Weekly Current Affairs (1st to 7th August 2024) Part - 2 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly - UPSC PDF Download

GS3/Economy

Ransomware Attack Disrupts Bank Operations

Why in news?

• Recently, a ransomware attack severely disrupted the operations of at least 150-200 cooperative banks and Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) in India. The National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) has identified the attack, which has primarily affected banks serviced by C-Edge Technologies Ltd., a joint venture between Tata Consultancy Services Ltd. (TCS) and State Bank of India (SBI).

How has the Ransomware Attack Affected the Banks?

• The ransomware attack targeted C-Edge Technologies Ltd., impacting their ability to provide services to cooperative banks and RRBs.
• Customers of the affected banks were unable to access payment systems, including Unified Payments Interface (UPI) and Aadhaar-enabled payment systems (AePS).
• Some RRBs, depending on their sponsor banks, continued to function normally as they use different technology service providers.

Broader Implications for the Payment Ecosystem:

• The attack highlights the vulnerability of technology service providers and their critical role in maintaining the payment infrastructure.
• The incident underscores the need for robust cybersecurity measures to protect against such attacks in the future.
• Cooperation between NPCI, banks, and technology providers is crucial to swiftly address and mitigate the impacts of such disruptions.

What is Ransomware?

• Definition: Ransomware is a type of malware that encrypts a victim’s data or locks their device, demanding a ransom for the decryption key or to regain access.

Types of Ransomware:

• Encrypting Ransomware (Crypto Ransomware): Encrypts the victim's data, demanding a ransom for the decryption key.
• Non-encrypting Ransomware (Screen-locking Ransomware): Locks the victim's entire device, displaying a ransom demand on the screen.

Ransomware as Cyber Threat:

• Financial Impact: Ransomware attacks can cost organizations millions of dollars.
• Speed of Attacks: Once hackers gain access to a network, they can deploy ransomware in less than four days, giving organizations little time to detect and respond.

Steps for Responding to a Ransomware:

• Isolate the infected device from the network to contain the infection.
• Identify the entry point by checking for any alerts from any active monitoring platform and identify the ransomware by scanning encrypted files and ransom notes.
• Prioritize the restoration of systems by restoring the most critical ones first, followed by eradication of the threat from the network.
• If backup is available, restore the systems from a backup. Otherwise, try for decryption options.

How does Ransomware Infect Systems?

• Phishing: It is a type of cyberattack that uses Social Engineering tricks to deceive victims into downloading ransomware through malicious attachments or links.
• Exploiting Vulnerabilities: Uses existing or zero-day vulnerabilities to inject ransomware.
• Ransomware as a Service (RaaS): Allows cybercriminals to use ransomware developed by others in exchange for a share of the ransom.

What are the Legislations to Protect Against Ransomware Attacks in India?

• Ransomware attacks constitute various offenses under the Indian Penal Code 1860 and Information Technology (IT) Act 2000.
• The IT Act has relevant provisions that include Section 43 and 66 (damage to computer/system), Section 65 (tampering with computer source documents), and Section 66D (cheating by personation).

Ransomware Task Force (RTF)

• RTF is a specialized unit within India's National Cyber Security Coordinator (NCSC) organization that serves as a central point of contact for victims of ransomware attacks, providing assistance with investigation, recovery, and prevention efforts.

Cybersecurity Framework for the Indian Banking Sector, 2018

• The RBI provides specific guidelines for banks and financial institutions to protect against cyber threats, including ransomware attacks.
• It mandates banks to implement robust cybersecurity measures, such as multi-factor authentication, encryption, and regular security audits.

GS2/Polity

Right to Be Forgotten

Why in news?

• Recently, the Supreme Court of India has agreed to hear a case that could redefine the "right to be forgotten" in India, where no statutory framework currently exists. This right, also known in European privacy law as the "right to erasure," pertains to an individual's ability to remove their digital footprint from public view when it violates their privacy. The outcome is expected to significantly influence how this right is understood and implemented in the country.

What is the Right to Be Forgotten?

• Definition: The right to be forgotten allows individuals to request the removal of their personal data from digital platforms when it is outdated, irrelevant, or harmful to their privacy.

