UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2021: Public Administration Paper 2 (Section- B) | Public Administration Optional for UPSC (Notes) PDF Download

Q.5. Answer the following in about 150 words each : (10 x 5 = 50)

(a) No rural development strategy can succeed unless it is complemented by appropriate Panchayati Raj Institutions. Examine the statement.    (10 Marks)

The statement emphasizes the significance of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) in the success of rural development strategies. PRIs are the local self-government institutions at the grassroots level in rural areas of India, which play a crucial role in the planning, implementation, and monitoring of various development programs and schemes.

There are several reasons why PRIs are essential for the success of rural development strategies, as discussed below:

1. Decentralization: PRIs are responsible for the decentralization of power and resources, which ensures that the decision-making process involves the local community. This bottom-up approach facilitates the identification of local needs and priorities, resulting in effective planning and implementation of development projects.

2. Community Participation: PRIs enable community participation in the development process by involving local people in the planning, execution, and monitoring of various programs. This inclusive approach ensures that the needs and aspirations of the community are addressed, and the benefits of development initiatives reach the intended beneficiaries.

3. Accountability and Transparency: PRIs enhance transparency and accountability in the rural development process by holding regular meetings, sharing information regarding development projects, and involving villagers in the decision-making process. This not only helps in monitoring the progress of projects but also prevents corruption and misuse of resources.

4. Capacity Building: PRIs act as a platform for building the capacity of local people by providing them with opportunities to participate in the development process, as well as training and skill development programs. This empowers the rural community and ensures the sustainability of development initiatives.

However, the effectiveness of PRIs in rural development is often hindered by various challenges, such as lack of financial resources, poor infrastructure, inadequate training and capacity building, political interference, and bureaucratic hurdles. Therefore, to ensure the success of rural development strategies, it is crucial to strengthen PRIs by addressing these challenges and enhancing their capacity to plan, implement, and monitor development initiatives effectively.

In conclusion, Panchayati Raj Institutions are crucial for the success of rural development strategies as they ensure decentralization, community participation, accountability, and capacity building. However, to realize their full potential, it is essential to address the challenges faced by PRIs and empower them to effectively contribute to the development process in rural India.

(b) NITI Aayog has been constituted to implement the goal of co-operative federalism. Discuss.    (10 Marks)

The National Institution for Transforming India (NITI) Aayog was constituted on January 1, 2015 as a premier policy think-tank of the Government of India. It was established with the primary objective of fostering co-operative federalism by involving state and central governments in the policy-making process. Co-operative federalism refers to a collaborative relationship between the central and state governments, wherein both levels of government work together to achieve common goals for the welfare of the nation.

NITI Aayog promotes co-operative federalism in several ways:

1. Inclusive Dialogue: NITI Aayog provides a platform for the central and state governments to engage in regular dialogue and consultation. It facilitates a bottom-up approach in policy formulation, enabling states to voice their concerns and share best practices. This inclusive dialogue ensures that the central government's policies are aligned with the states' priorities and requirements.

2. Decentralized Planning: NITI Aayog encourages decentralized planning by empowering states to formulate their own development plans. It provides technical and financial support to states for preparing these plans, based on their specific needs and priorities. This approach promotes a sense of ownership among states and ensures better implementation of policies and programs.

3. Competitive Federalism: NITI Aayog fosters competitive federalism by ranking states on various development indicators, such as ease of doing business, education, health, and infrastructure. This ranking system encourages states to compete with each other and improve their performance, ultimately leading to overall national development.

4. Financial Transfers: NITI Aayog plays a crucial role in determining the allocation of financial resources to states. It has replaced the Planning Commission's top-down approach with a more flexible and outcome-based approach, giving states greater autonomy and resources to achieve their development goals.

5. Capacity Building: NITI Aayog focuses on capacity building of state governments by providing them technical assistance, sharing best practices, and organizing training programs for officials. This enables states to enhance their capabilities to design and implement effective policies and programs.

In conclusion, NITI Aayog has played a pivotal role in fostering co-operative federalism in India by facilitating dialogue and collaboration between the central and state governments. Through its various initiatives, it has ensured that states have a greater say in the policy-making process, thereby promoting decentralization, competition, and capacity building. This collaborative approach has not only helped in achieving national goals but also in addressing the diverse developmental needs of the states.

