UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2023: Anthropology Paper 1 (Section- B) | Anthropology Optional for UPSC PDF Download

Section - B

Q5: Write notes on the following in about 150 words each: (10x5=50)
(a) Polygenic Inheritance
Ans: 
Introduction: 
Polygenic inheritance refers to the inheritance of traits that are controlled by multiple genes, each contributing a small effect towards the phenotype. These traits often show a continuous range of variation in a population.

Mechanism:

• Multiple Genes: Polygenic traits are influenced by multiple genes, each with multiple alleles. This leads to a wide spectrum of possible phenotypes.

• Additive Effects: Each gene contributes to the phenotype in an additive manner. The more favorable alleles a person inherits, the more pronounced the trait.

• Environmental Influence: Environmental factors can also play a role in the expression of polygenic traits, potentially altering the final phenotype.

Example: Height in humans is a classic example of a polygenic trait. Multiple genes are involved in determining an individual's height, with each gene adding a small amount to the overall height.

Conclusion: 
Polygenic inheritance highlights the complex nature of genetic traits, where multiple genes interact with each other and with environmental factors to produce a wide range of phenotypic variations.

(b) Prehistoric significance of Rakhigarhi
Ans: 
Introduction: 
Rakhigarhi is an ancient site located in present-day Haryana, India. It is one of the largest sites of the mysterious Indus Valley Civilization, offering valuable insights into prehistoric human civilization.

Significance:

• Urban Planning: Rakhigarhi showcases advanced urban planning with well-organized streets, residential structures, and a central marketplace.

• Technological Advancements: The presence of advanced drainage systems, baked brick structures, and a granary points to high levels of technological sophistication.

• Economic Activities: Evidence of craft production, including pottery, beads, and tools, suggests a thriving economy and trade networks.

Cultural Exchange:

• Artifacts found at Rakhigarhi indicate interactions with other contemporary cultures, including the Mesopotamian and Central Asian civilizations.

Conclusion: 
Rakhigarhi provides crucial archaeological evidence of the complexity and sophistication of the Indus Valley Civilization, shedding light on their urban planning, technological achievements, and economic activities.

(c) Glottochronology
Ans: 
Introduction: 
Glottochronology is a linguistic method used to estimate the divergence time between languages by analyzing similarities in their vocabulary and assuming a constant rate of lexical change.

Method:

• Basic Assumptions: Glottochronology assumes that a fixed percentage of basic vocabulary undergoes change over a certain period.

• Swadesh Word List: It relies on a list of commonly used, stable words (the Swadesh word list) across languages, like pronouns, numbers, and basic objects.

• Comparative Analysis: Linguists compare these words across languages to identify shared cognates and calculate the percentage of retained vocabulary.

Limitations:

• Glottochronology has faced criticism for assuming a constant rate of lexical change, which may not hold true for all languages or time periods.

Conclusion: 
Glottochronology is a valuable tool for estimating language divergence, but it should be used cautiously and in conjunction with other linguistic and archaeological evidence.

(d) Menopausal symptoms
Ans: 
Introduction: 
Menopause is a natural biological process that marks the end of menstruation and fertility in women. It is accompanied by a range of physical and psychological symptoms.

Common Symptoms:

• Hot Flashes: Sudden, intense feelings of heat, often accompanied by sweating and a rapid heartbeat.

• Mood Swings: Women may experience mood changes, including irritability, anxiety, and even depression.

• Sleep Disturbances: Insomnia or disrupted sleep patterns are common during menopause.

• Vaginal Dryness: Reduced estrogen levels can lead to vaginal dryness and discomfort during intercourse.

• Bone Health Issues: Reduced estrogen levels can increase the risk of osteoporosis and bone fractures.

Management:

• Lifestyle changes, hormone replacement therapy, and medications can help alleviate menopausal symptoms.

Conclusion: 
Menopausal symptoms can significantly impact a woman's quality of life, but with proper management and support, women can navigate this natural life stage with greater ease.

(e) William Ogburn and Cultural lag
Ans: 
Introduction:
William Fielding Ogburn was a prominent sociologist who introduced the concept of cultural lag to explain the temporal gap between technological advancements and corresponding changes in social institutions and norms.

Theory:

• Definition of Cultural Lag: Cultural lag refers to the delay or lag in the adjustment of cultural practices and beliefs in response to new technological innovations.

• Example: Ogburn cited the advent of the automobile as an example. While the technology for cars developed rapidly, social norms and infrastructure (like roads and traffic laws) took time to catch up.