• European Context: Established by the Luxembourg-based Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in 2014, the right to be forgotten was highlighted in the "Google Spain case" that required Google to remove 'inadequate, irrelevant, or no longer relevant' data upon request. The court ruled that search engines must address requests to remove information that is no longer relevant or excessive in light of time elapsed. In the EU, the right to be forgotten is enshrined in Article 17 of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which emphasizes informational self-determination and the right to control personal data.

• Other Nations: Countries like Canada, the United Kingdom, Argentina, and Japan have adopted similar laws. In 2023, a Canadian court upheld the right to demand search blocks on personal data. California: The 2015 Online Eraser law allows minors to remove their posted information. The 2023 DELETE Act extends this right to adults, allowing them to delete personal information collected by data brokers.

How is the Right to Be Forgotten Interpreted in India?

• Current Status: India does not have a specific statutory framework for the right to be forgotten. However, the concept has been referenced in the context of privacy and digital rights.

• Judicial Recognition: The 2017 ruling in Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India recognized the right to privacy as a fundamental right under the Constitution, which implicitly includes the right to be forgotten. In the Puttaswamy case, the Court acknowledged the right to be forgotten but clarified that it should not be absolute. It outlined scenarios where this right may not apply, such as for public interest, public health, archiving, research, or legal claims.

• Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023: This Act recognizes the right to "erasure" but the application of these laws to court records and publicly available data remains unclear, with conflicting interpretations in the courts.

• Information Technology Rules, 2021: Obligates intermediaries to remove or disable access to content violating privacy within 24 hours of a complaint.

What are the Judicial Precedents Related to the Right to Be Forgotten?

• Rajagopal vs. State of Tamil Nadu Case, 1994: This landmark case discussed the "right to be let alone" but distinguished it from the publication of public records, such as court decisions, which remain a legitimate subject for public comment.

• Dharamraj Bhanushankar Dave vs. State of Gujarat, 2017: The Gujarat High Court denied a request to remove details of an acquittal from public records, emphasizing that court orders should remain accessible.

• Orissa HC (2020): The Orissa High Court, dealing with a criminal case involving "revenge porn," emphasized the need for extensive debate on the right to be forgotten. The Court noted that the implementation of this right presents complex issues requiring clear legal boundaries and redressal mechanisms.

• Delhi HC (2021): Extended the right to be forgotten in a criminal case, allowing the removal of details from search results to protect the petitioner's social life and career prospects.

What Challenges arise from Inconsistent Judicial Approaches?

• Lack of Uniformity: The varied rulings by different High Courts create confusion about the application of the right to be forgotten, leading to inconsistent enforcement and potential legal uncertainty.

• Balancing Privacy and Public Interest: Courts struggle to balance individual privacy rights with the principle of open justice and public access to information, making it difficult to establish clear guidelines.

• Impact on Public Records: The distinction between personal privacy and public records poses challenges. Courts must navigate how to protect personal privacy without undermining the accessibility and legitimacy of public court records.

• Need for Legislative Clarity: The absence of a comprehensive legal framework contributes to the inconsistent application of the right, highlighting the need for legislative intervention to define clear standards and procedures.

Why 'Right to Be Forgotten' Should Be Adopted?

• Control Over Personal Information: Individuals should have the right to control their personal information and identity in the digital age.

• Mitigating Digital Damage: The presence of outdated or incorrect information can have long-lasting negative effects on an individual's life, including their personal relationships and professional opportunities.

• Right to Privacy: There is no right to access private information that is unlawfully made public. Right to Be Forgotten ensures that individuals are not compelled to live with the repercussions of unlawfully disclosed personal information.

Way Forward

• Legislative Framework: Enact a comprehensive data protection law with 'right to be forgotten', define clear criteria for data erasure, and establish an independent data protection authority.

• Overreach: Prevent misuse of the 'right to be forgotten' through clear definitions, limitations, and oversight mechanisms.

• Industry Self-Regulation: Encourage industry self-regulation to develop responsible data handling practices. Promote data minimization and secure data deletion procedures.

• Public Awareness: Conduct public awareness campaigns to educate individuals about data privacy rights and responsibilities. Foster a culture of responsible online behavior.

Conclusion

The "Right to Be Forgotten" is gaining importance in legal and technical domains, reflecting its growing role in privacy protections. In India, the lack of specific legislation means this right is currently addressed through judiciary, but future legislation is anticipated to provide a clearer framework with the ongoing efforts to recognize this right.