(c) Responsibility and accountability are two major goals of Good Governance. Discuss the statement in the context of lndian administration.    (10 Marks)

Good Governance refers to the efficient, effective, and ethical management of public resources and institutions, ensuring that the needs and aspirations of the society are met. Responsibility and accountability are two major goals of Good Governance that hold public officials and institutions responsible for their actions and decisions.

(i) In the context of Indian administration, responsibility and accountability are crucial in ensuring transparency, responsiveness, and participatory decision-making. The Indian Constitution has laid down the principles of democracy, rule of law, and separation of powers to ensure that public institutions function responsibly and are accountable to the citizens.

(ii) The Right to Information Act, 2005, is an example of a legislative effort to promote accountability and transparency in the functioning of public institutions in India. It allows citizens to access information held by public authorities, thereby empowering them to scrutinize the functioning of these institutions.

(iii) Furthermore, the Central Vigilance Commission, the Central Bureau of Investigation, and the Comptroller and Auditor General of India, are some of the key institutions that provide oversight and ensure accountability in the Indian administration. These institutions act as watchdogs and help in curbing corruption, mismanagement, and abuse of authority by public officials.

(iv) However, the Indian administration faces several challenges in achieving these goals of Good Governance. Bureaucratic red-tapism, corruption, lack of transparency, and political interference in the functioning of public institutions often hinder the achievement of responsibility and accountability.

To overcome these challenges and to promote Good Governance, measures such as administrative reforms, digitization of government processes, merit-based appointments, and capacity building of public institutions must be undertaken. Additionally, citizens should be encouraged to participate in the decision-making process, and the media should play an active role in highlighting issues related to transparency and accountability.

In conclusion, responsibility and accountability are essential components of Good Governance in the context of Indian administration. Efforts to strengthen these aspects will ensure the efficient and effective functioning of public institutions, ultimately leading to better service delivery and improved quality of life for the citizens of India.

(d) The Prime Minister's Office has become a powertul institution in itself by virtue of its role in decision-making on strategic issues of utmost importance. Examine the statement.    (10 Marks)

The Prime Minister's Office (PMO) has evolved as a powerful institution in the Indian polity, primarily due to its role in decision-making on strategic issues of utmost importance. The PMO serves as the principal workplace of the Prime Minister, and provides administrative support, policy advice, and facilitates the implementation of the Prime Minister's vision and objectives.

(i) The PMO plays a crucial role in coordinating the activities of various ministries and departments, and in ensuring that the government functions smoothly and effectively. This is particularly important in the context of India's federal structure, where the central government has to work closely with the state governments and other stakeholders to achieve national goals.

(ii) The PMO is also responsible for the formulation and implementation of major policy initiatives, such as economic reforms, social welfare schemes, and infrastructure development projects. It is involved in the negotiation and finalization of major international agreements, such as the Indo-US nuclear deal and the Paris Climate Agreement, which have a significant bearing on India's strategic interests.

(iii) The power of the PMO is exemplified by its role in shaping the policy agenda and driving the decision-making process on critical issues, such as national security, defense, and foreign policy. This is evident from the significant role played by the PMO during the Kargil conflict, the Mumbai terror attacks, and the surgical strikes carried out by the Indian Army.

(iv) The institution of the PMO is also critical in ensuring that the Prime Minister's vision and priorities are translated into actionable policies and programs. This is exemplified by the launch of flagship initiatives such as Make in India, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, and the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana, which have been driven by the PMO.

However, the increasing power of the PMO has also led to concerns about the centralization of authority and decision-making in the hands of a few individuals. Critics argue that this undermines the principle of collective responsibility, which is the bedrock of the parliamentary system of government.

In conclusion, the Prime Minister's Office has indeed become a powerful institution in itself, playing a pivotal role in shaping the policy and decision-making landscape in India. While its effectiveness in driving the government's agenda is commendable, it is essential to ensure that the principle of collective responsibility is not compromised and that the democratic process remains intact.

(e) Well planned and goal oriented training programmes arc the backbone of the civil service system in India. Examine the statement.    (10 Marks)

The statement emphasizes the importance of well-planned and goal-oriented training programs in shaping the civil service system in India. The Indian civil services, responsible for implementing government policies and programs, require highly skilled and efficient personnel to function effectively. These training programs ensure that civil servants possess the necessary knowledge, skills, and aptitude to perform their duties efficiently.

