girls and has contributed to an improvement in the child sex ratio in certain regions.

Criticism and Toothless Organization Perception:

1. Limited Enforcement Power: Despite its recommendations, the NCW lacks the power to enforce its decisions, leading to a perception of being toothless. The commission's recommendations are not binding on the government or other authorities, limiting its ability to ensure the implementation of its suggestions. This undermines its effectiveness in bringing about tangible change.

2. Delayed Justice: The NCW's complaint redressal process often suffers from delays, leading to frustration among complainants. Women seeking justice may have to wait for a considerable amount of time, affecting their faith in the commission's ability to provide timely relief. This delay further contributes to the perception of the NCW as a toothless organization.

3. Lack of Prosecution Power: The NCW does not have prosecutorial powers, which hinders its ability to take legal action against offenders. While the commission can recommend legal action and provide support to victims, it depends on other law enforcement agencies to initiate prosecution. This dependency limits the commission's autonomy and affects its effectiveness in ensuring justice.

Conclusion
The National Commission for Women plays a vital role in promoting women's rights, advocating for change, and addressing gender-related issues. While it has achieved significant successes and influenced policy changes, the perception of the NCW as a toothless organization stems from its limited enforcement power, delayed justice, and lack of prosecutorial authority. To enhance its effectiveness, it is essential to strengthen the commission's powers, ensure timely redressal of complaints, and provide it with prosecutorial autonomy. By addressing these concerns, the NCW can become a more impactful institution in safeguarding and empowering women in India.

Q.8. Answer the following.
(a) “The basic structure doctrine is implicit in the Indian Constitution; the Supreme Court has only given it an explicit form." Comment.  (20 Marks)

Introduction
The concept of the basic structure doctrine in the Indian Constitution is a significant development in constitutional law. It refers to the idea that there are certain fundamental features of the Constitution that cannot be amended or altered by the legislature. The Supreme Court of India has played a crucial role in recognizing and giving explicit form to the basic structure doctrine. This essay will discuss the implicit nature of the basic structure doctrine in the Indian Constitution and how the Supreme Court has given it an explicit form through various landmark judgments.

Implicit Nature of the Basic Structure Doctrine:

1. Constitutional text and historical context: The Indian Constitution does not explicitly mention the basic structure doctrine. However, certain provisions and historical events indicate its implicit existence. The Preamble of the Constitution, which outlines the objectives and basic principles, can be seen as a reflection of the basic structure. The historical context of the framing of the Constitution, including the debates of the Constituent Assembly, suggests that the framers intended to create a Constitution with certain foundational principles that cannot be altered.

2. Judicial interpretation: The Indian judiciary, particularly the Supreme Court, has consistently recognized and protected the basic structure of the Constitution through its interpretation of various provisions. In the landmark case of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973), the Supreme Court held that there are certain essential features of the Constitution that cannot be amended, thereby establishing the basic structure doctrine. The court identified principles such as the supremacy of the Constitution, secularism, federalism, and judicial review as part of the basic structure.

3. Judicial activism and evolution: Over the years, the Supreme Court has expanded the scope of the basic structure doctrine and identified additional principles as part of the basic structure. In Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain (1975), the court held that free and fair elections are an essential feature of the basic structure. In Minerva Mills Ltd. v. Union of India (1980), the court added the principle of rule of law to the basic structure.

Examples of Explicit Form of the Basic Structure Doctrine:

1. Judicial review of constitutional amendments: The Supreme Court has used the basic structure doctrine to strike down constitutional amendments that are deemed to violate the basic structure. In the case of Golaknath v. State of Punjab (1967), the court held that the Parliament cannot amend fundamental rights, which are considered part of the basic structure. Similarly, in the case of Indira Gandhi v. Raj Narain (1975), the court struck down certain amendments that sought to curtail judicial review.

2. Protection of secularism: The Supreme Court has consistently protected the principle of secularism, which is considered part of the basic structure. In S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994), the court held that any action taken by the government that undermines secularism would be unconstitutional. The court has also intervened to prevent the misuse of religion for political purposes, thereby upholding the basic structure.

3. Safeguarding federalism: The Supreme Court has used the basic structure doctrine to protect the federal structure of the Constitution. In S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994), the court held that the dismissal of state governments by the central government without valid reasons would be against the principles of federalism. The court has also interpreted various provisions of the Constitution to maintain a balance between the powers of the central and state governments, thus preserving the basic structure of federalism.

Conclusion
In conclusion, while the basic structure doctrine is not explicitly mentioned in the Indian Constitution, its implicit existence is evident from the constitutional text, historical context, and judicial interpretation. The Supreme Court of India has played a crucial role in giving an explicit form to the basic structure doctrine through its landmark judgments. The doctrine has been used to strike down unconstitutional amendments, protect secularism, and safeguard federalism. The recognition and protection of the basic structure serve as a safeguard against the arbitrary exercise of power by the legislature, ensuring the preservation of the core principles and values enshrined in the Indian Constitution.

(b) Prime Minister's Office (PMO) has emerged as the most powerful institution in India. Discuss.  (15 Marks)

Introduction
The Prime Minister's Office (PMO) is considered to be the most powerful institution in India due to its significant role in shaping and implementing government policies. Over the years, the PMO has gained prominence and authority, making it a key decision-making body. This essay will discuss the reasons behind the PMO's emergence as the most powerful institution in India, highlighting examples to support the arguments.

