Yojana Magazine August 2022 - 2 (Hindi) | Monthly Yojana & Kurukshetra Magazine in Hindi - UPSC PDF Download

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;kstuk] vxLr 2022 17
vfHkO;fDr
ys•d fiQYe&leh{kd vkSj fiQYe if=kdk ^flyq,V* osQ ,d laLFkkid&lnL; vkSj orZeku laiknd gSaA bZesy% amitava.nag@gmail.com
Lora=krk&la?k"kZ osQ nkSj esa ckaXyk jaxeap vkSj flusek
vferko ukx
76 esa ,d vè;kns'k tkjh fd;k x;k ftlosQ varxZr 
fczfV'k ljdkj caxky esa fdlh Hkh ukVd osQ çn'kZu 
ij çfrcaèk yxk ldrh Fkh tks ljdkj dh jk; esa 
oqQfRlr] fdlh dks cnuke djus okyk] jktæksg HkM+dkus okyk] 
v'yhy vFkok vU; fdlh :i esa tu&fgr osQ çfrowQy gksA 
oqQN gh fnuksa esa ckaXyk jaxeap esa Øk¡frdkjh Hkkoukvksa ij çfrcaèk 
yxkus osQ fy, MªkesfVd iji+Qkses±lsl ,DV] 1876 ykxw gks x;kA 
vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu dk fojksèk djrs gq, ljdkjh çfrcaèkksa ls cpus 
osQ fy,] ukVddkjksa us vius jk‘ªoknh fopkjksa osQ çpkj&çlkj osQ 
fy, ikSjkf.kd&feFkdh; ukVd djus 'kq: fd,A 19oha 'krkCnh osQ 
var vkSj 20oha 'krkCnh osQ çkjEHk esa] ^Lons'kh* vkanksyu osQ nkSj esa 
ckaXyk jaxeap vrhr dk xkSjo&xku djus yxkA chloha 'krkCnh osQ 
çkjEHk esa] fofHk dyk&:iksa esa mRdV jk‘ªokn dh vfHkO;fDr osQ 
bl nkSj dh i`’Hkwfe esa] ns'k osQ Lokèkhurk la?k"kZ esa ckaXyk flusek 
dh Hkwfedk dh iM+rky dj ldrs gSaA 
1795 esa] ,d :lh Hkk"kkfon~ rFkk Hkkjrfon~ xsjkfleLrsikuksfop 
yscsnso us fczfV'k lÙkk dh rRdkyhu jktèkkuh dydÙkk (vc 
dksydkrk) esa çkslsfu;e (vxzeap) ukVdksa dk eapu 'kq: fd;kA 
bu ;wjksih; ukVdksa dk ckaXyk esa :ikarj fd;k tkrk Fkk vkSj LFkkuh; 
dykdkj buesa vfHku; djrs FksA bl rjg] yscsnso dh vkèkqfud 
Hkkjrh; jaxeap osQ fodkl esa vxz.kh Hkwfedk jghA gkykafd muosQ 
ukVd] Hkjr eqfu osQ ukV~;'kkÐ ij vkèkkfjr ikjEifjd Hkkjrh; 
jaxeap ls vyx rjhosQ osQ FksA 19oha 'krkCnh osQ eè; esa] caxky 
osQ egku dfo&ukVddkj eèkqlwnu nÙk us csyxfN;k esa ukVdksa dk 
eapu 'kq: fd;kA ;s ukVd ik'pkR; jaxeap ls çHkkfor FksA nÙk 
us 1858 esa ik'pkR; 'kSyh esa 'kfeZ’k ukVd fy•k tks egkHkkjr 
18
1876 esa MªkesfVd iji+Qkses±lsl ,DV dks ykxw djus osQ ckn] fczfV'k 'kkldksa dks tYnh le> esa vk x;k 
Fkk fd flusek esa yksxksa dh jk; ij vlj Mkyus dh T;knk cM+h {kerk gSA blhfy, çFke fo'o ;q¼ dh 
lekfIr osQ nkSj esa] 1918 esa bafM;u flusesVksxzkiQ ,DV ikfjr fd;k x;k tks 1 vxLr 1920 ls ykxw gks 
x;kA ;g fczfV'k flusesVksxzkiQ ,DV 1909 ij vkèkkfjr FkkA ysfdu Hkkjrh; o+Qkuwu dk vlyh edln 
Hkkjr esa lkoZtfud çn'kZu osQ fy, fn•kbZ tkus okyh fiQYeksa dks lsalj djus dk FkkA lokd~ flusek osQ 
'kq: gksus osQ ckn ckaXyk flusek us 'kjrpaæ pVthZ] cafde pUæ pVthZ vkSj dHkh&dHkh johUæukFk VSxksj 
tSls lkfgR;dkjksa osQ le`¼ ckaXyk lkfgR; ls çsj.kk yhA dFkkud osQ egRo dh blh ijEijk dh otg ls] 
vke cksypky esa vc Hkh caxkyh yksx flusek dks ^cksb* (iqLrd) cksyrs gSaA 
dh nso;kuh&;;kfr dh dFkk ij vkèkkfjr FkkA bls ckaXyk esa 
fy•k igyk ekSfyd ukVd ekuk tkrk gSA vxys o"kZ nÙk us nks 
çglu fy•s% ,osQbZ dh cksys lH;rk\ vkSj cqjks'kkfyosQj?kjsjksA 
igys çglu esa mUgksaus v¡xzst+h i<+s&fy•s ;qok caxkfy;ksa dh 
yrksa] csrjrhc O;ogkj vkSj vuSfrdrk ij O;aX; fd;k] tcfd 
nwljs çglu esa :f<+oknh fgUnw lekt osQ dV~Vj vkSj Hkz‘ yksxksa  
}kjk pksjh&fNis fd, tk jgs vuSfrd dk;ks± dk et+kd cuk;k x;k 
FkkA lkekftd n`f‘ ls ltx bu ukVdksa dks ljkgk x;k ysfdu lgh 
ek;uksa esa çFke ^Lons'kh* ukVd Fkk nhucaèkq fe=k dk ^uhy niZ.k*] 
blesa caxky osQ xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa uhy dh •srh dj jgs fdlkuksa dh 
nk#.k n'kk vkSj v¡xzst++ fuygs tehankjksa }kjk mu ij fd, tk jgs 
vR;kpkjksa dk fp=k.k FkkA uhy&•sfrgjksa osQ rRdkyhu foæksg dks 
fpf=kr djrk ;g ukVd 1859 esa fy•k x;k] tcfd bldk eapu 
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;kstuk] vxLr 2022 17
vfHkO;fDr
ys•d fiQYe&leh{kd vkSj fiQYe if=kdk ^flyq,V* osQ ,d laLFkkid&lnL; vkSj orZeku laiknd gSaA bZesy% amitava.nag@gmail.com
Lora=krk&la?k"kZ osQ nkSj esa ckaXyk jaxeap vkSj flusek
vferko ukx
76 esa ,d vè;kns'k tkjh fd;k x;k ftlosQ varxZr 
fczfV'k ljdkj caxky esa fdlh Hkh ukVd osQ çn'kZu 
ij çfrcaèk yxk ldrh Fkh tks ljdkj dh jk; esa 
oqQfRlr] fdlh dks cnuke djus okyk] jktæksg HkM+dkus okyk] 
v'yhy vFkok vU; fdlh :i esa tu&fgr osQ çfrowQy gksA 
oqQN gh fnuksa esa ckaXyk jaxeap esa Øk¡frdkjh Hkkoukvksa ij çfrcaèk 
yxkus osQ fy, MªkesfVd iji+Qkses±lsl ,DV] 1876 ykxw gks x;kA 
vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu dk fojksèk djrs gq, ljdkjh çfrcaèkksa ls cpus 
osQ fy,] ukVddkjksa us vius jk‘ªoknh fopkjksa osQ çpkj&çlkj osQ 
fy, ikSjkf.kd&feFkdh; ukVd djus 'kq: fd,A 19oha 'krkCnh osQ 
var vkSj 20oha 'krkCnh osQ çkjEHk esa] ^Lons'kh* vkanksyu osQ nkSj esa 
ckaXyk jaxeap vrhr dk xkSjo&xku djus yxkA chloha 'krkCnh osQ 
çkjEHk esa] fofHk dyk&:iksa esa mRdV jk‘ªokn dh vfHkO;fDr osQ 
bl nkSj dh i`’Hkwfe esa] ns'k osQ Lokèkhurk la?k"kZ esa ckaXyk flusek 
dh Hkwfedk dh iM+rky dj ldrs gSaA 
1795 esa] ,d :lh Hkk"kkfon~ rFkk Hkkjrfon~ xsjkfleLrsikuksfop 
yscsnso us fczfV'k lÙkk dh rRdkyhu jktèkkuh dydÙkk (vc 
dksydkrk) esa çkslsfu;e (vxzeap) ukVdksa dk eapu 'kq: fd;kA 
bu ;wjksih; ukVdksa dk ckaXyk esa :ikarj fd;k tkrk Fkk vkSj LFkkuh; 
dykdkj buesa vfHku; djrs FksA bl rjg] yscsnso dh vkèkqfud 
Hkkjrh; jaxeap osQ fodkl esa vxz.kh Hkwfedk jghA gkykafd muosQ 
ukVd] Hkjr eqfu osQ ukV~;'kkÐ ij vkèkkfjr ikjEifjd Hkkjrh; 
jaxeap ls vyx rjhosQ osQ FksA 19oha 'krkCnh osQ eè; esa] caxky 
osQ egku dfo&ukVddkj eèkqlwnu nÙk us csyxfN;k esa ukVdksa dk 
eapu 'kq: fd;kA ;s ukVd ik'pkR; jaxeap ls çHkkfor FksA nÙk 
us 1858 esa ik'pkR; 'kSyh esa 'kfeZ’k ukVd fy•k tks egkHkkjr 
18
1876 esa MªkesfVd iji+Qkses±lsl ,DV dks ykxw djus osQ ckn] fczfV'k 'kkldksa dks tYnh le> esa vk x;k 
Fkk fd flusek esa yksxksa dh jk; ij vlj Mkyus dh T;knk cM+h {kerk gSA blhfy, çFke fo'o ;q¼ dh 
lekfIr osQ nkSj esa] 1918 esa bafM;u flusesVksxzkiQ ,DV ikfjr fd;k x;k tks 1 vxLr 1920 ls ykxw gks 
x;kA ;g fczfV'k flusesVksxzkiQ ,DV 1909 ij vkèkkfjr FkkA ysfdu Hkkjrh; o+Qkuwu dk vlyh edln 
Hkkjr esa lkoZtfud çn'kZu osQ fy, fn•kbZ tkus okyh fiQYeksa dks lsalj djus dk FkkA lokd~ flusek osQ 
'kq: gksus osQ ckn ckaXyk flusek us 'kjrpaæ pVthZ] cafde pUæ pVthZ vkSj dHkh&dHkh johUæukFk VSxksj 
tSls lkfgR;dkjksa osQ le`¼ ckaXyk lkfgR; ls çsj.kk yhA dFkkud osQ egRo dh blh ijEijk dh otg ls] 
vke cksypky esa vc Hkh caxkyh yksx flusek dks ^cksb* (iqLrd) cksyrs gSaA 
dh nso;kuh&;;kfr dh dFkk ij vkèkkfjr FkkA bls ckaXyk esa 
fy•k igyk ekSfyd ukVd ekuk tkrk gSA vxys o"kZ nÙk us nks 
çglu fy•s% ,osQbZ dh cksys lH;rk\ vkSj cqjks'kkfyosQj?kjsjksA 
igys çglu esa mUgksaus v¡xzst+h i<+s&fy•s ;qok caxkfy;ksa dh 
yrksa] csrjrhc O;ogkj vkSj vuSfrdrk ij O;aX; fd;k] tcfd 
nwljs çglu esa :f<+oknh fgUnw lekt osQ dV~Vj vkSj Hkz‘ yksxksa  
}kjk pksjh&fNis fd, tk jgs vuSfrd dk;ks± dk et+kd cuk;k x;k 
FkkA lkekftd n`f‘ ls ltx bu ukVdksa dks ljkgk x;k ysfdu lgh 
ek;uksa esa çFke ^Lons'kh* ukVd Fkk nhucaèkq fe=k dk ^uhy niZ.k*] 
blesa caxky osQ xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa uhy dh •srh dj jgs fdlkuksa dh 
nk#.k n'kk vkSj v¡xzst++ fuygs tehankjksa }kjk mu ij fd, tk jgs 
vR;kpkjksa dk fp=k.k FkkA uhy&•sfrgjksa osQ rRdkyhu foæksg dks 
fpf=kr djrk ;g ukVd 1859 esa fy•k x;k] tcfd bldk eapu 
18 ;kstuk] vxLr 2022
ljdkjh çfrcaèkksa ls cpus osQ fy,] 
ukVddkjksa us vius jkԻoknh fopkjksa 
osQ çpkj&çlkj osQ fy, ikSjkf.kd& 
feFkdh; ukVd djus 'kq: fd,A 
fnypLi ckr ;g gS fd fczfV'k 
vfèkdkfj;ksa us •qys rkSj ij ^Lons'kh* 
ukVdksa ij rks l[rh cjrh ysfdu  
ikSjkf.kd&feFkdh; ukVdksa ij 
dkjZokbZ ugha dhA
1872 esa fxjh'k pUæ ?kks"k us fd;kA ?kks"k us mlh o"kZ ^us'kuy 
fFk,Vj* dh LFkkiuk dh Fkh vkSj ckaXyk Hkk"kk esa çFke O;kolkf;d 
Lrj ij eafpr] ml le; fooknkLin ysfdu vR;ar ekfeZd ukVd 
^uhy niZ.k* FkkA 
blosQ vxys nkSj esa] johUnzukFk VSxksj us vius ukVdksa osQ 
t+fj, vkè;kfRedrk vkSj O;fDr dh futh igpku osQ lkFk&lkFk 
jk‘ªokn dh lkewfgd n`f‘ dk lans'k nsus dk ç;kl fd;kA muosQ 
,sls oqQN ukVd Fks & fp=kkaxnk (1892)] jktk (1910)] Mkd?kj 
(1913) vkSj jDrdjch (1924)A uhy niZ.k dh yksdfç;rk 