(i) Training programs for civil servants in India can be broadly divided into two categories: pre-service training and in-service training. Pre-service training refers to the training imparted to civil servants after they have qualified for the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) examination and before they join their respective services. This includes the training at the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration (LBSNAA) for IAS officers, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy for IPS officers, and other specialized academies for different services. These academies focus on equipping the trainees with essential skills, knowledge of the Constitution, laws, public administration, and other relevant subjects.

(ii) On the other hand, in-service training programs are organized for serving civil servants to update their knowledge, skills, and expertise throughout their careers. These programs are organized by various institutes such as the Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA), Administrative Staff College of India (ASCI), and National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD). These programs cover a wide range of topics such as public policy, governance, leadership, and management to help civil servants adapt to the changing needs of the government and society.

(iii) One of the key features of these training programs is their focus on goal-oriented learning. The training modules are designed to ensure that civil servants develop a clear understanding of their roles and responsibilities and learn to work towards achieving the objectives of the government. This includes enhancing their problem-solving skills, decision-making abilities, and effective communication skills, which are crucial for a successful career in public administration.

(iv) Moreover, these training programs also emphasize the importance of ethics and integrity in the civil service system. Civil servants are expected to adhere to the highest standards of honesty, impartiality, and dedication to public welfare. The training programs inculcate these values among the trainees and prepare them to serve the nation with commitment and dedication.

In conclusion, well-planned and goal-oriented training programs play a pivotal role in shaping the civil service system in India. They help in building a competent and efficient bureaucracy, committed to the principles of good governance, transparency, and accountability. These programs ensure that civil servants are well-equipped to tackle the challenges of public administration and contribute effectively to the development of the nation.

Q.6.(a) Budget proposals in the Parliament/ State Legislatures fail to ensure their effective scrutiny. the factors which constrain effective scrutiny of the budget proposals.    (20 Marks)

The budget proposals presented in the Parliament and State Legislatures are crucial for the effective functioning of the government and the economy. However, there are several factors that constrain the effective scrutiny of these proposals, which include:

1. Time constraints: The budget proposals are usually presented a few weeks before the start of the financial year, and the Parliament/State Legislatures have limited time to scrutinize, debate, and pass the budget. This time constraint often results in a superficial examination of the budget, with members being unable to delve deep into the details and implications of various proposals.

2. Limited expertise: The Members of Parliament (MPs) and State Legislatures are representatives of the people and may not necessarily have the required expertise in financial matters or economic policy. This makes it difficult for them to analyze the budget proposals effectively and suggest necessary changes.

3. Lack of research support: The MPs and State Legislators often do not have adequate research support to help them understand the nuances of the budget proposals. The Parliament and State Legislatures in India do not have a dedicated research wing similar to the Congressional Research Service in the United States, which provides in-depth analysis and reports on various policy matters, including the budget.

4. Partisan politics: Budget proposals are often influenced by political considerations, with ruling parties using them as a tool to appease their voter base or achieve political objectives. This can lead to a focus on populist measures rather than long-term, sustainable policies. The opposition parties, on the other hand, may oppose budget proposals primarily to score political points, rather than providing constructive criticism.

5. Insufficient public debate: Public participation and debate on budget proposals are essential for any democratic setup. However, in India, public debate on budget proposals is often limited and focused more on a few headline-grabbing announcements, rather than a comprehensive analysis of various proposals and their implications.6. Lack of transparency: Budget proposals often lack transparency, with crucial information being withheld or presented in a complex manner. This makes it difficult for members of the Parliament/State Legislatures and the public to understand the budget proposals and their implications fully.

7. Inadequate scrutiny by parliamentary committees: The budget proposals are examined by various parliamentary committees, such as the Estimates Committee, the Public Accounts Committee, and the Standing Committees on various ministries. However, these committees often face constraints in terms of time, resources, and expertise, which limits their ability to scrutinize the budget proposals effectively.

To overcome these constraints and ensure effective scrutiny of budget proposals, the following steps can be taken:

1. Allow more time for budget scrutiny: The Parliament/State Legislatures should have more time to scrutinize, debate, and pass the budget, allowing for a more detailed examination of the proposals.