Mains Question:

Analyze how the Supreme Court of India and various High Courts have interpreted the 'Right to Be Forgotten.' What are the implications of these interpretations for privacy rights in India?

GS3/Environment

Increase in Coastal Erosion

Why in news?

• A recent study revealed that coastal erosion is threatening the livelihood of fishers and other inhabitants in coastal Tamil Nadu.
• Nearly 43% of its coast faces with a loss of more than 4,450 acres of land. Area under erosion is increasing by 3 metres per year on the east coast and 2.5 metres per year on the west coast. Development projects meant to boost economic growth and prevent sea erosion are making things worse by changing the shoreline.

What is Coastal Erosion?

About: Coastal erosion occurs when the sea wears away the land, often caused by strong waves breaking down the coast. It is the process by which local sea level rise, strong wave action, coastal flooding wear down or carry away rocks, soils, and/or sands along the coast.

Process:

• Corrasion: It happens when strong waves throw beach material like pebbles at the base of a cliff, gradually breaking it down and creating a wave-cut notch (small, curved indent at the base of a cliff).
• Abrasion: It happens when waves, carrying larger fragments, wear away the base of a cliff or headland. It's like a sandpaper effect and is especially common during powerful storms.
• Hydraulic Action: It occurs when waves hit a cliff, compressing air in cracks and joints. When the wave pulls back, the trapped air rushes out explosively, causing chunks of the cliff to break off. Weathering weakens the cliff further, making this process more effective.
• Attrition: It occurs when waves cause to bump into each other and break up.

Causes:

• Waves: Powerful waves can erode coastlines through abrasion, corrasion, and hydraulic action. E.g. the cliffs of Dover in England are being eroded by the constant action of the English Channel's waves.
• Tides: High and low tides can affect the amount of erosion, particularly in areas with significant tidal ranges. E.g., the Bay of Fundy in Canada experiences extreme tides that can erode coastlines significantly.
• Wind and Sea Currents: It can cause gradual and long-term erosion. E.g., On the Tamil Nadu coast, for most of the year (eight months), wind and sea currents move from south to north, carrying sand along the coast. During the northeast monsoon (four months), this direction reverses.
• Hard Structures: Ports, breakwaters, and groynes interfere with the natural movement of sand, causing erosion on the down-current side and sand accumulation on the up-current side. Groynes are low-lying wood concrete structures designed to trap sediment and dissipate wave energy.

Development Projects:

• Infrastructure projects aimed at boosting economic growth are exacerbating erosion by altering. Land reclamation in places like Mumbai causes erosion in nearby coastal regions.
• Port Expansion: ports harbours are expanded, structures like jetties block the natural movement of sand and sediment along the coast. This can lead to sediment accumulation on one side of the structure and increased erosion on the other side. E.g., Ennore Port and the Adani Kattupalli Port in Tamil Nadu.

What are the Impacts of Coastal Erosion?

• Loss of Land: Erosion can lead to the of valuable coastal land, affecting property and infrastructure. E.g. the loss of land along the Marina Beach area in Chennai severely affected property and public spaces.
• Impact on Coastal Ecosystems: Erosion can destroy habitats such as mangroves, salt marshes and sand dunes, which are crucial for various species. E.g., In the Sundarbans region of West Bengal, erosion has led to the loss of mangrove forests.
• Flooding Risk: reduce the natural barriers that protect coastal areas from. E.g., In coastal regions of Kerala, erosion has increased the risk of flooding, affecting low-lying areas and exacerbating the impacts of heavy rains.
• Displacement of Communities: Erosion can force communities to relocate, leading to social and economic disruption. E.g., coastal erosion in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands has led to the displacement of local communities, particularly on smaller islands where land loss is more pronounced.
• Salt Water Intrusion: Coastal erosion can lead to the salinisation of agricultural land, reducing crop yields. Eg., In Andhra Pradesh, saltwater intrusion negatively affected crop yields and reduced the productivity of farmland.
• Impact on Marine and Coastal Biodiversity: It can alter ecosystems and food chains. E.g., It hampered the health of marine ecosystems Lakshadweep Islands.

How to Prevent Coastal Erosion?