1. Centralized decision-making: One of the primary reasons for the PMO's power is its ability to centralize decision-making. The PMO acts as the hub for policy formulation and implementation, coordinating with various ministries and departments. This centralized authority enables the PMO to streamline processes, expedite decision-making, and ensure the government's policies are implemented effectively. For example, during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, the PMO played a crucial role in coordinating efforts across different ministries, such as health, finance, and home affairs, to devise strategies and implement measures to control the spread of the virus.

2. Control over bureaucracy: The PMO exercises significant control over the bureaucracy, which further strengthens its power. The PMO appoints top bureaucrats and holds the authority to transfer them across ministries. This control over the bureaucracy allows the PMO to ensure its policies are implemented efficiently as it can place trusted officials in key positions. For instance, the PMO's influence over the bureaucracy was evident when it appointed a new Chief Economic Advisor in 2019, who played a pivotal role in formulating economic policies, including the budget.

3. Influence over appointments: The PMO also holds considerable influence over appointments to key positions in various institutions, including regulatory bodies, public sector enterprises, and judiciary. This influence allows the PMO to shape the functioning of these institutions according to its policies and priorities. For example, the PMO's role in appointing the heads of regulatory bodies like the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) and the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) ensures alignment with the government's objectives and policies.

4. Policy coordination and implementation: The PMO acts as the focal point for policy coordination and implementation across different ministries and departments. This ensures coherence and consistency in the government's policies and prevents conflicting decisions. For instance, the PMO's involvement in the implementation of flagship programs like the Goods and Services Tax (GST) and the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) demonstrates its role in coordinating efforts and ensuring effective policy implementation.

5. International diplomacy and foreign policy: The PMO plays a crucial role in shaping and implementing India's foreign policy. The Prime Minister represents the country on the global stage and the PMO provides the necessary support in terms of policy formulation and coordination with the Ministry of External Affairs. The PMO's involvement in high-level diplomatic negotiations and summits, such as the United Nations General Assembly and G20 meetings, showcases its authority and influence in matters of international importance.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the Prime Minister's Office (PMO) has emerged as the most powerful institution in India due to its centralized decision-making, control over bureaucracy, influence over appointments, policy coordination and implementation, and involvement in international diplomacy. The PMO's authority and influence have grown significantly over the years, making it a key decision-making body that shapes and implements government policies. However, it is essential to ensure that this power is exercised responsibly and in the best interest of the nation.

(c) Comment on the relevance of the Directive Principles of State Policy in an era of liberalization and globalization.  (15 Marks)

Introduction
The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs) are a set of guidelines and principles given to the government of India to ensure social and economic justice, equality, and the overall welfare of its citizens. These principles are enshrined in Part IV of the Indian Constitution and serve as a moral compass for the state. However, with the advent of liberalization and globalization, there has been a shift in the economic policies and priorities of the country. This essay aims to comment on the relevance of the DPSPs in the era of liberalization and globalization, taking into consideration the changing dynamics of the Indian economy.

Relevance of the DPSPs in the era of liberalization and globalization:

1. Social justice and inclusive growth: The DPSPs emphasize the importance of social justice and inclusivity, which are crucial in a diverse and developing country like India. Despite the economic reforms and the focus on liberalization and globalization, a significant portion of the population still faces socio-economic disparities. The DPSPs provide a framework for the government to address these disparities through affirmative action policies, reservation systems, and welfare schemes.
For example, the reservation policy for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes is a direct outcome of the DPSPs. It aims to uplift marginalized sections of society and ensure their representation in various fields. This policy has been instrumental in providing opportunities for the historically disadvantaged communities in the era of liberalization and globalization.

2. Environmental protection and sustainable development: The DPSPs also emphasize the need for environmental protection and sustainable development. In the era of liberalization and globalization, economic growth often takes precedence over environmental concerns. However, the DPSPs provide a check on the unregulated exploitation of natural resources and promote sustainable development practices.
For instance, Article 48A of the Indian Constitution directs the state to protect and improve the environment and safeguard the forests and wildlife. This provision has become even more relevant in the era of liberalization and globalization, where industrialization and urbanization have led to environmental degradation and loss of biodiversity.

3. Worker's rights and social security: Liberalization and globalization have brought about significant changes in the labor market. While they have opened up new opportunities and avenues for employment, they have also given rise to concerns regarding worker's rights and social security. The DPSPs play a crucial role in ensuring the protection of workers' rights and their social well-being.
For example, Article 43A of the Indian Constitution directs the state to secure a living wage, decent working conditions, and social security for workers. This provision becomes increasingly relevant in the era of liberalization and globalization, where labor exploitation and informal employment practices are prevalent.

4. Education and welfare of children: The DPSPs highlight the importance of providing free and compulsory education for all children. In the era of liberalization and globalization, education has become a vital tool for social mobility and economic progress. The DPSPs ensure that the government takes necessary steps to promote education and welfare of children, irrespective of their social and economic background.
For instance, the Right to Education Act, 2009, which guarantees free and compulsory education to all children between the ages of 6 and 14, is in line with the DPSPs. This act has been instrumental in improving access to education and reducing educational disparities in the era of liberalization and globalization.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the Directive Principles of State Policy continue to be relevant in the era of liberalization and globalization. While the economic policies have shifted towards market-oriented approaches, the DPSPs provide a moral and ethical framework for the government to ensure social justice, inclusive growth, environmental protection, worker's rights, and the welfare of children. These principles act as a guiding force for the state to strike a balance between economic development and social welfare, thereby ensuring that the benefits of liberalization and globalization reach all sections of society. It is important for the government to uphold and implement the DPSPs to create a just and equitable society in the fast-changing dynamics of the Indian economy.