2. Enhance research support: The Parliament and State Legislatures should have dedicated research wings that provide in-depth analysis and reports on various policy matters, including the budget.

3. Encourage public debate and participation: Public debate and participation in the budget-making process should be encouraged, with civil society organizations and think tanks playing a more significant role in analyzing and disseminating information about budget proposals.

4. Strengthen parliamentary committees: The capacity of parliamentary committees to scrutinize budget proposals should be enhanced by providing them with adequate resources, expertise, and time.

5. Improve transparency: The budget proposals should be presented in a more transparent and accessible manner, allowing for easier understanding and analysis by the Parliament/State Legislatures and the public.

(b)  73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts aimed at making the third tier of government powerful and effective for democratic decentralization. Critically examine the extent to which this goal has been transformed into reality.    (20 Marks)

The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts, passed in 1992, marked a significant shift in the governance structure of India. They aimed at decentralizing power, making the third tier of government - Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) - more powerful and effective. The amendments provided constitutional status to these local self-governance bodies, ensuring regular elections, participation of women and marginalized communities, financial autonomy, and devolution of powers to deal with local issues.

However, after nearly three decades of implementation, it is essential to critically examine the extent to which this goal of democratic decentralization has been transformed into reality.

1. Devolution of powers: The amendment acts provided a framework for the devolution of powers and responsibilities to the local government bodies. However, the actual devolution varies significantly across states, with many still reluctant to transfer the necessary powers and functions to the PRIs and ULBs. This has resulted in local bodies remaining dependent on higher levels of government, undermining the objective of empowering them.

2. Financial autonomy: While the amendments intended to promote financial autonomy for local government bodies, the reality is far from satisfactory. Most PRIs and ULBs continue to rely heavily on grants and funds from the central and state governments. The limited revenue-generating capacity of these institutions further hinders their ability to function independently and address local issues effectively.

3. Capacity building: The lack of capacity building initiatives for elected representatives and officials at the local level is a significant challenge. Many PRIs and ULBs lack the necessary expertise to formulate and implement development plans, resulting in inadequate service delivery and poor governance.

4. Participation of marginalized communities: Although the amendments made provisions for reservation of seats for women, Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes, their participation in decision-making processes remains limited. Often, these representatives are unable to assert their authority and are overshadowed by dominant groups, thus defeating the purpose of inclusive governance.

5. Accountability and transparency: The amendments created provisions for social audit and public participation in local governance. However, the implementation of these provisions remains weak in many parts of the country. Corruption, lack of transparency, and poor accountability mechanisms continue to plague the functioning of local government bodies.

In conclusion, while the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts laid the foundation for democratic decentralization in India, much remains to be done to translate this goal into reality. State governments must show greater commitment to devolving powers and resources to local government bodies. Capacity building initiatives, improving financial autonomy, and promoting accountability and transparency are essential steps in empowering PRIs and ULBs to deliver effective governance and address local issues.

(c) National Human Rights Commission is handicapped by its jurisdictional limitations of not being able to investigate the cases of violation of human rights by the armed forces. Discuss.    (10 Marks)

The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) is an autonomous body in India responsible for the protection and promotion of human rights. Established in 1993 under the Protection of Human Rights Act, it is tasked with investigating complaints of human rights violations, conducting research, spreading awareness, and recommending policy changes to the government.

However, the NHRC faces jurisdictional limitations when it comes to investigating cases of human rights violations by the armed forces, as specified under Section 19 of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993. This section states that the NHRC cannot investigate any violation of human rights, alleged to have been committed by members of the armed forces, except for complaints of "death in custody."

This limitation has been criticized for multiple reasons:

1. Incomplete mandate: The inability to investigate human rights violations by the armed forces undermines the NHRC's primary objective of safeguarding human rights. It also prevents the commission from fulfilling its mandate as a watchdog against potential abuses by security personnel.

2. Impunity for security forces: This limitation provides a sense of impunity to members of the armed forces, as they know that the NHRC cannot investigate their actions. This could embolden them to commit human rights violations without fear of repercussions.