• Causes of Cultural Lag: Ogburn attributed cultural lag to the complexity of social systems, where some aspects adapt more slowly than others to new technologies.

Relevance:

• Cultural lag remains a relevant concept in understanding the challenges posed by rapid technological advancements in modern society.

Conclusion: 
William Ogburn's concept of cultural lag underscores the need for societies to adapt not only technologically, but also culturally and socially, in order to fully harness the benefits of new innovations. It remains a valuable framework for analyzing the dynamics of cultural change in the face of technological progress.

Q6:
(a) Critically discuss the controversies related to fieldwork of Bronislaw Malinowski and Margaret Mead.    (20 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction: 
Bronislaw Malinowski and Margaret Mead were prominent anthropologists known for their pioneering fieldwork. However, their work was not without controversies, which sparked debates within the academic community.

Controversies in Malinowski's Fieldwork:

• Ethnocentrism and Bias: Critics argue that Malinowski's early work in the Trobriand Islands exhibited ethnocentric tendencies, where he projected his own Western assumptions onto the indigenous culture.

• Selective Reporting: Malinowski has been accused of selectively reporting his findings to fit his theoretical framework, particularly in his seminal work "Argonauts of the Western Pacific".

Controversies in Mead's Fieldwork:

• Samoa: Margaret Mead's research in Samoa, as presented in "Coming of Age in Samoa", became a subject of controversy. Some scholars argued that she had been misled by her informants and had misunderstood Samoan culture.

• Nature vs. Nurture Debate: Mead's work in Samoa was central to the debate on the influence of nature (biological factors) versus nurture (environmental factors) in shaping human behavior and cultural practices.

Conclusion:
The controversies surrounding Malinowski and Mead's fieldwork serve as a reminder of the complexity and subjectivity of anthropological research. They also highlight the importance of critical examination and reevaluation of ethnographic data.

(b) Discuss the impact of globalization on the economic systems of indigenous communities.   (15 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction: 
Globalization has brought about profound changes in economic systems worldwide, including those of indigenous communities.
Effects of Globalization:
1. Market Integration:

• Indigenous communities are increasingly integrated into global markets, affecting their traditional subsistence-based economies.

• Example: The sale of traditional crafts or agricultural products to tourists or in global markets.

2. Resource Exploitation:

• Global demand for natural resources often leads to extraction and exploitation within indigenous territories, impacting their environment and livelihoods.

• Example: Mining and logging activities in indigenous lands.

3. Cultural Commodification:

• Traditional knowledge, artifacts, and cultural practices are often commodified for the global market, raising questions of cultural appropriation.

• Example: Commercialization of indigenous art and crafts.

Challenges and Opportunities:

1. Cultural Erosion:

• Increased exposure to external influences can lead to the erosion of traditional practices and cultural identity.

2. Empowerment through Advocacy:

• Globalization has also provided platforms for indigenous communities to advocate for their rights and mobilize for cultural preservation and sustainable development.

• Example: International organizations and NGOs supporting indigenous rights and initiatives.

Conclusion: 
Globalization has both positive and negative impacts on indigenous economic systems. While it brings opportunities for economic development, it also poses challenges to cultural preservation and environmental sustainability. Efforts to balance these dynamics are crucial for the well-being of indigenous communities in the face of globalization.

(c) Describe the practical applications of DNA technology in the current scenario.   (15 Marks)
Ans:
Introduction: 
Advances in DNA technology have revolutionized various fields, offering a wide range of practical applications.
Forensic Identification:
1. Criminal Investigations:

• DNA profiling is used to identify suspects, establish links between crime scenes and individuals, and exonerate innocent individuals.

• Example: DNA evidence played a crucial role in solving cold cases and identifying perpetrators.

2. Mass Disasters:

• DNA analysis is employed to identify victims of mass disasters, such as natural disasters or accidents.

• Example: DNA technology was pivotal in identifying victims of the 9/11 attacks.

Medical Diagnostics:
1. Genetic Testing:

• DNA technology is used for genetic testing to diagnose and predict genetic disorders and susceptibility to diseases.

• Example: BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene testing for assessing breast cancer risk.

2. Pharmacogenomics:

• DNA analysis helps personalize drug treatments based on an individual's genetic makeup.

• Example: Tailoring cancer treatments to specific genetic mutations.

Ancestry and Genealogy:
1. Ancestry Tracing:

• DNA testing services provide individuals with insights into their genetic heritage and ancestral origins.

