Yojana Magazine July 2024 - 1 (Hindi) | Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly - UPSC PDF Download

 Page 1


tqykbZ 2024 
ISSN-0971-8397
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Page 2


tqykbZ 2024 
ISSN-0971-8397
????? ??????????
3 ????? 2024
;kstuk fganh] vlfe;k] ckaXyk] vaxzst+h] xqt+jkrh] dUuM+] ey;kye] rfey] rsyqxq] ejkBh] vksfM+;k] iatkch 
rFkk mnwZ esa ,d lkFk izdkf'krA
o"kZ  %  68
vad %  07
tqykbZ 2024
vk"kk<+&Jko.k] 'kd laor~ 1946
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i`"B %  56
izdk'ku foHkkx osQ ns'kHkj esa fLFkr foØ; osQUnzksa dh lwph osQ fy, ns[ksa i`-la- 24
ISSN-0971-8397
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iz/ku laiknd 
oqQyJs"B dey
laiknd 
MkW eerk jkuh
la;qDr funs'kd (mRiknu) 
Mh osQ lh ân;ukFk
vkoj.k % fcUnq oekZ
laikndh; dk;kZy;
648] lwpuk Hkou] lhthvks ifjlj]
yksnh jksM] ubZ fnYyh&110003 
bZesy% yojanahindi@gmail.com
;kstuk dk y{; ns'k osQ vkfFkZd fodkl ls 
lEcfU/r eqíksa dk ljdkjh uhfr;ksa osQ O;kid 
lanHkZ esa xgjkbZ ls fo'ys"k.k dj bu ij foe'kZ osQ 
fy, ,d thoar eap miyCèk djkuk gSA
;kstuk esa izdkf'kr ys[kksa esa O;Dr fopkj ys[kdksa 
osQ O;fDrxr gSaA t+:jh ugha fd ;s ys[kd Hkkjr 
ljdkj osQ ftu ea=kky;ksa] foHkkxksa vFkok laxBuksa 
ls lac¼ gSa] mudk Hkh ;gh n`f"Vdks.k gksA 
;kstuk esa izdkf'kr foKkiuksa dh fo"k;oLrq osQ 
fy, ;kstuk mÙkjnk;h ugha gSaA
;kstuk esa izdkf'kr vkys[kksa esa iz;qDr ekufp=k o 
izrhd vkf/dkfjd ugha gS] cfYd lkaosQfrd gSaA ;s 
ekufp=k ;k izrhd fdlh Hkh ns'k dk vkfèkdkfjd 
izfrfuf/Ro ugha djrs gSaA
;kstuk ys[kdksa }kjk vkys[kksa osQ lkFk vius 
fo'oluh; lzksrksa ls ,d=k dj miyC/ djk, 
x, vkadM+ksa@rkfydkvksa@bUiQksxzkfiQDl osQ lEcUèk 
esa mÙkjnk;h ugha gSA ;kstuk fdlh Hkh ys[k esa osQl 
LVMh osQ :i esa izLrqr fdlh Hkh czkaM ;k futh 
laLFkkvksa dk leFkZu ;k izpkj ugha djrh gSA
;kstuk ?kj eaxkus] 'kqYd esa NwV osQ lkFk njksa o Iyku 
dh foLr`r tkudkjh osQ fy, i`"B&50 ij ns[ksaA
;kstuk dh lnL;rk 'kqYd tek djus osQ ckn 
if=kdk izkIr gksus esa de ls de 8 lIrkg dk 
le; yxrk gSA bl vof/ osQ lekIr gksus osQ ckn 
gh ;kstuk izkIr u gksus dh f'kdk;r djsaA
;kstuk u feyus dh f'kdk;r ;k iqjkus vad eaxkus 
osQ fy, uhps fn, x, bZ&esy ij fy[ksa & 
pdjucir@gmail.com
;k laidZ djsa& 
nwjHkk"k % 011&24367453
(lkseokj ls 'kqØokj lHkh dk;Z fnol ij  
izkr% 9%30 cts ls 'kke 6%00 cts rd)
;kstuk dh lnL;rk dh tkudkjh ysus rFkk 
foKkiu Niokus osQ fy, laidZ djsaµ
vfHk"ksd prqosZnh] laiknd] if=kdk ,dka'k
çdk'ku foHkkx] dejk la- 779] lkroka ry]
lwpuk Hkou] lhthvks ifjlj] yksnh jksM]  
u;h fnYyh&110003
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www.publicationsdivision.nic.in @DPD_India I @YojanaJournal @publicationsdivision @dpd_india
Page 3