• Vegetation: Strategic planting of seagrass coastal plants helps prevent erosion. The roots of these plants help anchor and ensure that it is washed off in erosion.
• Beach Nourishment: Nature-based or "green infrastructure" protection measures enhance the natural ability of shorelines to absorb storm energy without interfering with natural coastal processes. E.g., planting mangroves to serve as a buffer against erosion.
• Coastal Restoration: It is aimed at restoring habitats such as wetlands to benefit marine and coastal species by providing important nursery grounds. It has environmental benefits like carbon sequestration and restoration of open spaces.
• Regulatory Measures: Zoning laws, building codes, and maintaining minimum distance from the shoreline for new buildings or infrastructure facilities to regulate coastal development.

What Initiatives has the Government Taken to Tackle Coastal Erosion?

• Shoreline Mapping System: National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR) has observed that 33.6% of the Indian coastline was vulnerable to erosion, 26.9% was under accretion (growing) 39.6% was in a stable state.
• Hazard Line: The Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change (MoEFCC) has defined the hazard line to indicate shoreline changes It is used for disaster management, adaptive planning, and mitigation measures in Coastal States/UTs.
• Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification 2019: It permits erosion control measures and establishes No Development Zones (NDZ) to protect the coastline from encroachment and erosion.
• Coastal Zone Management Plans (CZMP): Following a National Green Tribunal (NGT) order, States/UTs have been asked to finalise CZMPs, including mapping of erosion-prone areas and preparing Shoreline Management Plans.
• National Strategy for Coastal Protection: MoEFCC has developed a national strategy and guidelines for coastal protection for all Coastal States and UTs.
• Flood Management Scheme: Anti-sea erosion schemes are planned and executed by State Governments with Union Government assistance in technical, advisory, catalytic, and promotional capacities.
• Coastal Management Information System (CMIS): It collects nearshore coastal data for planning, designing, and maintaining coastal protection structures. An experimental set up at three sites each in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Puducherry.

Conclusion

Coastal erosion threatens India's coastlines, harming the environment and local communities. Natural and human factors worsen shoreline changes, leading to habitat loss and affecting fishermen. Improved shoreline mapping and government measures, like hazard lines and CRZ Notification 2019, aim to manage and protect coastlines. Ongoing efforts, such as CMIS, seek to enhance these strategies.

Mains Question:

Discuss how climate change and rising sea levels are posing threats to India’s coastal ecosystem.

GS3/Science and Technology

NOTTO Annual Report 2023-24

Why in news?

• The National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation (NOTTO) released its annual report for the year 2023-24 on Indian Organ Donation Day (IODD) on August 3, 2024. According to NOTTO, in 2023, India reached a significant milestone by surpassing 1,000 deceased organ donors in a single year for the first time, breaking the record set in 2022.

Key Highlights of the Report

• Gender Distribution of Donors

  63% of living donors were women. 77% of deceased donors were men.

• Transplants by Region

  Delhi-NCR: Nearly 78% of foreign national transplants. Delhi: 4,426 transplants total, with foreign nationals accounting for over 32%. Rajasthan: 116 transplants to foreign nationals. West Bengal: 88 transplants to foreign nationals.

• Deceased Donor Milestone

  More than 1,000 deceased organ donors in a single year for the first time. Deceased-donor transplants increased from 837 in 2013 to 2,935 in 2023.

• Transplants with Organs from Unrelated Deceased Donors

  Nine transplants to foreigners with organs from unrelated deceased donors. Locations: Three in Tamil Nadu, two each in Delhi, Maharashtra, and Gujarat.

• Foreigners' Allocation Rule

  Organs from deceased donors are allocated to foreigners only when no matching Indian patients are available.

• Organ Donation Rate

  Less than 1 per million population.

Regulatory Framework Related to Organ Transplantation in India

• Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994 (THOTA)

  Organ donation and transplantation in India are regulated under the THOTA (amended in 2011) having specific provisions.

• Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Rules 2014

  Notified for promoting organ donation from deceased donors.

• National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation (NOTTO)

  An apex organisation at the national level established to provide a national system for organ procurement and distribution.

• National Organ Transplantation Guidelines

  Recent changes including the removal of the age cap and domicile requirements for organ recipients.