fczfV'k vfèkdkfj;ksa dks jkl ugha vkbZ vkSj mUgksaus blosQ eapu dks 
çfrcafèkr dj fn;kA 1876 esa ,d vè;kns'k tkjh fd;k x;k ftlosQ 
varxZr fczfV'k ljdkj caxky esa fdlh Hkh ukVd osQ çn'kZu ij 
çfrcaèk yxk ldrh Fkh tks ljdkj dh jk; esa oqQfRlr] fdlh dks 
cnuke djus okyk] jktæksg HkM+dkus okyk] v'yhy vFkok vU; 
fdlh :i esa tu&fgr osQ çfrowQy gksA oqQN gh fnuksa esa caxkyh 
jaxeap esa Øk¡frdkjh Hkkoukvksa ij çfrcaèk yxkus osQ fy, MªkesfVd 
iji+Qkses±l ,DV] 1876 ykxw gks x;kA uhy niZ.k osQ eapu osQ ckn 
jkԻoknh ukVdksa dh tks ck<+ vk xbZ Fkh] mu ij bl o+Qkuwu osQ ykxw 
gksus osQ ckn jksd yx xbZ vkSj vc ,sls ukVdksa dk fy•k tkuk 
vkSj eafpr gksuk nqyZHk&lk gks x;k D;ksafd iqfyl dh èkj&idM+ 
c<+ xbZ Fkh vkSj ,sls ukVdksa osQ eapu ij l[r ltk dk çkoèkku 
FkkA ljdkjh çfrcaèkksa ls cpus osQ fy,] 
ukVddkjksa us vius jkԻoknh fopkjksa osQ 
çpkj&çlkj osQ fy, ikSjkf.kd&feFkdh; 
ukVd djus 'kq: fd,A fnypLi ckr ;g 
gS fd fczfV'k vfèkdkfj;ksa us •qys rkSj ij 
^Lons'kh* ukVdksa ij rks l[rh cjrh ysfdu  
ikSjkf.kd&feFkdh; ukVdksa ij dkjZokbZ 
ugha dhA 
19oha 'krkCnh osQ var vkSj 20oha 
'krkCnh osQ çkjEHk esa] ^Lons'kh* vkanksyu 
osQ nkSj esa ckaXyk jaxeap vrhr dk 
xkSjo&xku djus yxkA 1905 esa caxky 
osQ foHkktu osQ ykWMZdt+Zu osQ iSQlys ls 
caxky esa jk‘ªokn dh ç•j psruk iSQy xbZA 1905 ls igys Hkh] 
dt+Zu dh ^iwQV Mkyks vkSj jkt djks* dh uhfr us caxkfy;ksa dks 
xqLls ls Hkj fn;k FkkA 1903 esa f{kjksn çlkn fo|kfouksn us vius 
ukVd ^çrkikfnR;* dk dFkkuk;d tSlksj (vc ckaXykns'k esa) dk 
,slk ohj tehankj gS ftlus eqx+yksa osQ f•ykiQ la?k"kZ fd;kA bl 
dgkuh osQ t+fj, jk‘ªoknh Hkkoukvksa dks vfHkO;Dr fd;kA èkkfeZd 
,drk osQ lkFk fons'kh 'kklu ls eqfDr dh Hkkouk dks c<+kok nsus 
okys ukVd fy•s tkus yxsA tuojh 1906 esa gh] dydÙkk osQ nks 
çeq• fFk,Vjksa& LVkj vkSj feuokZ esa f{kjksn çlkn fo|kfouksn dk 
ukVd ^ifÁuh*] f}tsaæ yky jkW; dk ukVd ^jk.kk çrki flag*] 
ve`ryky clq dk ukVd ^'kkck'k caxkyh*] fxjh'k ?kks"k dk ukVd 
^fljktqíkSyk* vkSj gjukFkcksl dk ukVd ^tkxj.k* çnf'kZr fd, 
tk jgs FksA jktiwr uk;dksa osQ çHkko us ckaXyk ukVdksa dks gh ugha] 
cfYd vU; foèkkvksa dks Hkh çsfjr fd;kA f}tsUæ yky jkW; osQ 
ukVd ^'kkgtgk¡* dk xhr ^èku èkkU;siq'isHkksjk* vkt Hkh ns'kHkfDr 
dk vR;ar yksdfç; xhr gSA 6 flracj 1906 dks LVkj fFk,Vj esa] 
tgk¡ ml le; ^jk.kk çrki flag* dk eapu fd;k tk jgk Fkk] 
cax&Hkax dk 'kksd eukrs gq, ukVd dk çn'kZu fd;k x;kA 
çkslsfUFk;e fFk,Vj osQ eqDrkdk'kh yksd&Lo:i ^tk=kk* esa Hkh 
ns'kHkfDr dh ygj iSQy xbZA pkj.k dfo eqoqQan nkl (ewy uke 
;Ks'ojMs) bl foèkk esa lcls vfèkd yksdfç; FksA ^tk=kk* osQ 
fo"k; ikSjkf.kd fo"k;ksa ls tqM+s gksrs FksA tc jk‘ªHkfDr osQ eqíksa ij 
tulHkk,¡ vk;ksftr djus ij ikcafn;k¡ Fkha] eqoqQan nkl us viuh 
^tk=kkvksa* ls ^Lons'kh* dh Hkkouk dk çlkj fd;kA ^tk=kk,a* vke 
tuksa esa cgqr yksdfç; FkhaA eqoqQan nkl dh çLrqfr;k¡ Hkh •wc 
yksdfç; gqb±A bu ^tk=kkvksa* osQ pfj=k ,dne Hkys ;k ,dne 
cqjs gksrs FksA fczfV'k yksxksa dks ^cqjs* vkSj Øk¡frdkfj;ksa dks ^Hkys* 
pfj=kksa osQ :i esa fn•k;k tkrk FkkA eqoqQan nkl vkt osQ ckaXykns'k 
osQ fuoklh Fks ysfdu muosQ ukVd lewps vfoHkkftr caxky esa 
yksdfç; FksA tYnh gh mudh xfrfofèk;ksa dks ns'kæksg&iw.kZ ekuk 
tkus yxk vkSj mUgsa] •kl rkSj ls muosQ xhr ^fpykSèkkuxksyk HkjkA 
'osr banqjsdksjyks lkjk* (HkaMkj èkku ls Hkjk Fkk_ li+Qsn pwgk lc 
oqQrj x;kA) osQ fy,] tsy dh lt+k gqbZA ^li+Qsn pwgs* v¡xzst++ gh 
FksA Lons'kh vkanksyu osQ ckn Hkh] 1920 osQ n'kd osQ çkjEHk osQ 
vlg;ksx vkanksyu esa Hkh eqoqQan nkl osQ xhr •wc yksdfç; gq,A 
1876 esa MªkesfVd iji+Qkses±lsl ,DV 
dks ykxw djus osQ ckn] fczfV'k 'kkldksa dks 
tYnh le> esa vk x;k Fkk fd flusek esa 
yksxksa dh jk; ij vlj Mkyus dh T;knk 
cM+h {kerk gSA blhfy, çFke fo'o ;q¼ 
dh lekfIr osQ nkSj esa] 1918 esa bafM;u 
flusesVksxzkiQ ,DV ikfjr fd;k x;k tks 1 
vxLr 1920 ls ykxw gks x;kA ;g fczfV'k 
flusesVksxzkiQ ,DV 1909 ij vkèkkfjr Fkk 
ysfdu Hkkjrh; o+Qkuwu dk vlyh edln 
Hkkjr esa lkoZtfud çn'kZu osQ fy, fn•kbZ 
tkus okyh fiQYeksa dks lsalj djus dk 
FkkA fiQYe&fuekZ.k 'kq: ls gh dkiQh 
Page 3


;kstuk] vxLr 2022 17
vfHkO;fDr
ys•d fiQYe&leh{kd vkSj fiQYe if=kdk ^flyq,V* osQ ,d laLFkkid&lnL; vkSj orZeku laiknd gSaA bZesy% amitava.nag@gmail.com
Lora=krk&la?k"kZ osQ nkSj esa ckaXyk jaxeap vkSj flusek
vferko ukx
76 esa ,d vè;kns'k tkjh fd;k x;k ftlosQ varxZr 
fczfV'k ljdkj caxky esa fdlh Hkh ukVd osQ çn'kZu 
ij çfrcaèk yxk ldrh Fkh tks ljdkj dh jk; esa 
oqQfRlr] fdlh dks cnuke djus okyk] jktæksg HkM+dkus okyk] 
v'yhy vFkok vU; fdlh :i esa tu&fgr osQ çfrowQy gksA 
oqQN gh fnuksa esa ckaXyk jaxeap esa Øk¡frdkjh Hkkoukvksa ij çfrcaèk 
yxkus osQ fy, MªkesfVd iji+Qkses±lsl ,DV] 1876 ykxw gks x;kA 
vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu dk fojksèk djrs gq, ljdkjh çfrcaèkksa ls cpus 
osQ fy,] ukVddkjksa us vius jk‘ªoknh fopkjksa osQ çpkj&çlkj osQ 
fy, ikSjkf.kd&feFkdh; ukVd djus 'kq: fd,A 19oha 'krkCnh osQ 
var vkSj 20oha 'krkCnh osQ çkjEHk esa] ^Lons'kh* vkanksyu osQ nkSj esa 
ckaXyk jaxeap vrhr dk xkSjo&xku djus yxkA chloha 'krkCnh osQ 
çkjEHk esa] fofHk dyk&:iksa esa mRdV jk‘ªokn dh vfHkO;fDr osQ 
bl nkSj dh i`’Hkwfe esa] ns'k osQ Lokèkhurk la?k"kZ esa ckaXyk flusek 
dh Hkwfedk dh iM+rky dj ldrs gSaA 
1795 esa] ,d :lh Hkk"kkfon~ rFkk Hkkjrfon~ xsjkfleLrsikuksfop 
yscsnso us fczfV'k lÙkk dh rRdkyhu jktèkkuh dydÙkk (vc 
dksydkrk) esa çkslsfu;e (vxzeap) ukVdksa dk eapu 'kq: fd;kA 
bu ;wjksih; ukVdksa dk ckaXyk esa :ikarj fd;k tkrk Fkk vkSj LFkkuh; 
dykdkj buesa vfHku; djrs FksA bl rjg] yscsnso dh vkèkqfud 
Hkkjrh; jaxeap osQ fodkl esa vxz.kh Hkwfedk jghA gkykafd muosQ 
ukVd] Hkjr eqfu osQ ukV~;'kkÐ ij vkèkkfjr ikjEifjd Hkkjrh; 
jaxeap ls vyx rjhosQ osQ FksA 19oha 'krkCnh osQ eè; esa] caxky 
osQ egku dfo&ukVddkj eèkqlwnu nÙk us csyxfN;k esa ukVdksa dk 
eapu 'kq: fd;kA ;s ukVd ik'pkR; jaxeap ls çHkkfor FksA nÙk 
us 1858 esa ik'pkR; 'kSyh esa 'kfeZ’k ukVd fy•k tks egkHkkjr 
18
1876 esa MªkesfVd iji+Qkses±lsl ,DV dks ykxw djus osQ ckn] fczfV'k 'kkldksa dks tYnh le> esa vk x;k 
Fkk fd flusek esa yksxksa dh jk; ij vlj Mkyus dh T;knk cM+h {kerk gSA blhfy, çFke fo'o ;q¼ dh 
lekfIr osQ nkSj esa] 1918 esa bafM;u flusesVksxzkiQ ,DV ikfjr fd;k x;k tks 1 vxLr 1920 ls ykxw gks 
x;kA ;g fczfV'k flusesVksxzkiQ ,DV 1909 ij vkèkkfjr FkkA ysfdu Hkkjrh; o+Qkuwu dk vlyh edln 
Hkkjr esa lkoZtfud çn'kZu osQ fy, fn•kbZ tkus okyh fiQYeksa dks lsalj djus dk FkkA lokd~ flusek osQ 
'kq: gksus osQ ckn ckaXyk flusek us 'kjrpaæ pVthZ] cafde pUæ pVthZ vkSj dHkh&dHkh johUæukFk VSxksj 
tSls lkfgR;dkjksa osQ le`¼ ckaXyk lkfgR; ls çsj.kk yhA dFkkud osQ egRo dh blh ijEijk dh otg ls] 
vke cksypky esa vc Hkh caxkyh yksx flusek dks ^cksb* (iqLrd) cksyrs gSaA 
dh nso;kuh&;;kfr dh dFkk ij vkèkkfjr FkkA bls ckaXyk esa 
fy•k igyk ekSfyd ukVd ekuk tkrk gSA vxys o"kZ nÙk us nks 
çglu fy•s% ,osQbZ dh cksys lH;rk\ vkSj cqjks'kkfyosQj?kjsjksA 
igys çglu esa mUgksaus v¡xzst+h i<+s&fy•s ;qok caxkfy;ksa dh 
yrksa] csrjrhc O;ogkj vkSj vuSfrdrk ij O;aX; fd;k] tcfd 
nwljs çglu esa :f<+oknh fgUnw lekt osQ dV~Vj vkSj Hkz‘ yksxksa  
}kjk pksjh&fNis fd, tk jgs vuSfrd dk;ks± dk et+kd cuk;k x;k 
FkkA lkekftd n`f‘ ls ltx bu ukVdksa dks ljkgk x;k ysfdu lgh 
ek;uksa esa çFke ^Lons'kh* ukVd Fkk nhucaèkq fe=k dk ^uhy niZ.k*] 
blesa caxky osQ xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa uhy dh •srh dj jgs fdlkuksa dh 
nk#.k n'kk vkSj v¡xzst++ fuygs tehankjksa }kjk mu ij fd, tk jgs 
vR;kpkjksa dk fp=k.k FkkA uhy&•sfrgjksa osQ rRdkyhu foæksg dks 
fpf=kr djrk ;g ukVd 1859 esa fy•k x;k] tcfd bldk eapu 
18 ;kstuk] vxLr 2022
ljdkjh çfrcaèkksa ls cpus osQ fy,] 
ukVddkjksa us vius jkԻoknh fopkjksa 
osQ çpkj&çlkj osQ fy, ikSjkf.kd& 
feFkdh; ukVd djus 'kq: fd,A 
fnypLi ckr ;g gS fd fczfV'k 
vfèkdkfj;ksa us •qys rkSj ij ^Lons'kh* 
ukVdksa ij rks l[rh cjrh ysfdu  
ikSjkf.kd&feFkdh; ukVdksa ij 
dkjZokbZ ugha dhA
1872 esa fxjh'k pUæ ?kks"k us fd;kA ?kks"k us mlh o"kZ ^us'kuy 
fFk,Vj* dh LFkkiuk dh Fkh vkSj ckaXyk Hkk"kk esa çFke O;kolkf;d 
Lrj ij eafpr] ml le; fooknkLin ysfdu vR;ar ekfeZd ukVd 