3. Lack of accountability: Excluding the armed forces from the purview of the NHRC reduces accountability for their actions, which can lead to a lack of transparency and increased instances of human rights abuses.
For instance, numerous cases of alleged human rights violations have been reported in conflict-ridden areas such as Jammu and Kashmir and the Northeastern states, where the armed forces operate under the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA). The AFSPA grants the armed forces wide-ranging powers and provides them with legal immunity from prosecution for their actions. This has led to allegations of extrajudicial killings, torture, and other human rights abuses by the security forces.

In some cases, the NHRC has managed to investigate human rights violations by the armed forces indirectly, by examining complaints of "death in custody" or by referring cases to state-level human rights commissions. However, these alternative mechanisms are often unable to provide a comprehensive investigation or hold the armed forces accountable for their actions fully.

In conclusion, the jurisdictional limitations of the National Human Rights Commission in India significantly hinder its ability to investigate and address human rights violations committed by the armed forces. To strengthen its role as a human rights watchdog, it is essential to reconsider these limitations and expand the NHRC's mandate to include all instances of human rights violations, regardless of the perpetrators. This would not only enhance the commission's effectiveness in protecting human rights but also contribute to greater accountability and transparency within the security forces.

Q.7.(a)  Contemporary urbanism advocates the integration of diverse modes of urban planning and management concerns. Discuss the above statement in light of urban development in India.    (20 Marks)

Contemporary urbanism is an evolving concept that seeks to address the challenges faced by cities in the context of rapid urbanization, globalization, and technological advancements. It advocates the integration of diverse modes of urban planning and management concerns, including environmental sustainability, social equity, economic development, and cultural preservation. This approach acknowledges the interdependence of various aspects of urban life and aims to create resilient, inclusive, and livable cities.

In the context of India, urban development has been marked by rapid population growth, inadequate infrastructure, and the proliferation of informal settlements. The following points discuss the contemporary urbanism approach in light of urban development in India.

1. Environmental sustainability: Rapid urbanization in India has led to several environmental challenges, including air and water pollution, solid waste management, and loss of green spaces. Contemporary urbanism emphasizes the need to integrate environmental concerns in urban planning and management. For example, the Smart Cities Mission, launched by the Government of India in 2015, aims to promote sustainable and inclusive cities through the use of technology and innovative solutions. One of the core components of this initiative is the focus on environmental sustainability through the promotion of renewable energy, efficient waste management, and green mobility solutions.

2. Social equity: Social equity is a critical aspect of contemporary urbanism, which seeks to ensure that all urban residents have equal access to resources, opportunities, and public services. In India, there is a significant divide between the rich and the poor in terms of access to housing, education, healthcare, and other amenities. The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) is an example of an initiative aimed at addressing this gap by providing affordable housing to the urban poor. Similarly, the National Urban Livelihoods Mission seeks to promote social equity by providing skill development and employment opportunities to the urban poor.

3. Economic development: Contemporary urbanism recognizes the importance of economic development in fostering urban growth and development. In India, the urban economy is characterized by a large informal sector, low productivity, and limited access to credit and markets. Initiatives such as Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) and the Ease of Doing Business reforms aim to improve the urban business environment and promote local economic development.

4. Cultural preservation: The integration of cultural preservation in urban planning and management is another aspect of contemporary urbanism. India has a rich cultural heritage, and many cities have unique historical and cultural assets. The Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY) is an example of an initiative aimed at preserving and revitalizing the heritage of select Indian cities.

5. Participatory governance: Contemporary urbanism also emphasizes the importance of participatory governance in urban planning and management. In India, the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992, provided constitutional status to urban local bodies and mandated the devolution of powers and responsibilities related to urban governance. This has led to greater participation of local communities in decision-making processes related to urban planning, service delivery, and resource allocation.

In conclusion, contemporary urbanism in India is being reflected through initiatives and policies that focus on environmental sustainability, social equity, economic development, cultural preservation, and participatory governance. However, the implementation of these initiatives remains a challenge due to factors such as limited financial and technical resources, weak institutional capacities, and lack of coordination between various stakeholders. To fully embrace the principles of contemporary urbanism, India needs to address these challenges and adopt an integrated and holistic approach to urban development.

(b) Rural development programmes are designed to facilitate multifaceted growth of rural poor. Evaluate the role of some key rural development programmes in India in this context.    (20 Marks)

Rural development programmes in India play a crucial role in addressing the various dimensions of rural poverty and ensuring multifaceted growth of the rural poor. Some of the key rural development programmes in India include the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana - Gramin (PMAY-G), Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY), and the National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM). These programmes have contributed significantly to poverty alleviation, employment generation, infrastructure development, and capacity building in rural areas.

1. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA): This programme was introduced in 2005 to provide a legal guarantee of 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to every rural household whose adult members are willing to do unskilled manual work. MGNREGA has played a significant role in providing employment opportunities and enhancing the purchasing power of the rural poor. It has also led to the creation of productive assets such as roads, water conservation structures, and land development works, which have contributed to overall rural development.

2. Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana - Gramin (PMAY-G): Launched in 2016, PMAY-G aims to provide housing for all in rural areas by 2022. The programme provides financial assistance to the rural poor for constructing houses with basic amenities like toilets, drinking water, and electricity. PMAY-G has not only improved the quality of life of the rural poor but has also generated employment opportunities in the construction sector.

3. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY): Introduced in 2000, PMGSY focuses on building all-weather roads to connect rural habitations with the main road network. Since its inception, the programme has significantly improved rural connectivity, enabling better access to markets, healthcare, and education facilities. PMGSY has also facilitated the growth of rural entrepreneurship and non-farm employment opportunities.

4. National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM): Launched in 2011, NRLM aims to reduce poverty by promoting diversified and gainful self-employment and wage employment opportunities for the rural poor. The programme focuses on building strong community institutions, providing skills training and financial assistance, and creating market linkages for rural producers. NRLM has empowered rural women by forming self-help groups (SHGs) and promoting their participation in decision-making processes.

In conclusion, rural development programmes in India have played a significant role in fostering multifaceted growth of the rural poor by addressing issues related to employment, housing, infrastructure, and livelihoods. However, challenges remain in terms of ensuring effective implementation, convergence of different schemes, and enhancing the overall quality of life in rural areas. Continued emphasis on robust policy interventions, capacity building, and monitoring and evaluation of these programmes is necessary to achieve sustainable and inclusive rural development.

(c) Police-public relations in India need to be improved. Suggest measures to strengthen relations between police and public.    (10 Marks)

1. Community Policing: Encourage the formation of community policing initiatives in which police officers work closely with local people to address their concerns and solve problems together. This can help build trust and develop a sense of partnership between the police and the public. For instance, Kerala's Janamaithri Suraksha Project and Tamil Nadu's Friends of Police have been successful in engaging the community and the police in collaborative efforts.

2. Sensitization and Training: Police personnel should be better trained in soft skills, including communication, empathy, and problem-solving. They should be sensitized to the needs and expectations of the public, particularly the vulnerable and marginalized sections, such as women, children, and minorities. This can help in reducing instances of police high-handedness and improve their image in the eyes of the public.

3. Grievance Redressal Mechanism: Establish an accessible, transparent, and efficient grievance redressal mechanism for the public to report instances of police misconduct and abuse of power. This can help in increasing accountability and ensuring that the police act in the best interests of the public.

4. Use of Technology: Leverage technology to improve communication and transparency between the police and the public. Digital platforms, such as social media, can be used to disseminate information, solicit feedback, and address concerns. For instance, the Delhi Police's 'Himmat' mobile app has been successful in providing a platform for women to report instances of harassment and seek help in real-time.

5. Police Reforms: Implement the recommendations of various committees on police reforms, such as the National Police Commission, the Ribeiro Committee, and the Malimath Committee. These include measures such as depoliticizing the police, ensuring merit-based promotions and transfers, and improving the working conditions of police personnel. These reforms can contribute to a more professional and efficient police force, which would in turn improve the public's perception of the police.

6. Public Awareness Campaigns: Conduct public awareness campaigns to educate people about their rights and responsibilities, as well as the role and functions of the police. This can help in dispelling misconceptions and fostering a better understanding between the police and the public.

7. Transparency and Accountability: Ensure that police actions are transparent and accountable by sharing information with the public and involving them in decision-making processes. This can help in building trust and reducing instances of police misconduct.

8. Encourage Collaboration: Foster a culture of collaboration between the police and other stakeholders, such as civil society organizations, educational institutions, and the media. This can help in creating a supportive environment for the police to work in and improve their relations with the public.

9. Periodic Review: Conduct periodic reviews and assessments of police-public relations to identify areas of improvement and devise strategies to address them. This can help in ensuring that the efforts to strengthen relations between the police and the public are effective and sustainable.