Ethical Concerns Related to Organ Donation and Transplantation

• Living Persons

  Challenges related to kidney donors and ethical concerns about coercion and vulnerability.

• Donation is Prone to Trafficking

  Concerns about illegal activities in organ donation and trafficking.

• Emotional Coercion

  Issues related to emotional pressure and coercion in organ donation.

• Deceased Person

  Consent, autonomy, and fairness in deceased organ donation.

Challenges in Organ Transplantation

• Donor Organ Supply

  Challenges related to the demand-supply gap in organ donations.

• Peri-Transplant Donor Tissue Damage

  Issues with donor organ quality and Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury (IRI).

• Outdated Preservation Techniques

  Concerns about traditional organ preservation methods and the need for advanced technologies.

• Chronic Rejection in Organ Transplantation

  Challenges related to long-term survival rates and anti-rejection therapies.

Way Forward

• Strengthen Organ Donation and Awareness Programs

  Recommendations to enhance public awareness and educational initiatives.

• Enhance Infrastructure and Facilities

  Improvements needed in organ preservation techniques and transport protocols.

• Advance Research and Innovation

  Exploration of new technologies for transplantation procedures.

• Foster Ethical and Regulatory Frameworks

  Importance of ethical guidelines and equitable access in organ donation.

Mains Question:

Q. What are the challenges involved in transplantation of organs in India? How can the organ transplantation rate be improved in India?

GS3/Environment

FAO Guidelines on Wildfire Management

Why in News?

• Recently, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) released the updated "Integrated Fire Management Voluntary Guidelines: Principles and Strategic Actions." These new guidelines revise the previous FAO fire management guidelines from two decades ago to address current climate crisis challenges.

What are the New FAO Fire Management Guidelines?

• Integration of Knowledge: The guidelines stress the importance of integrating science and traditional knowledge from Indigenous Peoples and local knowledge holders. This approach enhances fire management decisions, helps in preventing wildfires, managing fire outbreaks, and restoring areas affected by severe burning.
• Gender Inclusion: Diverse fire management knowledge is also promoted.
• Impact and Adoption: Since the original guidelines' release nearly 20 years ago, many countries have developed public policies and training programs based on them. The updated guidelines are expected to see broader adoption globally.

What is a Wildfire?

About: 

• Also known as bush, vegetation, or forest fire, a wildfire is any uncontrolled and non-prescribed burning of plants in natural settings such as forests, grasslands, brushlands, or tundras. It consumes natural fuels and spreads based on environmental conditions like wind and topography.

Classification:

• Surface Fire: Burns primarily along the ground, consuming surface litter like leaves, twigs, and dry grasses.
• Underground Fire/Zombie Fire: Low-intensity fires that consume organic matter beneath the surface. They spread slowly underground, making them hard to detect and control, and can burn for months.
• Canopy or Crown Fires: Spread through the upper canopy of trees, often fueled by high winds and dry conditions, and can be very intense and difficult to control.
• Controlled Deliberate Fires: Also known as prescribed burns, these are intentionally set by forest management agencies to reduce fuel loads, mitigate wildfire risks, and promote ecosystem health. They are carefully planned and executed under specific conditions.

Reasons:

• Human Activities: Many forest fires are caused by human activities such as discarded cigarettes, campfires, burning debris, and other similar actions. Increased urbanization and human presence in forested areas raise the risk of accidental fires.
• Weather Conditions: Exceptionally hot and dry weather, particularly in southern India during early summer, creates conditions conducive to fire spread. High temperatures, low humidity, and calm winds increase fire risks.
• Aridity: Above-normal temperatures, clear skies, and lack of rainfall in southern India lead to increased aridity, drying out vegetation and making it more prone to ignition and rapid fire spread.
• Early Availability of Dry Biomass: Above-normal temperatures before the summer season have led to an early buildup of dry biomass in forests, including the flammable leaves of chir forests, increasing fire risks and intensity.