^uhy niZ.k* FkkA 
blosQ vxys nkSj esa] johUnzukFk VSxksj us vius ukVdksa osQ 
t+fj, vkè;kfRedrk vkSj O;fDr dh futh igpku osQ lkFk&lkFk 
jk‘ªokn dh lkewfgd n`f‘ dk lans'k nsus dk ç;kl fd;kA muosQ 
,sls oqQN ukVd Fks & fp=kkaxnk (1892)] jktk (1910)] Mkd?kj 
(1913) vkSj jDrdjch (1924)A uhy niZ.k dh yksdfç;rk 
fczfV'k vfèkdkfj;ksa dks jkl ugha vkbZ vkSj mUgksaus blosQ eapu dks 
çfrcafèkr dj fn;kA 1876 esa ,d vè;kns'k tkjh fd;k x;k ftlosQ 
varxZr fczfV'k ljdkj caxky esa fdlh Hkh ukVd osQ çn'kZu ij 
çfrcaèk yxk ldrh Fkh tks ljdkj dh jk; esa oqQfRlr] fdlh dks 
cnuke djus okyk] jktæksg HkM+dkus okyk] v'yhy vFkok vU; 
fdlh :i esa tu&fgr osQ çfrowQy gksA oqQN gh fnuksa esa caxkyh 
jaxeap esa Øk¡frdkjh Hkkoukvksa ij çfrcaèk yxkus osQ fy, MªkesfVd 
iji+Qkses±l ,DV] 1876 ykxw gks x;kA uhy niZ.k osQ eapu osQ ckn 
jkԻoknh ukVdksa dh tks ck<+ vk xbZ Fkh] mu ij bl o+Qkuwu osQ ykxw 
gksus osQ ckn jksd yx xbZ vkSj vc ,sls ukVdksa dk fy•k tkuk 
vkSj eafpr gksuk nqyZHk&lk gks x;k D;ksafd iqfyl dh èkj&idM+ 
c<+ xbZ Fkh vkSj ,sls ukVdksa osQ eapu ij l[r ltk dk çkoèkku 
FkkA ljdkjh çfrcaèkksa ls cpus osQ fy,] 
ukVddkjksa us vius jkԻoknh fopkjksa osQ 
çpkj&çlkj osQ fy, ikSjkf.kd&feFkdh; 
ukVd djus 'kq: fd,A fnypLi ckr ;g 
gS fd fczfV'k vfèkdkfj;ksa us •qys rkSj ij 
^Lons'kh* ukVdksa ij rks l[rh cjrh ysfdu  
ikSjkf.kd&feFkdh; ukVdksa ij dkjZokbZ 
ugha dhA 
19oha 'krkCnh osQ var vkSj 20oha 
'krkCnh osQ çkjEHk esa] ^Lons'kh* vkanksyu 
osQ nkSj esa ckaXyk jaxeap vrhr dk 
xkSjo&xku djus yxkA 1905 esa caxky 
osQ foHkktu osQ ykWMZdt+Zu osQ iSQlys ls 
caxky esa jk‘ªokn dh ç•j psruk iSQy xbZA 1905 ls igys Hkh] 
dt+Zu dh ^iwQV Mkyks vkSj jkt djks* dh uhfr us caxkfy;ksa dks 
xqLls ls Hkj fn;k FkkA 1903 esa f{kjksn çlkn fo|kfouksn us vius 
ukVd ^çrkikfnR;* dk dFkkuk;d tSlksj (vc ckaXykns'k esa) dk 
,slk ohj tehankj gS ftlus eqx+yksa osQ f•ykiQ la?k"kZ fd;kA bl 
dgkuh osQ t+fj, jk‘ªoknh Hkkoukvksa dks vfHkO;Dr fd;kA èkkfeZd 
,drk osQ lkFk fons'kh 'kklu ls eqfDr dh Hkkouk dks c<+kok nsus 
okys ukVd fy•s tkus yxsA tuojh 1906 esa gh] dydÙkk osQ nks 
çeq• fFk,Vjksa& LVkj vkSj feuokZ esa f{kjksn çlkn fo|kfouksn dk 
ukVd ^ifÁuh*] f}tsaæ yky jkW; dk ukVd ^jk.kk çrki flag*] 
ve`ryky clq dk ukVd ^'kkck'k caxkyh*] fxjh'k ?kks"k dk ukVd 
^fljktqíkSyk* vkSj gjukFkcksl dk ukVd ^tkxj.k* çnf'kZr fd, 
tk jgs FksA jktiwr uk;dksa osQ çHkko us ckaXyk ukVdksa dks gh ugha] 
cfYd vU; foèkkvksa dks Hkh çsfjr fd;kA f}tsUæ yky jkW; osQ 
ukVd ^'kkgtgk¡* dk xhr ^èku èkkU;siq'isHkksjk* vkt Hkh ns'kHkfDr 
dk vR;ar yksdfç; xhr gSA 6 flracj 1906 dks LVkj fFk,Vj esa] 
tgk¡ ml le; ^jk.kk çrki flag* dk eapu fd;k tk jgk Fkk] 
cax&Hkax dk 'kksd eukrs gq, ukVd dk çn'kZu fd;k x;kA 
çkslsfUFk;e fFk,Vj osQ eqDrkdk'kh yksd&Lo:i ^tk=kk* esa Hkh 
ns'kHkfDr dh ygj iSQy xbZA pkj.k dfo eqoqQan nkl (ewy uke 
;Ks'ojMs) bl foèkk esa lcls vfèkd yksdfç; FksA ^tk=kk* osQ 
fo"k; ikSjkf.kd fo"k;ksa ls tqM+s gksrs FksA tc jk‘ªHkfDr osQ eqíksa ij 
tulHkk,¡ vk;ksftr djus ij ikcafn;k¡ Fkha] eqoqQan nkl us viuh 
^tk=kkvksa* ls ^Lons'kh* dh Hkkouk dk çlkj fd;kA ^tk=kk,a* vke 
tuksa esa cgqr yksdfç; FkhaA eqoqQan nkl dh çLrqfr;k¡ Hkh •wc 
yksdfç; gqb±A bu ^tk=kkvksa* osQ pfj=k ,dne Hkys ;k ,dne 
cqjs gksrs FksA fczfV'k yksxksa dks ^cqjs* vkSj Øk¡frdkfj;ksa dks ^Hkys* 
pfj=kksa osQ :i esa fn•k;k tkrk FkkA eqoqQan nkl vkt osQ ckaXykns'k 
osQ fuoklh Fks ysfdu muosQ ukVd lewps vfoHkkftr caxky esa 
yksdfç; FksA tYnh gh mudh xfrfofèk;ksa dks ns'kæksg&iw.kZ ekuk 
tkus yxk vkSj mUgsa] •kl rkSj ls muosQ xhr ^fpykSèkkuxksyk HkjkA 
'osr banqjsdksjyks lkjk* (HkaMkj èkku ls Hkjk Fkk_ li+Qsn pwgk lc 
oqQrj x;kA) osQ fy,] tsy dh lt+k gqbZA ^li+Qsn pwgs* v¡xzst++ gh 
FksA Lons'kh vkanksyu osQ ckn Hkh] 1920 osQ n'kd osQ çkjEHk osQ 
vlg;ksx vkanksyu esa Hkh eqoqQan nkl osQ xhr •wc yksdfç; gq,A 
1876 esa MªkesfVd iji+Qkses±lsl ,DV 
dks ykxw djus osQ ckn] fczfV'k 'kkldksa dks 
tYnh le> esa vk x;k Fkk fd flusek esa 
yksxksa dh jk; ij vlj Mkyus dh T;knk 
cM+h {kerk gSA blhfy, çFke fo'o ;q¼ 
dh lekfIr osQ nkSj esa] 1918 esa bafM;u 
flusesVksxzkiQ ,DV ikfjr fd;k x;k tks 1 
vxLr 1920 ls ykxw gks x;kA ;g fczfV'k 
flusesVksxzkiQ ,DV 1909 ij vkèkkfjr Fkk 
ysfdu Hkkjrh; o+Qkuwu dk vlyh edln 
Hkkjr esa lkoZtfud çn'kZu osQ fy, fn•kbZ 
tkus okyh fiQYeksa dks lsalj djus dk 
FkkA fiQYe&fuekZ.k 'kq: ls gh dkiQh 
;kstuk] vxLr 2022 19
lokd~ flusek osQ 'kq: gksus osQ ckn 
ckaXyk flusek us 'kjrpaæ pVthZ] 
cafde pUæ pVthZ vkSj dHkh&dHkh 
johUæukFk VSxksj tSls lkfgR;dkjksa osQ 
le`¼ ckaXyk lkfgR; ls çsj.kk yhA 
dFkkud osQ egRo dh blh ijEijk 
dh otg ls] vke cksypky esa vc 
Hkh caxkyh yksx flusek dks ^cksb* 
(iqLrd) cksyrs gSaA
egaxk jgk gSA chloha lnh osQ çkjEHk 
ls gh fofHk dyk&:iksa esa ns'kHkfDr 
dh Hkkouk dh tks vfHkO;fDr gqbZ gS] 
mlh ifjçs{; esa ge ns'k osQ Lokèkhurk 
la?k"kZ esa caxkyh flusek dh Hkwfedk dh 
iM+rky djrs gSaA 1931 esa igyh lokd 
fiQYe ^vkye vkjk* osQ çn'kZu osQ ckn 
ls] tgk¡ ckdh Hkkjr esa eq[; :i ls  
ikSjkf.kd vkSj ,sfrgkfld fiQYesa cuha] ogha 
caxky esa ewd fiQYeksa osQ tekus ls gh 
fcysrisQjkr (1921) tSlh fiQYesa cu jgh 
FkhaA nwljs ifjfpr dyk&:iksa dh rqyuk 
esa] flusek u;k vkSj xfr'khy ekè;e FkkA 
ewd fiQYeksa ls lokd fiQYeksa rd dk nkSj Hkh vfuf'prrkvksa vkSj 
'kadkvksa ls Hkjk FkkA flusek vc Hkh fujarj cnyrh rduhdksa vkSj 
lkt&lkeku osQ fy, if'peh ns'kksa ij fuHkZj gSA blfy, ml le;] 
caxkyh flusek&fuekZrkvksa lfgr iwjs Hkkjrh; fuekZrk Lo;a dks caèkk 
gqvk ikrs FksA çksisxaMk osQ fy, flusek osQ bLrseky ls osQoy fczfV'k 
gh ugha] vU; yksx Hkh voxr FksA 30 vDrwcj ls 1 uoacj 1939 
osQ nkSjku] dk¡xzsl osQ ,d lEesyu esa usrkth lqHkk"k pUæ cksl us 
iQjhniqj ft+ys (vc ckaXykns'k esa) osQ lnL;ksa dks flusek osQ çlkj 
osQ fy, ,d fiQYe dySfDVo cuus dk lq>ko fn;k FkkA mlh 
o"kZ] usrkth dh çsj.kk ls dyk vkSj flusek dks lefiZr ^:ieap* 
uke dh ,d if=kdk 'kq: gqbZ FkhA flusek ls tqM+h ;g caxky dh 
vkjafHkd if=kdkvksa esa ,d FkhA 
lokd flusek osQ 'kq: gksus osQ ckn ckaXyk flusek us 'kjrpaæ 
pVthZ] cafde pUæ pVthZ vkSj dHkh&dHkh johUæukFk VSxksj tSls 
lkfgR;dkjksa osQ le`¼ ckaXyk lkfgR; ls çsj.kk yhA dFkkud osQ 
egRo dh blh ijEijk dh otg ls] vke cksypky esa vc Hkh 
caxkyh yksx flusek dks ^cksb* (iqLrd) cksyrs gSaA 
1930 osQ n'kd esa çFkes'k c#vk osQ lkFk gh] ckaXyk flusek 
esa ,d ^LVkj* dk mn; gqvkA muosQ pfj=kksa dh jksrh&èkksrh Hkkoqdrk 
caxkyh Hkæyksd ij Nk xbZ] gkykafd mudh fiQYeksa dh vPNh 
lkfgfR;d i`’Hkwfe Hkh gksrh FkhA chloha 
lnh esa] caxky us vusd foifÙk;k¡ ns•haA 
1905 esa cax&Hkax osQ vèkwjs ç;kl osQ ckn] 
1911 esa ns'k dh jktèkkuh dksydkrk ls 
fnYyh ys vkbZ xbZA ekuoh; LokFkks± vkSj 
Øwjrkvksa ls iuis 1942&43 osQ Hkh"k.k 
vdky us caxkfy;ksa osQ vkRefo'okl vkSj 
HkkoukRed fLFkjrk dks >d>ksj dj j• 
fn;kA fceyjkW;] ½f"kosQ'k eq•thZ vkSj 
vU; vusd çfrHkk'kkyh fuekZrk&funZs'kd 
T;knk LFkkf;Ro vkSj thoarrk dh ryk'k esa 
dksydkrk ls cacbZ (vc eqacbZ) vk x,A 
1945 esa lekIr nwljs fo'o ;q¼ us Hkh 
caxky vkSj iwjs Hkkjr esa fujk'kk iSQykbZA cktkj esa iSlk ugha jgk]
dkyk cktkfj;ksa dk èkaèkk pedkA U;wfFk,VlZ tSls çfrf’r fiQYe 
LVwfMvks ?kkVk mBkdj can gks x,A iÂk 'kkg dh 1950 esa çdkf'kr 
iqLrd ^fn bafM;u fiQYEl* osQ vuqlkj] 1942 ls 1945 osQ chp] 
ckaXyk Hkk"kk esa çfro"kZ 15 dh rqyuk esa] ek=k 9 fiQYesa gh vkb±A 
dksydkrk esa ckaXyk gh ugha] vU; Hkk"kkvksa dh fiQYesa Hkh curh 
FkhaA le; osQ lkFk] ;gk¡ ls rfey vkSj mnZw fiQYesa cuuh can gks 
xb±] ysfdu fgUnh fiQYesa curh jghaA egk;q¼] vdky vkSj cacbZ 
dh vksj fi+QYedkjksa osQ iyk;u ls ;gk¡ dk fiQYe m|ksx det+ksj 
gksrk x;kA ns'k Hkj osQ fiQYe ckt+kj esa cacbZ fiQYe m|ksx dk 
,dkfèkdkj gks x;kA 1946 esa] ckt+kj esa vpkud iSlk vkus ls] 
cacbZ fiQYe ckt+kj esa ubZ rsth vkbZ vkSj 1946 esa ogk¡ 150 
(fgUnh&143] xqtjkrh&1] ejkBh] rfey] rsyqxq&2 çR;sd) fiQYesa 
cuha] tcfd dydÙkk esa ek=k 23 (ckaXyk&15] fgUnh&8) fiQYesa 
cuhaA ;g varj c<+rk x;k vkSj nscdhcksl dh nks Hkk"kkvksa esa cuh 
liQy fiQYe ^pUæ'ks•j* (1947) dks NksM+ dj ckaXyk fiQYe 
m|ksx] èku dh deh ls iLr iM+ x;kA ;g vuqeku dk fo"k; gS 