10. Reward and Recognition: Recognize and reward police personnel who demonstrate exceptional performance in building strong police-public relations. This can help in motivating other police officers to improve their engagement with the public and contribute to better relations between the two parties.

Q.8.(a) In past two decades India's public policy on Disaster Management has shifted its focus from rescue, relief and rehabilitation efforts to holistic management of disaster. Analyse.    (20 Marks)

In the past two decades, India has witnessed a significant shift in its public policy on Disaster Management. Earlier, the focus was primarily on rescue, relief, and rehabilitation efforts. However, recognizing the limitations of a reactive approach, the emphasis has now shifted towards a more holistic and proactive Disaster Management policy, encompassing prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. This shift can be analyzed based on the following aspects:

1. Legal and Institutional Framework: The Disaster Management Act, 2005, was a milestone in India's disaster management policy. The Act led to the establishment of the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), headed by the Prime Minister, and State and District Disaster Management Authorities. This hierarchical structure demonstrates the commitment towards a decentralized and coordinated approach in managing disasters.

2. Integration of Disaster Management into Development Planning: The recognition that disasters can derail development efforts has led to the integration of disaster management into development planning. The concept of 'sustainable development' is now intrinsically linked to disaster risk reduction. Policies such as the National Action Plan on Climate Change and the National Policy on Disaster Management, 2009, are examples of this integration.

3. Focus on Mitigation and Preparedness: There has been a growing emphasis on mitigation and preparedness measures to reduce the vulnerability and impact of disasters. For example, the National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project aims to reduce the vulnerability of coastal communities to cyclone hazards by investing in early warning systems, cyclone shelters, and evacuation routes. Similarly, the National Earthquake Risk Mitigation Project focuses on strengthening the structural resilience of buildings and infrastructure.

4. Capacity Building and Training: Recognizing the importance of skilled human resources in disaster management, the government has established various training institutions such as the National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) and the National Civil Defence College. These institutions provide specialized training to officials and stakeholders involved in disaster management.

5. Community-Based Disaster Management: Given that communities are the first responders during disasters, there has been a significant emphasis on involving local communities in disaster management efforts. Initiatives like the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) and the Community-Based Disaster Management Programme aim to empower communities through training, awareness generation, and the establishment of local disaster management committees.

6. Use of Technology: Technological advancements have been widely adopted in India's disaster management policy. Tools like satellite-based remote sensing, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and Early Warning Systems (EWS) have significantly improved the prediction, monitoring, and response to disasters.

7. International Cooperation: India has been actively participating in international forums like the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) and has signed various international agreements like the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. This demonstrates India's commitment to sharing knowledge, resources, and best practices in disaster management globally.

In conclusion, India's shift towards a more holistic disaster management policy is evident from its legal and institutional framework, integration of disaster management into development planning, focus on mitigation and preparedness, capacity building, community involvement, use of technology, and international cooperation. This shift has led to reduced vulnerability, enhanced resilience, and improved response mechanisms, enabling India to better tackle the increasing frequency and magnitude of disasters.

(b) The institutional legacy of 'well-entrenched state' affected the post-reforms promises in India. Explain the statement in the light of economic reforms in India.    (20 Marks)

The statement refers to the impact of the long-standing and well-entrenched bureaucratic and political system in India on the implementation and outcomes of economic reforms initiated in the 1990s. These economic reforms aimed at liberalizing the Indian economy, promoting private sector growth, and reducing the role of the state in economic activities. However, the institutional legacy of the well-entrenched state has affected the realization of the full potential of these reforms in various ways.

1. Bureaucratic inertia: The Indian administrative system is characterized by a complex, hierarchical, and rule-bound bureaucracy, which is often resistant to change. This bureaucratic inertia has led to slow implementation of reforms and hindered the development of a more dynamic, responsive, and efficient system of governance. For example, despite the reforms that aimed at streamlining the process of obtaining business licenses and permits, bureaucratic red tape and corruption continue to burden businesses and entrepreneurs in India.

2. Political interference: The economic reforms in India have been subject to political interference, often driven by short-term electoral considerations rather than long-term economic objectives. This has resulted in inconsistencies and reversals in policies, undermining investor confidence and slowing down the pace of economic growth. For instance, the implementation of reforms in the power sector has been stymied by populist measures, such as providing free electricity to certain sections of the population, which has led to fiscal imbalances and inefficient resource allocation.