• Example: Services like 23andMe and AncestryDNA.

Conclusion: 
DNA technology has wide-ranging practical applications in forensics, medicine, and genealogy. Its precision and accuracy have transformed various fields, benefiting both individual well-being and society at large. However, ethical considerations regarding privacy and consent remain paramount in the use of DNA technology.

Q7:
(a) Describe various methods of qualitative data analysis. Highlight some popular computer softwares used in qualitative analysis.   (20 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction: 
Qualitative data analysis involves the systematic examination of non-numeric data (e.g., interviews, observations, texts) to identify patterns, themes, and insights. Various methods and software facilitate this process.

Qualitative Data Analysis Methods:

1. Thematic Analysis:

• Explanation: This method involves identifying, analyzing, and reporting patterns within data. It is widely used in various disciplines.

• Example: In a study on employee satisfaction, themes like work-life balance and career growth may emerge from interview responses.

2. Grounded Theory:

• Explanation: Grounded theory aims to generate theories from data by iteratively collecting and analyzing information until theoretical saturation is reached.

• Example: In a study on coping strategies, grounded theory may lead to the development of new theoretical frameworks.

3. Content Analysis:

• Explanation: Content analysis involves systematically categorizing and coding textual or visual data to identify patterns, themes, or trends.

• Example: Analyzing media reports to identify recurring narratives or framing of a particular issue.

Popular Software for Qualitative Analysis:

1. NVivo:

• Explanation: NVivo provides tools for organizing, coding, and analyzing qualitative data, making it a widely used software in social science research.

2. ATLAS.ti:

• Explanation: ATLAS.ti offers features for coding, visualizing, and exploring textual, graphical, audio, and video data.

3. MAXQDA:

• Explanation: MAXQDA allows for the organization and analysis of various data types, including text, audio, video, and images.

Conclusion: 
Qualitative data analysis methods offer a systematic approach to make sense of complex, non-numeric data. Specialized software like NVivo, ATLAS.ti, and MAXQDA facilitate efficient organization and analysis of qualitative data.

(b) What assumptions must be met for a population to be in genetic equilibrium ? Explain the importance of genetic equilibrium.    (15 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction: 
Genetic equilibrium, a concept in population genetics, describes a situation where the allele frequencies in a population remain constant from generation to generation.

Assumptions for Genetic Equilibrium:

• Large Population: The population must be large to minimize the effects of genetic drift, which can cause random changes in allele frequencies.

• Random Mating: Mating within the population should be random, meaning individuals mate without regard to their genotype or phenotype.

• No Migration: There should be no migration into or out of the population, as migration can introduce new alleles or remove existing ones.

• No Mutation: There should be no new mutations occurring, as mutations can introduce new alleles into the population.

• No Selection: No natural selection should be acting on the traits controlled by the genes in question.

Importance of Genetic Equilibrium:

• Basis for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium: The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is a fundamental principle used to understand how genetic traits are inherited within a population.

• Detecting Evolutionary Processes: Deviations from genetic equilibrium can indicate processes like migration, mutation, natural selection, or genetic drift, providing insights into evolutionary mechanisms.

Conclusion:
Genetic equilibrium is a theoretical model that provides a baseline for understanding how genetic traits are distributed in a population. It helps identify the factors influencing evolutionary processes.

(c) Discuss political and methodological aspects of national character studies. Elucidate the contemporary relevance of such studies.   (15 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction: 
National character studies aim to identify and understand the collective personality traits, values, and behaviors of a specific national or cultural group.
Political Aspects:
1. Cultural Stereotypes:

• National character studies have been criticized for perpetuating cultural stereotypes and reinforcing preconceived notions about specific groups.

• Example: The belief that a certain nationality is inherently hardworking or lazy.

2. Political Instrumentalization:

• National character studies have been used for political purposes, shaping narratives that support specific ideologies or policies.

• Example: Propaganda during wartime may rely on national character traits to justify conflict.

Methodological Aspects:
1. Cross-Cultural Validity:

• Ensuring the validity of national character studies across diverse cultures and contexts can be challenging due to the influence of cultural biases.

2. Sampling and Generalization:

• Drawing conclusions about an entire nation based on a limited sample can lead to overgeneralization and misrepresentation.

Contemporary Relevance:
1. Cultural Diplomacy:

• Understanding national character traits can inform diplomatic strategies, helping nations navigate international relations effectively.

• Example: Tailoring communication styles to be culturally sensitive during negotiations.