fd vxj Hkkjr dh vkt+knh osQ lkFk gh caxky dk nq%•n foHkktu 
Hkh ugha gqvk gksrk rks ckaXyk fiQYe m|ksx dh fLFkfr D;k gksrhA 
foHkktu us euksoSKkfud ihM+k osQ lkFk&lkFk] ckaXyk flusek osQ ?kjsyw 
ckt+kj osQ vkèkkj dks gh fgyk fn;kA 
1930 vkSj 1940 osQ n'kdksa esa 
ckaXyk esa lkekftd tkx#drk okyh 
fiQYesa cuha ysfdu bu fiQYeksa esa fczfV'k 
lkezkT;okn vkSj neu dh vkykspuk 
çk;% ugha dh xbZA fdj.ke; jkgk us 
viuh egRoiw.kZ iqLrd ^caxkyh flusek* 
(1991) esa bl ço`fÙk osQ ckjs esa 
fy•k gS] ¶1930 osQ n'kd esa] viuh 
ns'kHkfDr osQ fy, çk.kksa dh vkgqfr nsus 
okys Øk¡frdkfj;ksa dks ljkgk tkrk Fkk 
vkSj mudk uke ?kj&?kj rd igq¡p x;k 
FkkA 1942 esa] ^Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu* 
pyk;k x;k ftlus ubZ lkekftd 
èkkj.kk,¡ nha vkSj et+nwj&fdlkuksa dh 
Page 4


;kstuk] vxLr 2022 17
vfHkO;fDr
ys•d fiQYe&leh{kd vkSj fiQYe if=kdk ^flyq,V* osQ ,d laLFkkid&lnL; vkSj orZeku laiknd gSaA bZesy% amitava.nag@gmail.com
Lora=krk&la?k"kZ osQ nkSj esa ckaXyk jaxeap vkSj flusek
vferko ukx
76 esa ,d vè;kns'k tkjh fd;k x;k ftlosQ varxZr 
fczfV'k ljdkj caxky esa fdlh Hkh ukVd osQ çn'kZu 
ij çfrcaèk yxk ldrh Fkh tks ljdkj dh jk; esa 
oqQfRlr] fdlh dks cnuke djus okyk] jktæksg HkM+dkus okyk] 
v'yhy vFkok vU; fdlh :i esa tu&fgr osQ çfrowQy gksA 
oqQN gh fnuksa esa ckaXyk jaxeap esa Øk¡frdkjh Hkkoukvksa ij çfrcaèk 
yxkus osQ fy, MªkesfVd iji+Qkses±lsl ,DV] 1876 ykxw gks x;kA 
vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu dk fojksèk djrs gq, ljdkjh çfrcaèkksa ls cpus 
osQ fy,] ukVddkjksa us vius jk‘ªoknh fopkjksa osQ çpkj&çlkj osQ 
fy, ikSjkf.kd&feFkdh; ukVd djus 'kq: fd,A 19oha 'krkCnh osQ 
var vkSj 20oha 'krkCnh osQ çkjEHk esa] ^Lons'kh* vkanksyu osQ nkSj esa 
ckaXyk jaxeap vrhr dk xkSjo&xku djus yxkA chloha 'krkCnh osQ 
çkjEHk esa] fofHk dyk&:iksa esa mRdV jk‘ªokn dh vfHkO;fDr osQ 
bl nkSj dh i`’Hkwfe esa] ns'k osQ Lokèkhurk la?k"kZ esa ckaXyk flusek 
dh Hkwfedk dh iM+rky dj ldrs gSaA 
1795 esa] ,d :lh Hkk"kkfon~ rFkk Hkkjrfon~ xsjkfleLrsikuksfop 
yscsnso us fczfV'k lÙkk dh rRdkyhu jktèkkuh dydÙkk (vc 
dksydkrk) esa çkslsfu;e (vxzeap) ukVdksa dk eapu 'kq: fd;kA 
bu ;wjksih; ukVdksa dk ckaXyk esa :ikarj fd;k tkrk Fkk vkSj LFkkuh; 
dykdkj buesa vfHku; djrs FksA bl rjg] yscsnso dh vkèkqfud 
Hkkjrh; jaxeap osQ fodkl esa vxz.kh Hkwfedk jghA gkykafd muosQ 
ukVd] Hkjr eqfu osQ ukV~;'kkÐ ij vkèkkfjr ikjEifjd Hkkjrh; 
jaxeap ls vyx rjhosQ osQ FksA 19oha 'krkCnh osQ eè; esa] caxky 
osQ egku dfo&ukVddkj eèkqlwnu nÙk us csyxfN;k esa ukVdksa dk 
eapu 'kq: fd;kA ;s ukVd ik'pkR; jaxeap ls çHkkfor FksA nÙk 
us 1858 esa ik'pkR; 'kSyh esa 'kfeZ’k ukVd fy•k tks egkHkkjr 
18
1876 esa MªkesfVd iji+Qkses±lsl ,DV dks ykxw djus osQ ckn] fczfV'k 'kkldksa dks tYnh le> esa vk x;k 
Fkk fd flusek esa yksxksa dh jk; ij vlj Mkyus dh T;knk cM+h {kerk gSA blhfy, çFke fo'o ;q¼ dh 
lekfIr osQ nkSj esa] 1918 esa bafM;u flusesVksxzkiQ ,DV ikfjr fd;k x;k tks 1 vxLr 1920 ls ykxw gks 
x;kA ;g fczfV'k flusesVksxzkiQ ,DV 1909 ij vkèkkfjr FkkA ysfdu Hkkjrh; o+Qkuwu dk vlyh edln 
Hkkjr esa lkoZtfud çn'kZu osQ fy, fn•kbZ tkus okyh fiQYeksa dks lsalj djus dk FkkA lokd~ flusek osQ 
'kq: gksus osQ ckn ckaXyk flusek us 'kjrpaæ pVthZ] cafde pUæ pVthZ vkSj dHkh&dHkh johUæukFk VSxksj 
tSls lkfgR;dkjksa osQ le`¼ ckaXyk lkfgR; ls çsj.kk yhA dFkkud osQ egRo dh blh ijEijk dh otg ls] 
vke cksypky esa vc Hkh caxkyh yksx flusek dks ^cksb* (iqLrd) cksyrs gSaA 
dh nso;kuh&;;kfr dh dFkk ij vkèkkfjr FkkA bls ckaXyk esa 
fy•k igyk ekSfyd ukVd ekuk tkrk gSA vxys o"kZ nÙk us nks 
çglu fy•s% ,osQbZ dh cksys lH;rk\ vkSj cqjks'kkfyosQj?kjsjksA 
igys çglu esa mUgksaus v¡xzst+h i<+s&fy•s ;qok caxkfy;ksa dh 
yrksa] csrjrhc O;ogkj vkSj vuSfrdrk ij O;aX; fd;k] tcfd 
nwljs çglu esa :f<+oknh fgUnw lekt osQ dV~Vj vkSj Hkz‘ yksxksa  
}kjk pksjh&fNis fd, tk jgs vuSfrd dk;ks± dk et+kd cuk;k x;k 
FkkA lkekftd n`f‘ ls ltx bu ukVdksa dks ljkgk x;k ysfdu lgh 
ek;uksa esa çFke ^Lons'kh* ukVd Fkk nhucaèkq fe=k dk ^uhy niZ.k*] 
blesa caxky osQ xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa uhy dh •srh dj jgs fdlkuksa dh 
nk#.k n'kk vkSj v¡xzst++ fuygs tehankjksa }kjk mu ij fd, tk jgs 
vR;kpkjksa dk fp=k.k FkkA uhy&•sfrgjksa osQ rRdkyhu foæksg dks 
fpf=kr djrk ;g ukVd 1859 esa fy•k x;k] tcfd bldk eapu 
18 ;kstuk] vxLr 2022
ljdkjh çfrcaèkksa ls cpus osQ fy,] 
ukVddkjksa us vius jkԻoknh fopkjksa 
osQ çpkj&çlkj osQ fy, ikSjkf.kd& 
feFkdh; ukVd djus 'kq: fd,A 
fnypLi ckr ;g gS fd fczfV'k 
vfèkdkfj;ksa us •qys rkSj ij ^Lons'kh* 
ukVdksa ij rks l[rh cjrh ysfdu  
ikSjkf.kd&feFkdh; ukVdksa ij 
dkjZokbZ ugha dhA
1872 esa fxjh'k pUæ ?kks"k us fd;kA ?kks"k us mlh o"kZ ^us'kuy 
fFk,Vj* dh LFkkiuk dh Fkh vkSj ckaXyk Hkk"kk esa çFke O;kolkf;d 
Lrj ij eafpr] ml le; fooknkLin ysfdu vR;ar ekfeZd ukVd 
^uhy niZ.k* FkkA 
blosQ vxys nkSj esa] johUnzukFk VSxksj us vius ukVdksa osQ 
t+fj, vkè;kfRedrk vkSj O;fDr dh futh igpku osQ lkFk&lkFk 
jk‘ªokn dh lkewfgd n`f‘ dk lans'k nsus dk ç;kl fd;kA muosQ 
,sls oqQN ukVd Fks & fp=kkaxnk (1892)] jktk (1910)] Mkd?kj 
(1913) vkSj jDrdjch (1924)A uhy niZ.k dh yksdfç;rk 
fczfV'k vfèkdkfj;ksa dks jkl ugha vkbZ vkSj mUgksaus blosQ eapu dks 
çfrcafèkr dj fn;kA 1876 esa ,d vè;kns'k tkjh fd;k x;k ftlosQ 
varxZr fczfV'k ljdkj caxky esa fdlh Hkh ukVd osQ çn'kZu ij 
çfrcaèk yxk ldrh Fkh tks ljdkj dh jk; esa oqQfRlr] fdlh dks 
cnuke djus okyk] jktæksg HkM+dkus okyk] v'yhy vFkok vU; 
fdlh :i esa tu&fgr osQ çfrowQy gksA oqQN gh fnuksa esa caxkyh 
jaxeap esa Øk¡frdkjh Hkkoukvksa ij çfrcaèk yxkus osQ fy, MªkesfVd 
iji+Qkses±l ,DV] 1876 ykxw gks x;kA uhy niZ.k osQ eapu osQ ckn 
jkԻoknh ukVdksa dh tks ck<+ vk xbZ Fkh] mu ij bl o+Qkuwu osQ ykxw 
gksus osQ ckn jksd yx xbZ vkSj vc ,sls ukVdksa dk fy•k tkuk 
vkSj eafpr gksuk nqyZHk&lk gks x;k D;ksafd iqfyl dh èkj&idM+ 
c<+ xbZ Fkh vkSj ,sls ukVdksa osQ eapu ij l[r ltk dk çkoèkku 
FkkA ljdkjh çfrcaèkksa ls cpus osQ fy,] 
ukVddkjksa us vius jkԻoknh fopkjksa osQ 
çpkj&çlkj osQ fy, ikSjkf.kd&feFkdh; 
ukVd djus 'kq: fd,A fnypLi ckr ;g 
gS fd fczfV'k vfèkdkfj;ksa us •qys rkSj ij 
^Lons'kh* ukVdksa ij rks l[rh cjrh ysfdu  
ikSjkf.kd&feFkdh; ukVdksa ij dkjZokbZ 
ugha dhA 
19oha 'krkCnh osQ var vkSj 20oha 
'krkCnh osQ çkjEHk esa] ^Lons'kh* vkanksyu 
osQ nkSj esa ckaXyk jaxeap vrhr dk 
xkSjo&xku djus yxkA 1905 esa caxky 
osQ foHkktu osQ ykWMZdt+Zu osQ iSQlys ls 
caxky esa jk‘ªokn dh ç•j psruk iSQy xbZA 1905 ls igys Hkh] 
dt+Zu dh ^iwQV Mkyks vkSj jkt djks* dh uhfr us caxkfy;ksa dks 
xqLls ls Hkj fn;k FkkA 1903 esa f{kjksn çlkn fo|kfouksn us vius 
ukVd ^çrkikfnR;* dk dFkkuk;d tSlksj (vc ckaXykns'k esa) dk 
,slk ohj tehankj gS ftlus eqx+yksa osQ f•ykiQ la?k"kZ fd;kA bl 
dgkuh osQ t+fj, jk‘ªoknh Hkkoukvksa dks vfHkO;Dr fd;kA èkkfeZd 
,drk osQ lkFk fons'kh 'kklu ls eqfDr dh Hkkouk dks c<+kok nsus 
okys ukVd fy•s tkus yxsA tuojh 1906 esa gh] dydÙkk osQ nks 
çeq• fFk,Vjksa& LVkj vkSj feuokZ esa f{kjksn çlkn fo|kfouksn dk 
ukVd ^ifÁuh*] f}tsaæ yky jkW; dk ukVd ^jk.kk çrki flag*] 
ve`ryky clq dk ukVd ^'kkck'k caxkyh*] fxjh'k ?kks"k dk ukVd 
^fljktqíkSyk* vkSj gjukFkcksl dk ukVd ^tkxj.k* çnf'kZr fd, 
tk jgs FksA jktiwr uk;dksa osQ çHkko us ckaXyk ukVdksa dks gh ugha] 
cfYd vU; foèkkvksa dks Hkh çsfjr fd;kA f}tsUæ yky jkW; osQ 
ukVd ^'kkgtgk¡* dk xhr ^èku èkkU;siq'isHkksjk* vkt Hkh ns'kHkfDr 
dk vR;ar yksdfç; xhr gSA 6 flracj 1906 dks LVkj fFk,Vj esa] 
tgk¡ ml le; ^jk.kk çrki flag* dk eapu fd;k tk jgk Fkk] 
cax&Hkax dk 'kksd eukrs gq, ukVd dk çn'kZu fd;k x;kA 
çkslsfUFk;e fFk,Vj osQ eqDrkdk'kh yksd&Lo:i ^tk=kk* esa Hkh 
ns'kHkfDr dh ygj iSQy xbZA pkj.k dfo eqoqQan nkl (ewy uke 
;Ks'ojMs) bl foèkk esa lcls vfèkd yksdfç; FksA ^tk=kk* osQ 
fo"k; ikSjkf.kd fo"k;ksa ls tqM+s gksrs FksA tc jk‘ªHkfDr osQ eqíksa ij 
tulHkk,¡ vk;ksftr djus ij ikcafn;k¡ Fkha] eqoqQan nkl us viuh 
^tk=kkvksa* ls ^Lons'kh* dh Hkkouk dk çlkj fd;kA ^tk=kk,a* vke 
tuksa esa cgqr yksdfç; FkhaA eqoqQan nkl dh çLrqfr;k¡ Hkh •wc 
yksdfç; gqb±A bu ^tk=kkvksa* osQ pfj=k ,dne Hkys ;k ,dne 