Way Forward - NDMA Recommendations on Wildfires Based on Best Global Practices

• Fire Suppression Risks: Relying solely on fire suppression increases fuel load and can lead to uncontrollable fires.
• Prescribed Burning: Must be carefully managed to prevent spreading; consider utilizing organic forest material.
• Community Engagement: Involve local communities for forest stewardship and livelihood, enhancing ownership and reducing fire risks.
• Trans-Boundary Management: Forest fires do not adhere to political boundaries; management must be coordinated across borders.
• Risk Communication: Develop standardized, clear alerts including smoke/pollution levels to ensure accurate information during fires.
• Urban-Forest Interface: Implement building codes and manage construction materials to mitigate fire hazards in urban-forest areas.
• Commercial Areas: Ensure businesses and services in forest areas follow fire safety precautions and limit ignition sources.
• Training Local Responders: Train and equip local communities as first responders; consider remuneration for volunteer firefighters.
• Specialized Forces: Train specialized troops, similar to smokejumpers, to handle fires in remote areas.
• Recovery Efforts: Focus on ecosystem recovery and avoid monoculture; maintain seed banks for native plants.
• Utility Management: Place utilities underground or maintain them before fire seasons to reduce fire-related accidents.
• Firefighting Plans: Prepare action plans based on climate, terrain, vegetation, and water availability; include drought measures.
• Bioeconomy Development: Create functional value chains with community involvement to support livelihoods and control fires.

Mains Question:

Q. Evaluate the role of human activities and climatic factors in the incidence and severity of forest fires in India. What measures can be implemented to reduce the occurrence of forest fires and their adverse effects?

GS2/International Relations

Bangladesh's Political Upheaval and Its Impact on India

Why in news?

• The resignation of Sheikh Hasina as Prime Minister of Bangladesh marks a significant turning point in South Asian geopolitics. As she fled the country amid protests and sought refuge in India, the stability of Bangladesh and its relationship with India have come into question. This upheaval could have far-reaching consequences not only for the region but also for India's national security.

What is the Current Situation in Bangladesh?

Protests and Unrest:

• Bangladesh has been engulfed in protests over job quota issues fueled by authoritarian policies and suppression of opposition, leading to significant unrest, the largest seen since Sheikh Hasina's tenure began in 2008.

Economic Challenges:

• Sheikh Hasina's departure raises concerns about the country's economic recovery from the Covid-19 pandemic, which has already been strained by rising inflation and currency depreciation.

Political Landscape:

• The Bangladesh Army is set to form an interim government, emphasising the fluidity of the situation. The potential return of radical Islamist forces could threaten Bangladesh's secular governance.

Disruption in Export Flow:

• Bangladesh's textile sector, which significantly contributes to its export revenue, is facing major disruptions. The ongoing unrest has led to a breakdown in supply chains, affecting the movement of consignments and production schedules.
• Bangladesh is a major player in the global clothing industry, accounting for 7.9% of global trade in clothing.
• The country's USD 45 billion garment sector, which employs over four million workers, represents more than 85% of its merchandise exports.
• The country has a significant market share in the European Union, the UK, and the US, with a 10% share in the US market.
• International buyers are reassessing their supply sources due to the uncertainty in Bangladesh. This could result in a shift of orders to alternative markets, including India.
• India stands to gain substantially if it captures a portion of the displaced orders from Bangladesh. Industry experts estimate that India could see an additional USD 300-400 million in monthly business if 10-11% of Bangladesh's textile exports are redirected to Indian hubs such as Tiruppur.

How does the Political Instability in Bangladesh Affect India?

Loss of a Trusted Ally:

• India has lost a key partner in Sheikh Hasina, who has been instrumental in countering terrorism and strengthening bilateral relations.

Western Scrutiny and Potential Backlash:

• India's backing of Hasina has created friction with Western allies, specifically the US who have criticised her undemocratic practices. Balancing international relations while supporting a now-unpopular leader poses challenges for India.

What Challenges Lie Ahead for India in Engaging with a New Regime?

Uncertain Political Environment:

• The nature of the new government, whether it is led by opposition parties or the military will significantly impact India's strategic interests.

Regional Geopolitics:

• The political instability in Bangladesh could provide an opportunity for China to expand its influence in the region. India must be vigilant as Beijing might offer lucrative deals to the new regime, similar to how it has leveraged regime changes in Sri Lanka and the Maldives.

Impact on Indian Investments:

• Indian businesses and investments in Bangladesh might face uncertainties due to the political upheaval. Disruptions in trade and payment delays could impact the profitability and stability of these investments.