2. Globalization and Cultural Exchange:

• In an increasingly globalized world, understanding national character traits can facilitate cross-cultural collaboration and cooperation.

Conclusion:
 National character studies have both political and methodological dimensions. While they can offer insights into cultural dynamics, it is crucial to approach such studies with caution, avoiding stereotypes and acknowledging the complexity and diversity within any national or cultural group. In the contemporary context, understanding national character traits remains relevant for effective intercultural communication and cooperation.

Q8:
(a) Critically examine Arjun Appadurai’s conceptualization of global cultural economy.   (20 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction: 
Arjun Appadurai, a prominent cultural anthropologist, introduced the concept of the global cultural economy to understand the complex interplay between culture and the globalized economic system.
Key Concepts:
1. Scapes:

• Appadurai identified five "scapes" that represent flows of people, ideas, and information in the global cultural economy: ethnoscapes (migration), technoscapes (technology), financescapes (capital), mediascapes (media), and ideoscapes (ideologies).

• Example: The movement of people across borders (ethnoscapes) in search of work or education is influenced by various economic and political factors.

2. Deterritorialization:

• Appadurai emphasized the deterritorialization of culture, meaning that cultural practices and identities are no longer tied to specific geographic locations. They can now exist and circulate globally.

• Example: The popularity of global food chains like McDonald's or Starbucks signifies the deterritorialization of food culture.

Critique:

• Cultural Homogenization: Critics argue that Appadurai's model may oversimplify the complexities of cultural interactions, potentially leading to the homogenization of cultures.

• Influence of Power Dynamics: The model may not sufficiently address power imbalances between cultures, potentially leading to cultural appropriation or dominance.

Conclusion:
Arjun Appadurai's concept of the global cultural economy provides a valuable framework for understanding how culture operates in a globalized world. However, it is important to critically examine its implications and consider the nuances of cultural interactions.

(b) Describe the causes of structural abnormalities of chromosomes with suitable examples.    (15 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction: 
Structural chromosomal abnormalities involve alterations in the structure of chromosomes. These abnormalities can arise from various processes during cell division.
Causes and Examples:
1. Deletion:

• Cause: A portion of a chromosome is lost during cell division.
• Example: Cri-du-chat syndrome results from a deletion of a portion of chromosome 5, leading to developmental delays and distinct facial features.

2. Duplication:

• Cause: A segment of a chromosome is duplicated.
• Example: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is caused by a duplication of the PMP22 gene on chromosome 17, leading to peripheral nerve damage.

3. Inversion:

• Cause: A segment of a chromosome is reversed in orientation.
• Example: Pericentric inversion involves a break within a chromosome followed by inversion. It may lead to no clinical consequences or cause fertility issues.

4. Translocation:

• Cause: Segments of two chromosomes swap places.
• Example: Chronic myeloid leukemia results from a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, leading to the formation of the Philadelphia chromosome.

Importance: 
Structural chromosomal abnormalities can have significant medical implications, leading to developmental disorders, genetic syndromes, or even cancer.

Conclusion:
Understanding the causes and consequences of structural chromosomal abnormalities is crucial for diagnosing and managing genetic conditions, as well as advancing genetic research and therapies.

(c)  Critically discuss A.L. Kroeber’s contribution to kinship studies.    (15 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction: 
Alfred Louis Kroeber was a renowned anthropologist known for his pioneering work in the field of kinship studies.

Key Contributions:
1. Kinship Systems Typology:

• Kroeber developed a classification system for kinship terminologies, categorizing them into Eskimo, Hawaiian, Iroquois, and Crow systems, providing a framework for comparative kinship analysis.

• Example: The Eskimo system, common in Western cultures, emphasizes nuclear family relationships.

2. Cultural Evolution and Kinship:

• Kroeber contributed to the theory of cultural evolution, which posits that societies progress from simple to complex forms. He studied how kinship systems evolve over time.

• Example: Kroeber examined how changes in social organization impact kinship structures in different cultures.

Critique:
Kroeber's typology has been criticized for oversimplifying complex kinship systems and not adequately accounting for variations within cultures.

Contemporary Relevance:
Kroeber's work laid the foundation for subsequent developments in kinship studies and provided a framework for understanding the diversity of kinship systems worldwide.

Conclusion:
A.L. Kroeber's contributions to kinship studies, particularly his typology of kinship systems, have had a lasting impact on the field of anthropology. While his classifications have been debated, they remain a valuable tool for comparative analysis of kinship structures across cultures.