cqjs gksrs FksA fczfV'k yksxksa dks ^cqjs* vkSj Øk¡frdkfj;ksa dks ^Hkys* 
pfj=kksa osQ :i esa fn•k;k tkrk FkkA eqoqQan nkl vkt osQ ckaXykns'k 
osQ fuoklh Fks ysfdu muosQ ukVd lewps vfoHkkftr caxky esa 
yksdfç; FksA tYnh gh mudh xfrfofèk;ksa dks ns'kæksg&iw.kZ ekuk 
tkus yxk vkSj mUgsa] •kl rkSj ls muosQ xhr ^fpykSèkkuxksyk HkjkA 
'osr banqjsdksjyks lkjk* (HkaMkj èkku ls Hkjk Fkk_ li+Qsn pwgk lc 
oqQrj x;kA) osQ fy,] tsy dh lt+k gqbZA ^li+Qsn pwgs* v¡xzst++ gh 
FksA Lons'kh vkanksyu osQ ckn Hkh] 1920 osQ n'kd osQ çkjEHk osQ 
vlg;ksx vkanksyu esa Hkh eqoqQan nkl osQ xhr •wc yksdfç; gq,A 
1876 esa MªkesfVd iji+Qkses±lsl ,DV 
dks ykxw djus osQ ckn] fczfV'k 'kkldksa dks 
tYnh le> esa vk x;k Fkk fd flusek esa 
yksxksa dh jk; ij vlj Mkyus dh T;knk 
cM+h {kerk gSA blhfy, çFke fo'o ;q¼ 
dh lekfIr osQ nkSj esa] 1918 esa bafM;u 
flusesVksxzkiQ ,DV ikfjr fd;k x;k tks 1 
vxLr 1920 ls ykxw gks x;kA ;g fczfV'k 
flusesVksxzkiQ ,DV 1909 ij vkèkkfjr Fkk 
ysfdu Hkkjrh; o+Qkuwu dk vlyh edln 
Hkkjr esa lkoZtfud çn'kZu osQ fy, fn•kbZ 
tkus okyh fiQYeksa dks lsalj djus dk 
FkkA fiQYe&fuekZ.k 'kq: ls gh dkiQh 
;kstuk] vxLr 2022 19
lokd~ flusek osQ 'kq: gksus osQ ckn 
ckaXyk flusek us 'kjrpaæ pVthZ] 
cafde pUæ pVthZ vkSj dHkh&dHkh 
johUæukFk VSxksj tSls lkfgR;dkjksa osQ 
le`¼ ckaXyk lkfgR; ls çsj.kk yhA 
dFkkud osQ egRo dh blh ijEijk 
dh otg ls] vke cksypky esa vc 
Hkh caxkyh yksx flusek dks ^cksb* 
(iqLrd) cksyrs gSaA
egaxk jgk gSA chloha lnh osQ çkjEHk 
ls gh fofHk dyk&:iksa esa ns'kHkfDr 
dh Hkkouk dh tks vfHkO;fDr gqbZ gS] 
mlh ifjçs{; esa ge ns'k osQ Lokèkhurk 
la?k"kZ esa caxkyh flusek dh Hkwfedk dh 
iM+rky djrs gSaA 1931 esa igyh lokd 
fiQYe ^vkye vkjk* osQ çn'kZu osQ ckn 
ls] tgk¡ ckdh Hkkjr esa eq[; :i ls  
ikSjkf.kd vkSj ,sfrgkfld fiQYesa cuha] ogha 
caxky esa ewd fiQYeksa osQ tekus ls gh 
fcysrisQjkr (1921) tSlh fiQYesa cu jgh 
FkhaA nwljs ifjfpr dyk&:iksa dh rqyuk 
esa] flusek u;k vkSj xfr'khy ekè;e FkkA 
ewd fiQYeksa ls lokd fiQYeksa rd dk nkSj Hkh vfuf'prrkvksa vkSj 
'kadkvksa ls Hkjk FkkA flusek vc Hkh fujarj cnyrh rduhdksa vkSj 
lkt&lkeku osQ fy, if'peh ns'kksa ij fuHkZj gSA blfy, ml le;] 
caxkyh flusek&fuekZrkvksa lfgr iwjs Hkkjrh; fuekZrk Lo;a dks caèkk 
gqvk ikrs FksA çksisxaMk osQ fy, flusek osQ bLrseky ls osQoy fczfV'k 
gh ugha] vU; yksx Hkh voxr FksA 30 vDrwcj ls 1 uoacj 1939 
osQ nkSjku] dk¡xzsl osQ ,d lEesyu esa usrkth lqHkk"k pUæ cksl us 
iQjhniqj ft+ys (vc ckaXykns'k esa) osQ lnL;ksa dks flusek osQ çlkj 
osQ fy, ,d fiQYe dySfDVo cuus dk lq>ko fn;k FkkA mlh 
o"kZ] usrkth dh çsj.kk ls dyk vkSj flusek dks lefiZr ^:ieap* 
uke dh ,d if=kdk 'kq: gqbZ FkhA flusek ls tqM+h ;g caxky dh 
vkjafHkd if=kdkvksa esa ,d FkhA 
lokd flusek osQ 'kq: gksus osQ ckn ckaXyk flusek us 'kjrpaæ 
pVthZ] cafde pUæ pVthZ vkSj dHkh&dHkh johUæukFk VSxksj tSls 
lkfgR;dkjksa osQ le`¼ ckaXyk lkfgR; ls çsj.kk yhA dFkkud osQ 
egRo dh blh ijEijk dh otg ls] vke cksypky esa vc Hkh 
caxkyh yksx flusek dks ^cksb* (iqLrd) cksyrs gSaA 
1930 osQ n'kd esa çFkes'k c#vk osQ lkFk gh] ckaXyk flusek 
esa ,d ^LVkj* dk mn; gqvkA muosQ pfj=kksa dh jksrh&èkksrh Hkkoqdrk 
caxkyh Hkæyksd ij Nk xbZ] gkykafd mudh fiQYeksa dh vPNh 
lkfgfR;d i`’Hkwfe Hkh gksrh FkhA chloha 
lnh esa] caxky us vusd foifÙk;k¡ ns•haA 
1905 esa cax&Hkax osQ vèkwjs ç;kl osQ ckn] 
1911 esa ns'k dh jktèkkuh dksydkrk ls 
fnYyh ys vkbZ xbZA ekuoh; LokFkks± vkSj 
Øwjrkvksa ls iuis 1942&43 osQ Hkh"k.k 
vdky us caxkfy;ksa osQ vkRefo'okl vkSj 
HkkoukRed fLFkjrk dks >d>ksj dj j• 
fn;kA fceyjkW;] ½f"kosQ'k eq•thZ vkSj 
vU; vusd çfrHkk'kkyh fuekZrk&funZs'kd 
T;knk LFkkf;Ro vkSj thoarrk dh ryk'k esa 
dksydkrk ls cacbZ (vc eqacbZ) vk x,A 
1945 esa lekIr nwljs fo'o ;q¼ us Hkh 
caxky vkSj iwjs Hkkjr esa fujk'kk iSQykbZA cktkj esa iSlk ugha jgk]
dkyk cktkfj;ksa dk èkaèkk pedkA U;wfFk,VlZ tSls çfrf’r fiQYe 
LVwfMvks ?kkVk mBkdj can gks x,A iÂk 'kkg dh 1950 esa çdkf'kr 
iqLrd ^fn bafM;u fiQYEl* osQ vuqlkj] 1942 ls 1945 osQ chp] 
ckaXyk Hkk"kk esa çfro"kZ 15 dh rqyuk esa] ek=k 9 fiQYesa gh vkb±A 
dksydkrk esa ckaXyk gh ugha] vU; Hkk"kkvksa dh fiQYesa Hkh curh 
FkhaA le; osQ lkFk] ;gk¡ ls rfey vkSj mnZw fiQYesa cuuh can gks 
xb±] ysfdu fgUnh fiQYesa curh jghaA egk;q¼] vdky vkSj cacbZ 
dh vksj fi+QYedkjksa osQ iyk;u ls ;gk¡ dk fiQYe m|ksx det+ksj 
gksrk x;kA ns'k Hkj osQ fiQYe ckt+kj esa cacbZ fiQYe m|ksx dk 
,dkfèkdkj gks x;kA 1946 esa] ckt+kj esa vpkud iSlk vkus ls] 
cacbZ fiQYe ckt+kj esa ubZ rsth vkbZ vkSj 1946 esa ogk¡ 150 
(fgUnh&143] xqtjkrh&1] ejkBh] rfey] rsyqxq&2 çR;sd) fiQYesa 
cuha] tcfd dydÙkk esa ek=k 23 (ckaXyk&15] fgUnh&8) fiQYesa 
cuhaA ;g varj c<+rk x;k vkSj nscdhcksl dh nks Hkk"kkvksa esa cuh 
liQy fiQYe ^pUæ'ks•j* (1947) dks NksM+ dj ckaXyk fiQYe 
m|ksx] èku dh deh ls iLr iM+ x;kA ;g vuqeku dk fo"k; gS 
fd vxj Hkkjr dh vkt+knh osQ lkFk gh caxky dk nq%•n foHkktu 
Hkh ugha gqvk gksrk rks ckaXyk fiQYe m|ksx dh fLFkfr D;k gksrhA 
foHkktu us euksoSKkfud ihM+k osQ lkFk&lkFk] ckaXyk flusek osQ ?kjsyw 
ckt+kj osQ vkèkkj dks gh fgyk fn;kA 
1930 vkSj 1940 osQ n'kdksa esa 
ckaXyk esa lkekftd tkx#drk okyh 
fiQYesa cuha ysfdu bu fiQYeksa esa fczfV'k 
lkezkT;okn vkSj neu dh vkykspuk 
çk;% ugha dh xbZA fdj.ke; jkgk us 
viuh egRoiw.kZ iqLrd ^caxkyh flusek* 
(1991) esa bl ço`fÙk osQ ckjs esa 
fy•k gS] ¶1930 osQ n'kd esa] viuh 
ns'kHkfDr osQ fy, çk.kksa dh vkgqfr nsus 
okys Øk¡frdkfj;ksa dks ljkgk tkrk Fkk 
vkSj mudk uke ?kj&?kj rd igq¡p x;k 
FkkA 1942 esa] ^Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu* 
pyk;k x;k ftlus ubZ lkekftd 
èkkj.kk,¡ nha vkSj et+nwj&fdlkuksa dh 
20 ;kstuk] vxLr 2022
fc;kyh'k fiQYe esa 1942 osQ ^Hkkjr 
NksM+ks vkanksyu* osQ nkSj dh cspSuh dk 
fp=k.k FkkA blesa cM+s dk#f.kd rjhosQ 
ls fn•k;k x;k Fkk fd oSQls fujaoqQ'k 
fczfV'k lÙkk osQ vèkhu dke dj 
jgs ,d Hkkjrh; iqfyl vfèkdkjh us 
lkFkh Hkkjrh; Lokèkhurk lsukfu;ksa 
dh jkԻoknh Hkkoukvksa osQ lkFk 
nxk fd;kA fiQYe Hkkjr dh 
vkt+knh osQ lkFk lekIr gksrh 
gS vkSj jk‘ªh; Øk¡fr osQ lkFk 
nx+kckt+h djus okyksa dh igpku 
djus dk vkàku djrh gSA
vkdka{kkvksa dks ok.kh nhA ysfdu ,slk 
yxrk gS fd ckaXyk flusek us bu ?kVukvksa 
ij dksbZ è;ku ugha fn;kA Hkkjr osQ lHkh 
lkekftd] dykRed vkSj jktuhfrd 
vkanksyuksa esa vkxs jgus okys] lkekftd 
vkSj jktuhfrd :i ls ltx caxkyh 
lekt osQ fy, ;g ,d vk'p;Ztud 
ckr FkhA fiQYeksa osQ çfrcafèkr gks tkus 
dk •rjk fuf'pr :i ls ,d cM+k dkj.k 
Fkk ysfdu ,slk dksbZ fo'oluh; fjdkWMZ 
ugha feyrk fd fu;eksa&d+kuwuksa ls cprs 
gq, le; osQ vuq:i lans'k nsus okyh 
fiQYesa cukus dk dksbZ ç;kl Hkh fd;k 
x;kA flusek ,aM n bafM;u izQhMe LVªxy 
(1998) iqLrd esa xkSre dkSy us blh 
ço`fÙk osQ ckjs esa T;knk Li‘ :i ls fy•k 
gS]¸ jk‘ªh; fo"k;ksa osQ çfr ckaXyk flusek 
dh cgqr gh lhfer çfrfØ;k osQ vU; 
dkj.k Hkh gks ldrs gSa--- eSa blosQ ihNs caxkyh iQkbusaljksa dh ço`fÙk 
dks Hkh ftEesnkj ekurk gw¡ tks jkW;y ViQZ Dyc esa ?kksM+ksa dh jsl esa 
nkao yxkus dks rks rS;kj jgrs Fks] ysfdu ns'k dh Lokèkhurk ls tqM+s 
fo"k;ksa ij vkèkkfjr fiQYeksa esa tksf•e mBkus dks rS;kj ugha FksA 
mudk dkjksckj fczfV'k ç'kklu ls feyus okys Bsdksa vkSj lkSnksa ij 
fVdk Fkk vkSj tks gkFk mUgsa jkst dh jksVh ns jgs Fks] mUgsa os dkVuk 
ugha pkgrs FksA nwljs] 'kk;n ckaXyk jkԻokn jktuSfrd Lo&'kklu 
ls igys lekt dk vkèkqfudhdj.k vkSj èkkfeZd lqèkkj pkgrk FkkA 
,slh ço`fÙk vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa osQ flusek esa Hkh çeq•rk ls ut+j 
vkrh gSA fiQj Hkh] bl lÂkVs osQ chp] ns'kHkfDr&iw.kZ fiQYesa cukus 
osQ oqQN ç;kl fd, x,A lq'khy etwenkj us lkekftd eqíksa osQ 
lkFk&lkFk ledkyhu jktuhfr dks Nwrh oqQN fiQYesa cukb±] tSls] 
^eqfDrLuku* (1937)] ^çfr'kksèk* (1941)_ vkSj ns'k dh vkt+knh 
osQ ckn& ^lksYtlZ Mªhe* (1948)] ^loZgkjk* (1948) vkSj ^nq•hj 
bZeku* (1954) vkfnA muosQ vykok] vèks±nq eq•thZ dh ^laxzke* 
(1946)] lqèkhjcaèkq cuthZ dh ^oansekrje~* (1946) vkSj vkt+knh 
ikus osQ ik¡p eghus igys cuh 'kjrpaæpVthZ dh Ñfr ij vkèkkfjr 
lrh'knkl xqIrk dh fiQYe ^ikFksj nkch* ledkyhu jktuhfrd 
fLFkfr dks fpf=kr djrh oqQN fiQYesa FkhaA 