Infrastructure and Connectivity Concerns:

• Infrastructure and connectivity have been vital in strengthening Indo-Bangladesh relations. India has provided USD 8 billion in credit since 2016 for road, rail, and port projects, including the Akhaura-Agartala rail link and Khulna-Mongla Port rail line.

Balancing Act:

• India must strike a balance between supporting democratic forces and managing relationships with regional powers. A challenge will be to avoid getting entangled in internal disputes while maintaining a robust diplomatic presence in Bangladesh.

How Should India Approach Its Foreign Policy Moving Forward?

Building New Alliances:

• India is maintaining a cautious approach, closely monitoring the situation in Bangladesh while adopting a "wait-and-watch" strategy. This involves assessing the developments and their potential impacts on regional stability.

Enhancing Security Measures:

• India should bolster its security measures along the border and in areas with significant Bangladeshi expatriate populations to address potential spillover effects and maintain stability.

Digital Connectivity Corridor:

• Developing a digital connectivity corridor can enhance trade, technological exchange, and e-commerce. Evaluate the feasibility of an FTA with Bangladesh in light of the new political climate.

Geopolitical Manoeuvring:

• India must anticipate that Pakistan and China will seek to exploit the situation in Bangladesh to their advantage. Collaborating with international partners, including the US, UK, and European nations, will be key to mitigating these risks.

This cooperation can help maintain regional stability and prevent Bangladesh from drifting away from its traditional allies.

Mains Question:

Q. What are the repercussions of frequent political instability in India's neighbouring countries? Evaluate the challenges in light of the recent political instability in Bangladesh.

GS2/Polity

Power of LG to Nominate MCD Aldermen

Why in news?

The Supreme Court (SC) ruled that the Lieutenant Governor (LG) of Delhi can nominate "aldermen" to the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) without needing advice from the Delhi Government’s Council of Ministers.

What did the Supreme Court Rule on the Nomination of MCD Aldermen?

• The SC ruled that Section 3 of the Delhi Municipal Corporation Act, 1957 (DMC Act) gives the Delhi LG the “explicit” power to nominate aldermen without any requirement to consult the Council of Ministers.
• The Supreme Court referred to the five-judge bench decision in Government of NCT of Delhi v. Union of India, 2023, to arrive at its decision.
• In 2023, the apex court held that Parliament would have the power to legislate over subjects in the State List as well, when it comes to the NCT of Delhi.

What were the Issues in the Nomination of Aldermen?

• Constitutional Provision: Article 239AA of the Indian Constitution mandates that the Council of Ministers and the Chief Minister should “aid and advise” the L-G on matters within the Legislative Assembly’s power.
• Aldermen Nomination: On 3rd January 2023, the Delhi LG nominated 10 aldermen under Section 3 of the DMC Act, 1957.
• Legal Challenge: The Delhi government challenged the nominations in the Supreme Court.
• L-G’s Argument: The Delhi LG contended that the DMC Act specifically grants him the power to nominate aldermen without requiring the Council of Ministers' advice.

What is the Position of Aldermen in MCD?

• About: Alderman refers to a member of a city council or municipal body.
• Role of Aldermen: Aldermen are expected to have special knowledge or experience in municipal administration who are meant to assist the house in taking decisions of public importance.
• Voting Rights: Aldermen do not vote in MCD meetings but are crucial in Wards Committees, where they can vote and stand for election to the MCD Standing Committee.

What is the Governance Model of Delhi?

• 69th Amendment Act, 1991: Inserted Article 239AA, which renamed the Union Territory of Delhi to National Capital Territory (NCT) to be administered by a who works on aid and advice of the Council of Ministers.
• Judiciary’s Opinion on the Governance Model of Delhi: In the Government of NCT of Delhi Vs. Union of India, 2018, the Constitutional bench of the Supreme Court gave various judgments regarding the governance model of Delhi.
• Conclusion: The Supreme Court emphasized that Delhi's governance relies on constitutional trust and collaboration and the principle of subsidiarity requires strong local governments.

Mains Question:

Q. What are the key points of the 69th Constitutional Amendment Act and issues have caused conflicts between Delhi's elected representatives and the Lieutenant Governor? Elucidate.

GS3/Economy

Amendments in Waqf Act 1995

Why in news?