3. Persistence of the license-permit-quota raj: Although the economic reforms aimed at dismantling the license-permit-quota raj, a system of pervasive government control over economic activities, the persistence of this system in various forms has constrained the growth of the private sector. For example, the land acquisition process for industries remains complex, time-consuming, and mired in legal disputes, impeding the development of new projects and investments.

4. Inadequate regulatory reforms: While the economic reforms sought to reduce the role of the state in economic activities, the development of an effective and transparent regulatory framework to govern the private sector has not kept pace. This has led to issues such as corporate governance failures, the rise of crony capitalism, and the growth of non-performing assets in the banking sector.

5. Social sector challenges: The institutional legacy of the well-entrenched state has also affected the ability of the post-reforms period to address social sector challenges such as poverty, inequality, and unemployment. The focus on economic liberalization and growth has often come at the expense of adequate investments in social infrastructure, such as education, health, and social security. This has led to a situation where the benefits of economic growth have not been equitably distributed, resulting in persistent social and economic disparities.

In conclusion, the institutional legacy of the well-entrenched state in India has significantly influenced the implementation and outcomes of the post-reforms period. While the economic reforms have led to higher growth rates, increased foreign investments, and the rise of a more globally competitive private sector, the full potential of these reforms has been constrained by bureaucratic inertia, political interference, and the persistence of the license-permit-quota raj. Addressing these challenges requires further reforms to improve governance, strengthen regulatory frameworks, and ensure inclusive growth that benefits all sections of society.

(c) Do you agree with the view that the civil service in India is losing its neutral and anonymous character ? Argue your case.    (10 Marks)

As an AI language model, I do not have personal opinions or beliefs. However, I can provide you with an analysis of the argument.

There is a perception among some observers that the civil service in India is losing its neutral and anonymous character. This view is based on various factors, including political interference, lack of transparency, and the rise of social media. Let's discuss these factors in detail.

1. Political Interference: The civil service, especially the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), is meant to be politically neutral, implementing the policies and decisions of the elected government without any bias. However, there have been instances where political interference has been alleged. Transfers and postings of civil servants are often seen as a tool used by political parties to reward or punish officers based on their perceived loyalty. This undermines the neutrality of the civil service.
Example: The case of Ashok Khemka, an IAS officer who has been transferred over 50 times in his career, allegedly due to his refusal to bow to political pressure and corrupt practices.

2. Lack of Transparency: The processes of recruitment, promotion, and performance evaluation of civil servants have been criticized for their lack of transparency. The opacity in these processes can lead to nepotism and favoritism, which compromises the neutral character of the civil service.
Example: The controversial 'lateral entry' scheme, which allows professionals from the private sector and other non-civil service backgrounds to be appointed to senior positions in the government, has been criticized for its lack of transparency and potential to undermine the neutrality of the civil service.

3. Social Media and Public Profile: The rise of social media has blurred the lines between private and public lives, and this has impacted the anonymity of civil servants. Many civil servants are now active on social media, expressing their opinions and engaging with the public. While this can be seen as a positive development in terms of transparency and public engagement, it also poses a risk to the anonymity of the civil service.
Example: The case of S. Sasikanth Senthil, an IAS officer who resigned from service and cited political reasons and personal opinions on social media, which raised questions about the neutrality and anonymity of the civil service.

4. Erosion of Ethical Values: Some argue that the overall ethical values and commitment to public service among civil servants have been eroding, leading to a decline in the neutral and anonymous character of the civil service.
Example: The recent cases of corruption and misconduct involving senior civil servants indicate a decline in ethical values, which can impact the neutrality and anonymity of the civil service.

In conclusion, there is a growing perception that the civil service in India is losing its neutral and anonymous character due to factors such as political interference, lack of transparency, the rise of social media, and erosion of ethical values. However, it is important to note that there are still many dedicated and committed civil servants who continue to uphold the principles of neutrality and anonymity in their service to the nation. To address these concerns, reforms in the recruitment, training, and performance evaluation processes, as well as a strong emphasis on ethical values, are needed to ensure that the civil service remains a neutral and anonymous institution.