nwljh vksj] ns'k osQ vkt+kn gksrs gh] x+qykeh osQ nkSj osQ d‘ksa 
dks fn•krh vusd fiQYesa vkb±A ^Hkwyh ubZ* (1948] gsesu xqIr)] 
^t;;k=kk* (1948] uhjsuykfgM+h)] ^pV~Vxzke vÐkxkj yqaBu* 
(1949] fueZy pkSèkjh)] ^fcIyoh •qnhjke* (1951] fgj.e; 
lsu)] vkSj ^fc;kyh'k* (1951] gsesu xqIr) ,slh oqQN fiQYesa Fkha 
ftlesa vc rd et+cwjh esa nck, x, fi+QYedkjksa osQ vkØks'k dh 
vfHkO;fDr FkhA 
buesa ls ^Hkwyh ubZ* 1905 esa ykWMZdt+Zu }kjk fd, x, 
caxky&foHkktu ij vkèkkfjr Fkh] tcfd ,d vè;kid Øk¡frdkjh 
lw;Zlsu (ftUgsa I;kj ls ^ekLVj nk* cksyk tkrk gS) osQ usr`Ro 
esa 1930 esa fczfV'k ljdkj osQ pVxk¡o 'kÐkxkj ls gfFk;kj 
Nhuus osQ vliQy ç;kl dh xkFkk FkhA 
^fcIyoh •qnhjke* esa 30 vçSy 1908 
dks eqtÝiQjiqj ce dkaM osQ flyflys esa 
iQk¡lh ij p<+k fn, x, vR;ar yksdfç; 
caxkyh Økfrdkjh fd'kksj •qnhjkecksl 
dh xkFkk fpf=kr dh xbZ FkhA fc;kyh'k 
fiQYe esa 1942 osQ ^Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu* 
osQ nkSj dh cspSuh dk fp=k.k FkkA blesa 
cM+s dk#f.kd rjhosQ ls fn•k;k x;k 
Fkk fd oSQls fujaoqQ'k fczfV'k lÙkk osQ 
vèkhu dke dj jgs ,d Hkkjrh; iqfyl 
vfèkdkjh us lkFkh Hkkjrh; Lokèkhurk 
lsukfu;ksa dh jkԻoknh Hkkoukvksa osQ lkFk 
nxk fd;kA fiQYe Hkkjr dh vkt+knh osQ 
lkFk lekIr gksrh gS vkSj jk‘ªh; Øk¡fr osQ 
lkFk nx+kckt+h djus okyksa dh igpku 
djus dk vkàku djrh gSA caxky osQ 
vxz.kh U;wfFk,VlZ LVwfMvks us lkekftd 
tkx#drk osQ lkFk&lkFk jktuhfrd lans'k Hkh nsus okyh fiQYesa 
cukb±A 1950 esa U;wfFk,VlZ ls fceyjkW; dh fiQYe ^igyk vkneh* 
vkbZA jk‘ªh; Lrj ij n'kZdksa dks è;ku esa j•rs gq,] bl fgUnh 
fiQYe esa usrkth lqHkk"k pUæ cksl vkSj mudh vkt+kn fgUn iQkSt 
dh ohjrk dks fpf=kr fd;k x;kA 
;g le>uk t+:jh gS fd ^vèkZjkf=k dks vkbZ vkt+knh* dk 
tSlk Lokxr cacbZ vkSj eækl (vc Øe'k% eqacbZ vkSj psÂbZ) 
osQ fiQYe&leqnk; }kjk fd;k x;k] oSlk Lokxr dydÙkk (vc 
dksydkrk) esa ugha gqvkA ogk¡ ;g vke Hkkouk jgh fd Lora=krk 
osQ lkFk caxky dk foHkktu Hkh feyk ftlls jkԻh; la?k"kZ dk 
vkn'kZokn ean i<+ x;kA nqHkkZX; ls] bl Hkkouk dks O;Dr djrh 
oqQN fiQYeksa dks lsalj cksMZ dh ukjkth >syuh iM+h ftls yxk 
fd vusd ubZ dfBukb;k¡ >sy jgs uo&Lora=k ns'k esa ,slh fiQYesa 
fdlh tu vkanksyu dks tUe ns ldrh gSaA usfe ?kks"k dh fNÂewy 
(1950) vkSj ckn esa ½fRod ?kVd dh fiQYeksa esa foHkktu dh 
=kklnh O;Dr gqbZA ckn esa leh{kdksa dh ljkguk ikus okyh ;s fiQYesa 
O;kolkf;d :i ls T;knk liQy ugha gqb± D;ksafd 'kk;n n'kZdksa dh 
bPNk ,slh fiQYesa ns•us dh ugha FkhA igys 1942&43 osQ vdky 
osQ nkSjku xk¡oksa ls vk, vkSj fiQj foHkktu osQ ckn iwohZ caxky 
(vkt dk ckaXykns'k) ls vk, çokfl;ksa ls dydÙkk Hkj x;k FkkA 
muosQ lhus esa viuksa ls fcNksg osQ ?kko Fks vkSj lkeus ,d u, 
vkSj oqQN gn rd vlaosnu'khy lekt ls tqM+us dh =kklnh FkhA 
;g tu&lewg ,d ubZ igpku ekax jgk Fkk vkSj blhfy,] bl nkSj 
esa mÙke oqQekj vkSj lqfp=kk lsu dh xzkeh.k&'kgjh tksM+h flusek 
osQ inZs ij Nk xbZA lkFk gh] vusd dkWesMh fiQYesa yksdfç; gqb± 
D;ksafd jkst+ejkZ osQ d‘ksa vkSj foyki osQ ckn] yksxksa dks g¡lh&•q'kh 
osQ ejge dh t+:jr FkhA 
caxkyh yksx Hkkjr osQ Lokèkhurk laxzke esa ges'kk vxz.kh jgsA 
;g fu'p; gh nqHkkZX;iw.kZ jgk fd ckaXyk flusek] dF; vkSj la[;k 
esa] bl laxzke dh vfHkO;fDr esa ihNs jgkA                n
Page 5


;kstuk] vxLr 2022 17
vfHkO;fDr
ys•d fiQYe&leh{kd vkSj fiQYe if=kdk ^flyq,V* osQ ,d laLFkkid&lnL; vkSj orZeku laiknd gSaA bZesy% amitava.nag@gmail.com
Lora=krk&la?k"kZ osQ nkSj esa ckaXyk jaxeap vkSj flusek
vferko ukx
76 esa ,d vè;kns'k tkjh fd;k x;k ftlosQ varxZr 
fczfV'k ljdkj caxky esa fdlh Hkh ukVd osQ çn'kZu 
ij çfrcaèk yxk ldrh Fkh tks ljdkj dh jk; esa 
oqQfRlr] fdlh dks cnuke djus okyk] jktæksg HkM+dkus okyk] 
v'yhy vFkok vU; fdlh :i esa tu&fgr osQ çfrowQy gksA 
oqQN gh fnuksa esa ckaXyk jaxeap esa Øk¡frdkjh Hkkoukvksa ij çfrcaèk 
yxkus osQ fy, MªkesfVd iji+Qkses±lsl ,DV] 1876 ykxw gks x;kA 
vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu dk fojksèk djrs gq, ljdkjh çfrcaèkksa ls cpus 
osQ fy,] ukVddkjksa us vius jk‘ªoknh fopkjksa osQ çpkj&çlkj osQ 
fy, ikSjkf.kd&feFkdh; ukVd djus 'kq: fd,A 19oha 'krkCnh osQ 
var vkSj 20oha 'krkCnh osQ çkjEHk esa] ^Lons'kh* vkanksyu osQ nkSj esa 
ckaXyk jaxeap vrhr dk xkSjo&xku djus yxkA chloha 'krkCnh osQ 
çkjEHk esa] fofHk dyk&:iksa esa mRdV jk‘ªokn dh vfHkO;fDr osQ 
bl nkSj dh i`’Hkwfe esa] ns'k osQ Lokèkhurk la?k"kZ esa ckaXyk flusek 
dh Hkwfedk dh iM+rky dj ldrs gSaA 
1795 esa] ,d :lh Hkk"kkfon~ rFkk Hkkjrfon~ xsjkfleLrsikuksfop 
yscsnso us fczfV'k lÙkk dh rRdkyhu jktèkkuh dydÙkk (vc 
dksydkrk) esa çkslsfu;e (vxzeap) ukVdksa dk eapu 'kq: fd;kA 
bu ;wjksih; ukVdksa dk ckaXyk esa :ikarj fd;k tkrk Fkk vkSj LFkkuh; 
dykdkj buesa vfHku; djrs FksA bl rjg] yscsnso dh vkèkqfud 
Hkkjrh; jaxeap osQ fodkl esa vxz.kh Hkwfedk jghA gkykafd muosQ 
ukVd] Hkjr eqfu osQ ukV~;'kkÐ ij vkèkkfjr ikjEifjd Hkkjrh; 
jaxeap ls vyx rjhosQ osQ FksA 19oha 'krkCnh osQ eè; esa] caxky 
osQ egku dfo&ukVddkj eèkqlwnu nÙk us csyxfN;k esa ukVdksa dk 
eapu 'kq: fd;kA ;s ukVd ik'pkR; jaxeap ls çHkkfor FksA nÙk 
us 1858 esa ik'pkR; 'kSyh esa 'kfeZ’k ukVd fy•k tks egkHkkjr 
18
1876 esa MªkesfVd iji+Qkses±lsl ,DV dks ykxw djus osQ ckn] fczfV'k 'kkldksa dks tYnh le> esa vk x;k 
Fkk fd flusek esa yksxksa dh jk; ij vlj Mkyus dh T;knk cM+h {kerk gSA blhfy, çFke fo'o ;q¼ dh 
lekfIr osQ nkSj esa] 1918 esa bafM;u flusesVksxzkiQ ,DV ikfjr fd;k x;k tks 1 vxLr 1920 ls ykxw gks 
x;kA ;g fczfV'k flusesVksxzkiQ ,DV 1909 ij vkèkkfjr FkkA ysfdu Hkkjrh; o+Qkuwu dk vlyh edln 
Hkkjr esa lkoZtfud çn'kZu osQ fy, fn•kbZ tkus okyh fiQYeksa dks lsalj djus dk FkkA lokd~ flusek osQ 
'kq: gksus osQ ckn ckaXyk flusek us 'kjrpaæ pVthZ] cafde pUæ pVthZ vkSj dHkh&dHkh johUæukFk VSxksj 
tSls lkfgR;dkjksa osQ le`¼ ckaXyk lkfgR; ls çsj.kk yhA dFkkud osQ egRo dh blh ijEijk dh otg ls] 
vke cksypky esa vc Hkh caxkyh yksx flusek dks ^cksb* (iqLrd) cksyrs gSaA 
dh nso;kuh&;;kfr dh dFkk ij vkèkkfjr FkkA bls ckaXyk esa 
fy•k igyk ekSfyd ukVd ekuk tkrk gSA vxys o"kZ nÙk us nks 
çglu fy•s% ,osQbZ dh cksys lH;rk\ vkSj cqjks'kkfyosQj?kjsjksA 
igys çglu esa mUgksaus v¡xzst+h i<+s&fy•s ;qok caxkfy;ksa dh 
yrksa] csrjrhc O;ogkj vkSj vuSfrdrk ij O;aX; fd;k] tcfd 
nwljs çglu esa :f<+oknh fgUnw lekt osQ dV~Vj vkSj Hkz‘ yksxksa  
}kjk pksjh&fNis fd, tk jgs vuSfrd dk;ks± dk et+kd cuk;k x;k 
FkkA lkekftd n`f‘ ls ltx bu ukVdksa dks ljkgk x;k ysfdu lgh 
ek;uksa esa çFke ^Lons'kh* ukVd Fkk nhucaèkq fe=k dk ^uhy niZ.k*] 
blesa caxky osQ xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa uhy dh •srh dj jgs fdlkuksa dh 
nk#.k n'kk vkSj v¡xzst++ fuygs tehankjksa }kjk mu ij fd, tk jgs 
vR;kpkjksa dk fp=k.k FkkA uhy&•sfrgjksa osQ rRdkyhu foæksg dks 
fpf=kr djrk ;g ukVd 1859 esa fy•k x;k] tcfd bldk eapu 
18 ;kstuk] vxLr 2022
ljdkjh çfrcaèkksa ls cpus osQ fy,] 
ukVddkjksa us vius jkԻoknh fopkjksa 
osQ çpkj&çlkj osQ fy, ikSjkf.kd& 
feFkdh; ukVd djus 'kq: fd,A 
fnypLi ckr ;g gS fd fczfV'k 
vfèkdkfj;ksa us •qys rkSj ij ^Lons'kh* 
ukVdksa ij rks l[rh cjrh ysfdu  
ikSjkf.kd&feFkdh; ukVdksa ij 
dkjZokbZ ugha dhA
1872 esa fxjh'k pUæ ?kks"k us fd;kA ?kks"k us mlh o"kZ ^us'kuy 
fFk,Vj* dh LFkkiuk dh Fkh vkSj ckaXyk Hkk"kk esa çFke O;kolkf;d 
Lrj ij eafpr] ml le; fooknkLin ysfdu vR;ar ekfeZd ukVd 
^uhy niZ.k* FkkA 
blosQ vxys nkSj esa] johUnzukFk VSxksj us vius ukVdksa osQ 
t+fj, vkè;kfRedrk vkSj O;fDr dh futh igpku osQ lkFk&lkFk 
jk‘ªokn dh lkewfgd n`f‘ dk lans'k nsus dk ç;kl fd;kA muosQ 
,sls oqQN ukVd Fks & fp=kkaxnk (1892)] jktk (1910)] Mkd?kj 
(1913) vkSj jDrdjch (1924)A uhy niZ.k dh yksdfç;rk 
fczfV'k vfèkdkfj;ksa dks jkl ugha vkbZ vkSj mUgksaus blosQ eapu dks 
çfrcafèkr dj fn;kA 1876 esa ,d vè;kns'k tkjh fd;k x;k ftlosQ 
varxZr fczfV'k ljdkj caxky esa fdlh Hkh ukVd osQ çn'kZu ij 
çfrcaèk yxk ldrh Fkh tks ljdkj dh jk; esa oqQfRlr] fdlh dks 
cnuke djus okyk] jktæksg HkM+dkus okyk] v'yhy vFkok vU; 
fdlh :i esa tu&fgr osQ çfrowQy gksA oqQN gh fnuksa esa caxkyh 
jaxeap esa Øk¡frdkjh Hkkoukvksa ij çfrcaèk yxkus osQ fy, MªkesfVd 
iji+Qkses±l ,DV] 1876 ykxw gks x;kA uhy niZ.k osQ eapu osQ ckn 