Parliament is set to introduce the Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024, to amend the Waqf Act, 1995, with the goal of enhancing accountability and transparency in the functioning of Waqf boards. It seeks to remove certain provisions of the Waqf act, 1995 to reduce the Waqf Boards' unchecked power, which currently lets them declare any property as Waqf without necessary checks.

What are the Key Amendments in Waqf Act (Amendment Bill), 2024?

• Transparency:

  The Bill outlines around 40 amendments to the current Waqf Act, including that Waqf Boards will be required to undergo mandatory verification for all property claims, ensuring transparency.

• Gender Diversity:

  Sections 9 and 14 of the Waqf Act, 1995 will be amended to modify the composition and functioning of the Waqf Board, including the addition of women representatives.

• Revised Verification Procedures:

  New verification procedures will be introduced for Waqf properties to address disputes and prevent misuse, with district magistrates potentially overseeing these properties.

• Limited Power:

  The amendments respond to concerns about the Waqf Boards’ unchecked powers, which have led to extensive land being claimed as Waqf, causing disputes and misuse claims. For example, in September 2022, the Tamil Nadu Waqf Board claimed the entire Thiruchendurai village, which is predominantly Hindu.

Why Amendment to the Waqf Act, 1995 have been Criticised?

• Reduced Powers: Limits authority of Waqf Boards, affecting their ability to manage Waqf properties.
• Minority Rights Concerns: Critics worry it might harm the interests of Muslim communities that use these properties for religious and charitable purposes.
• Increased Government Control: The involvement of district magistrates and more oversight could lead to excessive bureaucratic interference.
• Hampers Freedom of Religion: The involvement of district magistrates and other government officials in overseeing Waqf properties may be viewed as an encroachment on religious autonomy. Potential Disputes: New verification processes like involvement of district magistrates might create more complications.

What is Waqf Act, 1955?

• Background: The Waqf act was first passed by Parliament in 1954. It was later repealed, and a new was passed in 1995, which gave more powers to Waqf Boards. In 2013, the Act was further amended to grant the Waqf Board extensive powers to designate property as 'Waqf Property.'
• Waqf: It is the permanent dedication of movable immovable properties for religious, pious or charitable purposes as recognised by Muslim law. It implies the endowment of property, whether immovable or immovable, tangible or intangible, to God by a Muslim, under the premise that the transfer will benefit the needy. Proceeds from a Waqf typically fund educational institutions, graveyards, mosques shelter homes.
• Management of Waqf: Survey commissioner lists all properties declared as Waqf by conducting local investigations, summoning witnesses, and requisitioning public documents. The Waqf is managed by a mutawali, who acts as a supervisor. Unlike trusts established under the Indian Trusts Act, 1882, which can serve broader purposes and be dissolved by the board, Waqfs are specifically for charitable uses and are intended to be perpetual. Waqfs can be either public, serving charitable ends, or private, benefiting the property owner’s direct descendants. To create a Waqf, one must be of sound mind and hold valid ownership of the property. Interestingly, the creator of a Waqf, known as the Waqif, does not have to be a Muslim, as long as they profess belief in Islamic principles.
• Waqf Board: A Waqf board is a legal entity capable of acquiring, holding transferring property. It can sue and be sued in court, administers Waqf properties, recovers lost properties and sanctions the transfer of immovable Waqf properties through sale, gift, mortgage, exchange, or lease, with at least two-thirds of the board members voting in favour of the transaction. Central Waqf Council (CWC), established in 1964, oversees and advises state level Waqf Boards across India.
• Waqf Properties: The Waqf board is said to be the third-largest landholder in India after the Railways and the Defence department. Currently, there are 8,72,292 registered Waqf properties spread across 8 lakh acres. These properties generate Rs 200 crore in revenue. Once a property is designated, it becomes non-transferable and is detained perpetually as a charitable act toward God, essentially transferring ownership to God.

Conclusion

The Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024 enhances the management and transparency of waqf properties in India. By improving governance, accountability, and asset utilisation, it empowers waqf boards to ensure benefits reach intended communities. This amendment aims to preserve waqf integrity while promoting social welfare and economic development, potentially fostering greater trust and community engagement.

Mains Question:

Q. There seems to be fear of state encroachment in managing the affairs of the religious minorities. Do you agree? Discuss in the light of proposed amendments to the Waqf Act, 1995.