jkԻoknh ukVdksa dh tks ck<+ vk xbZ Fkh] mu ij bl o+Qkuwu osQ ykxw 
gksus osQ ckn jksd yx xbZ vkSj vc ,sls ukVdksa dk fy•k tkuk 
vkSj eafpr gksuk nqyZHk&lk gks x;k D;ksafd iqfyl dh èkj&idM+ 
c<+ xbZ Fkh vkSj ,sls ukVdksa osQ eapu ij l[r ltk dk çkoèkku 
FkkA ljdkjh çfrcaèkksa ls cpus osQ fy,] 
ukVddkjksa us vius jkԻoknh fopkjksa osQ 
çpkj&çlkj osQ fy, ikSjkf.kd&feFkdh; 
ukVd djus 'kq: fd,A fnypLi ckr ;g 
gS fd fczfV'k vfèkdkfj;ksa us •qys rkSj ij 
^Lons'kh* ukVdksa ij rks l[rh cjrh ysfdu  
ikSjkf.kd&feFkdh; ukVdksa ij dkjZokbZ 
ugha dhA 
19oha 'krkCnh osQ var vkSj 20oha 
'krkCnh osQ çkjEHk esa] ^Lons'kh* vkanksyu 
osQ nkSj esa ckaXyk jaxeap vrhr dk 
xkSjo&xku djus yxkA 1905 esa caxky 
osQ foHkktu osQ ykWMZdt+Zu osQ iSQlys ls 
caxky esa jk‘ªokn dh ç•j psruk iSQy xbZA 1905 ls igys Hkh] 
dt+Zu dh ^iwQV Mkyks vkSj jkt djks* dh uhfr us caxkfy;ksa dks 
xqLls ls Hkj fn;k FkkA 1903 esa f{kjksn çlkn fo|kfouksn us vius 
ukVd ^çrkikfnR;* dk dFkkuk;d tSlksj (vc ckaXykns'k esa) dk 
,slk ohj tehankj gS ftlus eqx+yksa osQ f•ykiQ la?k"kZ fd;kA bl 
dgkuh osQ t+fj, jk‘ªoknh Hkkoukvksa dks vfHkO;Dr fd;kA èkkfeZd 
,drk osQ lkFk fons'kh 'kklu ls eqfDr dh Hkkouk dks c<+kok nsus 
okys ukVd fy•s tkus yxsA tuojh 1906 esa gh] dydÙkk osQ nks 
çeq• fFk,Vjksa& LVkj vkSj feuokZ esa f{kjksn çlkn fo|kfouksn dk 
ukVd ^ifÁuh*] f}tsaæ yky jkW; dk ukVd ^jk.kk çrki flag*] 
ve`ryky clq dk ukVd ^'kkck'k caxkyh*] fxjh'k ?kks"k dk ukVd 
^fljktqíkSyk* vkSj gjukFkcksl dk ukVd ^tkxj.k* çnf'kZr fd, 
tk jgs FksA jktiwr uk;dksa osQ çHkko us ckaXyk ukVdksa dks gh ugha] 
cfYd vU; foèkkvksa dks Hkh çsfjr fd;kA f}tsUæ yky jkW; osQ 
ukVd ^'kkgtgk¡* dk xhr ^èku èkkU;siq'isHkksjk* vkt Hkh ns'kHkfDr 
dk vR;ar yksdfç; xhr gSA 6 flracj 1906 dks LVkj fFk,Vj esa] 
tgk¡ ml le; ^jk.kk çrki flag* dk eapu fd;k tk jgk Fkk] 
cax&Hkax dk 'kksd eukrs gq, ukVd dk çn'kZu fd;k x;kA 
çkslsfUFk;e fFk,Vj osQ eqDrkdk'kh yksd&Lo:i ^tk=kk* esa Hkh 
ns'kHkfDr dh ygj iSQy xbZA pkj.k dfo eqoqQan nkl (ewy uke 
;Ks'ojMs) bl foèkk esa lcls vfèkd yksdfç; FksA ^tk=kk* osQ 
fo"k; ikSjkf.kd fo"k;ksa ls tqM+s gksrs FksA tc jk‘ªHkfDr osQ eqíksa ij 
tulHkk,¡ vk;ksftr djus ij ikcafn;k¡ Fkha] eqoqQan nkl us viuh 
^tk=kkvksa* ls ^Lons'kh* dh Hkkouk dk çlkj fd;kA ^tk=kk,a* vke 
tuksa esa cgqr yksdfç; FkhaA eqoqQan nkl dh çLrqfr;k¡ Hkh •wc 
yksdfç; gqb±A bu ^tk=kkvksa* osQ pfj=k ,dne Hkys ;k ,dne 
cqjs gksrs FksA fczfV'k yksxksa dks ^cqjs* vkSj Øk¡frdkfj;ksa dks ^Hkys* 
pfj=kksa osQ :i esa fn•k;k tkrk FkkA eqoqQan nkl vkt osQ ckaXykns'k 
osQ fuoklh Fks ysfdu muosQ ukVd lewps vfoHkkftr caxky esa 
yksdfç; FksA tYnh gh mudh xfrfofèk;ksa dks ns'kæksg&iw.kZ ekuk 
tkus yxk vkSj mUgsa] •kl rkSj ls muosQ xhr ^fpykSèkkuxksyk HkjkA 
'osr banqjsdksjyks lkjk* (HkaMkj èkku ls Hkjk Fkk_ li+Qsn pwgk lc 
oqQrj x;kA) osQ fy,] tsy dh lt+k gqbZA ^li+Qsn pwgs* v¡xzst++ gh 
FksA Lons'kh vkanksyu osQ ckn Hkh] 1920 osQ n'kd osQ çkjEHk osQ 
vlg;ksx vkanksyu esa Hkh eqoqQan nkl osQ xhr •wc yksdfç; gq,A 
1876 esa MªkesfVd iji+Qkses±lsl ,DV 
dks ykxw djus osQ ckn] fczfV'k 'kkldksa dks 
tYnh le> esa vk x;k Fkk fd flusek esa 
yksxksa dh jk; ij vlj Mkyus dh T;knk 
cM+h {kerk gSA blhfy, çFke fo'o ;q¼ 
dh lekfIr osQ nkSj esa] 1918 esa bafM;u 
flusesVksxzkiQ ,DV ikfjr fd;k x;k tks 1 
vxLr 1920 ls ykxw gks x;kA ;g fczfV'k 
flusesVksxzkiQ ,DV 1909 ij vkèkkfjr Fkk 
ysfdu Hkkjrh; o+Qkuwu dk vlyh edln 
Hkkjr esa lkoZtfud çn'kZu osQ fy, fn•kbZ 
tkus okyh fiQYeksa dks lsalj djus dk 
FkkA fiQYe&fuekZ.k 'kq: ls gh dkiQh 
;kstuk] vxLr 2022 19
lokd~ flusek osQ 'kq: gksus osQ ckn 
ckaXyk flusek us 'kjrpaæ pVthZ] 
cafde pUæ pVthZ vkSj dHkh&dHkh 
johUæukFk VSxksj tSls lkfgR;dkjksa osQ 
le`¼ ckaXyk lkfgR; ls çsj.kk yhA 
dFkkud osQ egRo dh blh ijEijk 
dh otg ls] vke cksypky esa vc 
Hkh caxkyh yksx flusek dks ^cksb* 
(iqLrd) cksyrs gSaA
egaxk jgk gSA chloha lnh osQ çkjEHk 
ls gh fofHk dyk&:iksa esa ns'kHkfDr 
dh Hkkouk dh tks vfHkO;fDr gqbZ gS] 
mlh ifjçs{; esa ge ns'k osQ Lokèkhurk 
la?k"kZ esa caxkyh flusek dh Hkwfedk dh 
iM+rky djrs gSaA 1931 esa igyh lokd 
fiQYe ^vkye vkjk* osQ çn'kZu osQ ckn 
ls] tgk¡ ckdh Hkkjr esa eq[; :i ls  
ikSjkf.kd vkSj ,sfrgkfld fiQYesa cuha] ogha 
caxky esa ewd fiQYeksa osQ tekus ls gh 
fcysrisQjkr (1921) tSlh fiQYesa cu jgh 
FkhaA nwljs ifjfpr dyk&:iksa dh rqyuk 
esa] flusek u;k vkSj xfr'khy ekè;e FkkA 
ewd fiQYeksa ls lokd fiQYeksa rd dk nkSj Hkh vfuf'prrkvksa vkSj 
'kadkvksa ls Hkjk FkkA flusek vc Hkh fujarj cnyrh rduhdksa vkSj 
lkt&lkeku osQ fy, if'peh ns'kksa ij fuHkZj gSA blfy, ml le;] 
caxkyh flusek&fuekZrkvksa lfgr iwjs Hkkjrh; fuekZrk Lo;a dks caèkk 
gqvk ikrs FksA çksisxaMk osQ fy, flusek osQ bLrseky ls osQoy fczfV'k 
gh ugha] vU; yksx Hkh voxr FksA 30 vDrwcj ls 1 uoacj 1939 
osQ nkSjku] dk¡xzsl osQ ,d lEesyu esa usrkth lqHkk"k pUæ cksl us 
iQjhniqj ft+ys (vc ckaXykns'k esa) osQ lnL;ksa dks flusek osQ çlkj 
osQ fy, ,d fiQYe dySfDVo cuus dk lq>ko fn;k FkkA mlh 
o"kZ] usrkth dh çsj.kk ls dyk vkSj flusek dks lefiZr ^:ieap* 
uke dh ,d if=kdk 'kq: gqbZ FkhA flusek ls tqM+h ;g caxky dh 
vkjafHkd if=kdkvksa esa ,d FkhA 
lokd flusek osQ 'kq: gksus osQ ckn ckaXyk flusek us 'kjrpaæ 
pVthZ] cafde pUæ pVthZ vkSj dHkh&dHkh johUæukFk VSxksj tSls 
lkfgR;dkjksa osQ le`¼ ckaXyk lkfgR; ls çsj.kk yhA dFkkud osQ 
egRo dh blh ijEijk dh otg ls] vke cksypky esa vc Hkh 
caxkyh yksx flusek dks ^cksb* (iqLrd) cksyrs gSaA 
1930 osQ n'kd esa çFkes'k c#vk osQ lkFk gh] ckaXyk flusek 
esa ,d ^LVkj* dk mn; gqvkA muosQ pfj=kksa dh jksrh&èkksrh Hkkoqdrk 
caxkyh Hkæyksd ij Nk xbZ] gkykafd mudh fiQYeksa dh vPNh 
lkfgfR;d i`’Hkwfe Hkh gksrh FkhA chloha 
lnh esa] caxky us vusd foifÙk;k¡ ns•haA 
1905 esa cax&Hkax osQ vèkwjs ç;kl osQ ckn] 
1911 esa ns'k dh jktèkkuh dksydkrk ls 
fnYyh ys vkbZ xbZA ekuoh; LokFkks± vkSj 
Øwjrkvksa ls iuis 1942&43 osQ Hkh"k.k 
vdky us caxkfy;ksa osQ vkRefo'okl vkSj 
HkkoukRed fLFkjrk dks >d>ksj dj j• 
fn;kA fceyjkW;] ½f"kosQ'k eq•thZ vkSj 
vU; vusd çfrHkk'kkyh fuekZrk&funZs'kd 
T;knk LFkkf;Ro vkSj thoarrk dh ryk'k esa 
dksydkrk ls cacbZ (vc eqacbZ) vk x,A 
1945 esa lekIr nwljs fo'o ;q¼ us Hkh 
caxky vkSj iwjs Hkkjr esa fujk'kk iSQykbZA cktkj esa iSlk ugha jgk]
dkyk cktkfj;ksa dk èkaèkk pedkA U;wfFk,VlZ tSls çfrf’r fiQYe 
LVwfMvks ?kkVk mBkdj can gks x,A iÂk 'kkg dh 1950 esa çdkf'kr 
iqLrd ^fn bafM;u fiQYEl* osQ vuqlkj] 1942 ls 1945 osQ chp] 
ckaXyk Hkk"kk esa çfro"kZ 15 dh rqyuk esa] ek=k 9 fiQYesa gh vkb±A 
dksydkrk esa ckaXyk gh ugha] vU; Hkk"kkvksa dh fiQYesa Hkh curh 
FkhaA le; osQ lkFk] ;gk¡ ls rfey vkSj mnZw fiQYesa cuuh can gks 
xb±] ysfdu fgUnh fiQYesa curh jghaA egk;q¼] vdky vkSj cacbZ 
dh vksj fi+QYedkjksa osQ iyk;u ls ;gk¡ dk fiQYe m|ksx det+ksj 
gksrk x;kA ns'k Hkj osQ fiQYe ckt+kj esa cacbZ fiQYe m|ksx dk 
,dkfèkdkj gks x;kA 1946 esa] ckt+kj esa vpkud iSlk vkus ls] 
cacbZ fiQYe ckt+kj esa ubZ rsth vkbZ vkSj 1946 esa ogk¡ 150 
(fgUnh&143] xqtjkrh&1] ejkBh] rfey] rsyqxq&2 çR;sd) fiQYesa 
cuha] tcfd dydÙkk esa ek=k 23 (ckaXyk&15] fgUnh&8) fiQYesa 
cuhaA ;g varj c<+rk x;k vkSj nscdhcksl dh nks Hkk"kkvksa esa cuh 
liQy fiQYe ^pUæ'ks•j* (1947) dks NksM+ dj ckaXyk fiQYe 
m|ksx] èku dh deh ls iLr iM+ x;kA ;g vuqeku dk fo"k; gS 
fd vxj Hkkjr dh vkt+knh osQ lkFk gh caxky dk nq%•n foHkktu 
Hkh ugha gqvk gksrk rks ckaXyk fiQYe m|ksx dh fLFkfr D;k gksrhA 
foHkktu us euksoSKkfud ihM+k osQ lkFk&lkFk] ckaXyk flusek osQ ?kjsyw 
ckt+kj osQ vkèkkj dks gh fgyk fn;kA 
1930 vkSj 1940 osQ n'kdksa esa 
ckaXyk esa lkekftd tkx#drk okyh 
fiQYesa cuha ysfdu bu fiQYeksa esa fczfV'k 
lkezkT;okn vkSj neu dh vkykspuk 
çk;% ugha dh xbZA fdj.ke; jkgk us 
viuh egRoiw.kZ iqLrd ^caxkyh flusek* 
(1991) esa bl ço`fÙk osQ ckjs esa 
fy•k gS] ¶1930 osQ n'kd esa] viuh 
ns'kHkfDr osQ fy, çk.kksa dh vkgqfr nsus 
okys Øk¡frdkfj;ksa dks ljkgk tkrk Fkk 
vkSj mudk uke ?kj&?kj rd igq¡p x;k 
FkkA 1942 esa] ^Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu* 
pyk;k x;k ftlus ubZ lkekftd 
èkkj.kk,¡ nha vkSj et+nwj&fdlkuksa dh 
20 ;kstuk] vxLr 2022
fc;kyh'k fiQYe esa 1942 osQ ^Hkkjr 
NksM+ks vkanksyu* osQ nkSj dh cspSuh dk 
fp=k.k FkkA blesa cM+s dk#f.kd rjhosQ 
ls fn•k;k x;k Fkk fd oSQls fujaoqQ'k 
fczfV'k lÙkk osQ vèkhu dke dj 
jgs ,d Hkkjrh; iqfyl vfèkdkjh us 
lkFkh Hkkjrh; Lokèkhurk lsukfu;ksa 
dh jkԻoknh Hkkoukvksa osQ lkFk 
nxk fd;kA fiQYe Hkkjr dh 
vkt+knh osQ lkFk lekIr gksrh 
gS vkSj jk‘ªh; Øk¡fr osQ lkFk 
nx+kckt+h djus okyksa dh igpku 
djus dk vkàku djrh gSA
vkdka{kkvksa dks ok.kh nhA ysfdu ,slk 
yxrk gS fd ckaXyk flusek us bu ?kVukvksa 
ij dksbZ è;ku ugha fn;kA Hkkjr osQ lHkh 
lkekftd] dykRed vkSj jktuhfrd 
vkanksyuksa esa vkxs jgus okys] lkekftd 
vkSj jktuhfrd :i ls ltx caxkyh 
lekt osQ fy, ;g ,d vk'p;Ztud 
ckr FkhA fiQYeksa osQ çfrcafèkr gks tkus 
dk •rjk fuf'pr :i ls ,d cM+k dkj.k 
Fkk ysfdu ,slk dksbZ fo'oluh; fjdkWMZ 
ugha feyrk fd fu;eksa&d+kuwuksa ls cprs 
gq, le; osQ vuq:i lans'k nsus okyh 
fiQYesa cukus dk dksbZ ç;kl Hkh fd;k 
x;kA flusek ,aM n bafM;u izQhMe LVªxy 
(1998) iqLrd esa xkSre dkSy us blh 
ço`fÙk osQ ckjs esa T;knk Li‘ :i ls fy•k 
gS]¸ jk‘ªh; fo"k;ksa osQ çfr ckaXyk flusek 
dh cgqr gh lhfer çfrfØ;k osQ vU; 
dkj.k Hkh gks ldrs gSa--- eSa blosQ ihNs caxkyh iQkbusaljksa dh ço`fÙk 
dks Hkh ftEesnkj ekurk gw¡ tks jkW;y ViQZ Dyc esa ?kksM+ksa dh jsl esa 
nkao yxkus dks rks rS;kj jgrs Fks] ysfdu ns'k dh Lokèkhurk ls tqM+s 
fo"k;ksa ij vkèkkfjr fiQYeksa esa tksf•e mBkus dks rS;kj ugha FksA 
mudk dkjksckj fczfV'k ç'kklu ls feyus okys Bsdksa vkSj lkSnksa ij 
fVdk Fkk vkSj tks gkFk mUgsa jkst dh jksVh ns jgs Fks] mUgsa os dkVuk 
ugha pkgrs FksA nwljs] 'kk;n ckaXyk jkԻokn jktuSfrd Lo&'kklu 
ls igys lekt dk vkèkqfudhdj.k vkSj èkkfeZd lqèkkj pkgrk FkkA 
,slh ço`fÙk vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa osQ flusek esa Hkh çeq•rk ls ut+j 
vkrh gSA fiQj Hkh] bl lÂkVs osQ chp] ns'kHkfDr&iw.kZ fiQYesa cukus 
osQ oqQN ç;kl fd, x,A lq'khy etwenkj us lkekftd eqíksa osQ 
lkFk&lkFk ledkyhu jktuhfr dks Nwrh oqQN fiQYesa cukb±] tSls] 
^eqfDrLuku* (1937)] ^çfr'kksèk* (1941)_ vkSj ns'k dh vkt+knh 
osQ ckn& ^lksYtlZ Mªhe* (1948)] ^loZgkjk* (1948) vkSj ^nq•hj 
bZeku* (1954) vkfnA muosQ vykok] vèks±nq eq•thZ dh ^laxzke* 
(1946)] lqèkhjcaèkq cuthZ dh ^oansekrje~* (1946) vkSj vkt+knh 
ikus osQ ik¡p eghus igys cuh 'kjrpaæpVthZ dh Ñfr ij vkèkkfjr 
lrh'knkl xqIrk dh fiQYe ^ikFksj nkch* ledkyhu jktuhfrd 
fLFkfr dks fpf=kr djrh oqQN fiQYesa FkhaA 
nwljh vksj] ns'k osQ vkt+kn gksrs gh] x+qykeh osQ nkSj osQ d‘ksa 
dks fn•krh vusd fiQYesa vkb±A ^Hkwyh ubZ* (1948] gsesu xqIr)] 
^t;;k=kk* (1948] uhjsuykfgM+h)] ^pV~Vxzke vÐkxkj yqaBu* 
(1949] fueZy pkSèkjh)] ^fcIyoh •qnhjke* (1951] fgj.e; 
lsu)] vkSj ^fc;kyh'k* (1951] gsesu xqIr) ,slh oqQN fiQYesa Fkha 
ftlesa vc rd et+cwjh esa nck, x, fi+QYedkjksa osQ vkØks'k dh 
vfHkO;fDr FkhA 
buesa ls ^Hkwyh ubZ* 1905 esa ykWMZdt+Zu }kjk fd, x, 
caxky&foHkktu ij vkèkkfjr Fkh] tcfd ,d vè;kid Øk¡frdkjh 
lw;Zlsu (ftUgsa I;kj ls ^ekLVj nk* cksyk tkrk gS) osQ usr`Ro 
esa 1930 esa fczfV'k ljdkj osQ pVxk¡o 'kÐkxkj ls gfFk;kj 
Nhuus osQ vliQy ç;kl dh xkFkk FkhA 
^fcIyoh •qnhjke* esa 30 vçSy 1908 
dks eqtÝiQjiqj ce dkaM osQ flyflys esa 
iQk¡lh ij p<+k fn, x, vR;ar yksdfç; 
caxkyh Økfrdkjh fd'kksj •qnhjkecksl 
dh xkFkk fpf=kr dh xbZ FkhA fc;kyh'k 
fiQYe esa 1942 osQ ^Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu* 
osQ nkSj dh cspSuh dk fp=k.k FkkA blesa 
cM+s dk#f.kd rjhosQ ls fn•k;k x;k 
Fkk fd oSQls fujaoqQ'k fczfV'k lÙkk osQ 
vèkhu dke dj jgs ,d Hkkjrh; iqfyl 
vfèkdkjh us lkFkh Hkkjrh; Lokèkhurk 
lsukfu;ksa dh jkԻoknh Hkkoukvksa osQ lkFk 
nxk fd;kA fiQYe Hkkjr dh vkt+knh osQ 
lkFk lekIr gksrh gS vkSj jk‘ªh; Øk¡fr osQ 
lkFk nx+kckt+h djus okyksa dh igpku 
djus dk vkàku djrh gSA caxky osQ 
vxz.kh U;wfFk,VlZ LVwfMvks us lkekftd 
tkx#drk osQ lkFk&lkFk jktuhfrd lans'k Hkh nsus okyh fiQYesa 
cukb±A 1950 esa U;wfFk,VlZ ls fceyjkW; dh fiQYe ^igyk vkneh* 
vkbZA jk‘ªh; Lrj ij n'kZdksa dks è;ku esa j•rs gq,] bl fgUnh 
fiQYe esa usrkth lqHkk"k pUæ cksl vkSj mudh vkt+kn fgUn iQkSt 
dh ohjrk dks fpf=kr fd;k x;kA 
;g le>uk t+:jh gS fd ^vèkZjkf=k dks vkbZ vkt+knh* dk 
tSlk Lokxr cacbZ vkSj eækl (vc Øe'k% eqacbZ vkSj psÂbZ) 
osQ fiQYe&leqnk; }kjk fd;k x;k] oSlk Lokxr dydÙkk (vc 
dksydkrk) esa ugha gqvkA ogk¡ ;g vke Hkkouk jgh fd Lora=krk 
osQ lkFk caxky dk foHkktu Hkh feyk ftlls jkԻh; la?k"kZ dk 
vkn'kZokn ean i<+ x;kA nqHkkZX; ls] bl Hkkouk dks O;Dr djrh 
oqQN fiQYeksa dks lsalj cksMZ dh ukjkth >syuh iM+h ftls yxk 
fd vusd ubZ dfBukb;k¡ >sy jgs uo&Lora=k ns'k esa ,slh fiQYesa 
fdlh tu vkanksyu dks tUe ns ldrh gSaA usfe ?kks"k dh fNÂewy 
(1950) vkSj ckn esa ½fRod ?kVd dh fiQYeksa esa foHkktu dh 
=kklnh O;Dr gqbZA ckn esa leh{kdksa dh ljkguk ikus okyh ;s fiQYesa 
O;kolkf;d :i ls T;knk liQy ugha gqb± D;ksafd 'kk;n n'kZdksa dh 
bPNk ,slh fiQYesa ns•us dh ugha FkhA igys 1942&43 osQ vdky 
osQ nkSjku xk¡oksa ls vk, vkSj fiQj foHkktu osQ ckn iwohZ caxky 
(vkt dk ckaXykns'k) ls vk, çokfl;ksa ls dydÙkk Hkj x;k FkkA 
muosQ lhus esa viuksa ls fcNksg osQ ?kko Fks vkSj lkeus ,d u, 
vkSj oqQN gn rd vlaosnu'khy lekt ls tqM+us dh =kklnh FkhA 
;g tu&lewg ,d ubZ igpku ekax jgk Fkk vkSj blhfy,] bl nkSj 
esa mÙke oqQekj vkSj lqfp=kk lsu dh xzkeh.k&'kgjh tksM+h flusek 
osQ inZs ij Nk xbZA lkFk gh] vusd dkWesMh fiQYesa yksdfç; gqb± 
D;ksafd jkst+ejkZ osQ d‘ksa vkSj foyki osQ ckn] yksxksa dks g¡lh&•q'kh 
osQ ejge dh t+:jr FkhA 
caxkyh yksx Hkkjr osQ Lokèkhurk laxzke esa ges'kk vxz.kh jgsA 
;g fu'p; gh nqHkkZX;iw.kZ jgk fd ckaXyk flusek] dF; vkSj la[;k 
esa] bl laxzke dh vfHkO;fDr esa ihNs jgkA                n
;kstuk] vxLr 2022 21
ys•d lsokfuo`Ùk vkbZ,,l vkSj iwoZ jkT; pquko vk;qDr gSaA bZesy% drsushil.trivedi@gmail.com
Hkwedky vkanksyu ds egkuk;d vej 'kghn xqaMk/qj
eè; Hkkjr esa Lora=krk laxzke
MkW lq'khy f=kosnh
ra=krk vkanksyu ds bfrgkl dh tc ppkZ gksrh gS 
rc 1857 ds izFke Lora=krk laxzke ds ckn ls 
mldk fooj.k fn;k tkrk gSA mYys[kuh; ckr ;g 
gS fd gekjs bfrgkl ys[ku esa Lora=krk vkanksyu esa dqN izns'kksa 
vkSj oxks± dk mYys[k ckj&ckj vkrk gS fdUrq vkfnoklh {ks=kksa vkSj 
vkfnokfl;ksa ds ;ksxnku dks izk;% vuns[kk dj fn;k tkrk gSA ;g 
vkSj Hkh egRoiw.kZ fcUnq gS fd 1857 ds igys Hkkjr esa v¡xzst+ksa 
ds fo#¼ vkfnokfl;ksa us ckj&ckj fonzksg fd, Fks vkSj ftuds 
iQyLo:i vkfnoklh {ks=kksa esa v¡xzst+ksa dks viuh lÙkk LFkkfir 
djus esa cgqr la?k"kZ djuk iM+kA ,sls fonzksgksa dk rks lanHkZ Hkh 
vklkuh ls ugha feyrk gSA ;|fi iwjs ns'k Hkj esa 1857 ds igys 
vkSj mlds ckn gq, Lora=krk vkanksyu esa vkfnokfl;ksa dk ;ksxnku  
egRoiw.kZ Fkk rFkkfi ge ;gk¡ Hkkjr ds eè; Hkkx esa NÙkhlx<+ esa 
gh gq, ,sls vkanksyuksa dh ppkZ dj jgs gSaA 
1857 ds igys vkB vkfnoklh fonzksg
lu~ 1757 esa Iyklh ds ;q¼ dks thrus ds ckn vkSj 1765 
esa caxky] fcgkj vkSj vksfM'kk dh nhokuh gkfly djus ds ckn 
bZLV bafM;k daiuh us NÙkhlx<+ dks vius dCts esa djus ds 
iz;kl 'kq: fd, FksA NÙkhlx<+ ds eè; Hkkx ds vfèkdka'k {ks=k 
ij ukxiqj ds ejkBk 'kkldksa dk vfèkdkj Fkk vkSj 'ks"k {ks=kksa esa 
vyx&vyx nslh fj;klrsa FkhaA v¡xzst+ksa dks igyh liQyrk lu~ 
1800 esa feyh tc jk;x<+ ds jktk us daiuh ljdkj ds lkFk ,d 
lafèk dj jk;x<+ dks daiuh ljdkj dk fgLlk cuk;kA ukxiqj esa 
ejkBk 'kkldksa ds lkFk 1818 esa gq, ;q¼ esa ijkt; ds ckn ejkBk 
Lo
Hkkjr dk Lora=krk vkanksyu ,d ,slk tu vkanksyu Fkk tks tSls&tSls c<+rk x;k oSls&oSls mldh 
'kfDr c<+rh xbZ FkhA ;g vkanksyu izns'kksa vkSj oxks± ds HksnHkko ls Åij mBdj iwjs ns'k dh turk 
dh la;qDr bPNk 'kfDr dh vfHkO;fDr cu x;k FkkA 1857 ds igys Hkkjr esa v¡xzst+ksa ds fo#¼ 
vkfnokfl;ksa us ckj&ckj fonzksg fd, Fks vkSj ftuds iQyLo:i vkfnoklh {ks=kksa esa v¡xzst+ksa dks 
viuh lÙkk LFkkfir djus esa cgqr la?k"kZ djuk iM+kA ,sls fonzksgksa dk rks lanHkZ Hkh vklkuh ls 
ugha feyrk gSA ;|fi iwjs ns'k Hkj esa 1857 ds igys vkSj mlds ckn gq, Lora=krk vkanksyu esa 
vkfnokfl;ksa dk ;ksxnku egRoiw.kZ FkkA
jkT; ij v¡xzst+ksa dk dCtk gks x;k vkSj blds lkFk gh NÙkhlx<+ 
ds eè; {ks=k ij v¡xzst+ 'kklu djus yxsA cgjgky] NÙkhlx<+ ds 
nf{k.k esa cLrj rFkk mÙkj esa ljxqtk {ks=kksa esa vkfnokfl;ksa us vius 
vkfnoklh fonzksg