tqykbZ 2024 
ISSN-0971-8397
????? ??????????
3 ????? 2024
;kstuk fganh] vlfe;k] ckaXyk] vaxzst+h] xqt+jkrh] dUuM+] ey;kye] rfey] rsyqxq] ejkBh] vksfM+;k] iatkch 
rFkk mnwZ esa ,d lkFk izdkf'krA
o"kZ  %  68
vad %  07
tqykbZ 2024
vk"kk<+&Jko.k] 'kd laor~ 1946
?? ??? ???...
i`"B %  56
izdk'ku foHkkx osQ ns'kHkj esa fLFkr foØ; osQUnzksa dh lwph osQ fy, ns[ksa i`-la- 24
ISSN-0971-8397
??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? 
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iz/ku laiknd 
oqQyJs"B dey
laiknd 
MkW eerk jkuh
la;qDr funs'kd (mRiknu) 
Mh osQ lh ân;ukFk
vkoj.k % fcUnq oekZ
laikndh; dk;kZy;
648] lwpuk Hkou] lhthvks ifjlj]
yksnh jksM] ubZ fnYyh&110003 
bZesy% yojanahindi@gmail.com
;kstuk dk y{; ns'k osQ vkfFkZd fodkl ls 
lEcfU/r eqíksa dk ljdkjh uhfr;ksa osQ O;kid 
lanHkZ esa xgjkbZ ls fo'ys"k.k dj bu ij foe'kZ osQ 
fy, ,d thoar eap miyCèk djkuk gSA
;kstuk esa izdkf'kr ys[kksa esa O;Dr fopkj ys[kdksa 
osQ O;fDrxr gSaA t+:jh ugha fd ;s ys[kd Hkkjr 
ljdkj osQ ftu ea=kky;ksa] foHkkxksa vFkok laxBuksa 
ls lac¼ gSa] mudk Hkh ;gh n`f"Vdks.k gksA 
;kstuk esa izdkf'kr foKkiuksa dh fo"k;oLrq osQ 
fy, ;kstuk mÙkjnk;h ugha gSaA
;kstuk esa izdkf'kr vkys[kksa esa iz;qDr ekufp=k o 
izrhd vkf/dkfjd ugha gS] cfYd lkaosQfrd gSaA ;s 
ekufp=k ;k izrhd fdlh Hkh ns'k dk vkfèkdkfjd 
izfrfuf/Ro ugha djrs gSaA
;kstuk ys[kdksa }kjk vkys[kksa osQ lkFk vius 
fo'oluh; lzksrksa ls ,d=k dj miyC/ djk, 
x, vkadM+ksa@rkfydkvksa@bUiQksxzkfiQDl osQ lEcUèk 
esa mÙkjnk;h ugha gSA ;kstuk fdlh Hkh ys[k esa osQl 
LVMh osQ :i esa izLrqr fdlh Hkh czkaM ;k futh 
laLFkkvksa dk leFkZu ;k izpkj ugha djrh gSA
;kstuk ?kj eaxkus] 'kqYd esa NwV osQ lkFk njksa o Iyku 
dh foLr`r tkudkjh osQ fy, i`"B&50 ij ns[ksaA
;kstuk dh lnL;rk 'kqYd tek djus osQ ckn 
if=kdk izkIr gksus esa de ls de 8 lIrkg dk 
le; yxrk gSA bl vof/ osQ lekIr gksus osQ ckn 
gh ;kstuk izkIr u gksus dh f'kdk;r djsaA
;kstuk u feyus dh f'kdk;r ;k iqjkus vad eaxkus 
osQ fy, uhps fn, x, bZ&esy ij fy[ksa & 
pdjucir@gmail.com
;k laidZ djsa& 
nwjHkk"k % 011&24367453
(lkseokj ls 'kqØokj lHkh dk;Z fnol ij  
izkr% 9%30 cts ls 'kke 6%00 cts rd)
;kstuk dh lnL;rk dh tkudkjh ysus rFkk 
foKkiu Niokus osQ fy, laidZ djsaµ
vfHk"ksd prqosZnh] laiknd] if=kdk ,dka'k
çdk'ku foHkkx] dejk la- 779] lkroka ry]
lwpuk Hkou] lhthvks ifjlj] yksnh jksM]  
u;h fnYyh&110003
13
21
7
26
32
37
41
43
51
53
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????? 2024 ??? ?????? ??  
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www.publicationsdivision.nic.in @DPD_India I @YojanaJournal @publicationsdivision @dpd_india
5 ????? 2024
[kk| çlaLdj.k {ks=k % vikj laHkkouk,a
e`¼ Ñf"k ijaijk vkSj fofoèk tyok;q osQ dkj.k Hkkjr esa •k| çlaLdj.k osQ {ks=k esa foiqy laHkkouk,a gSaA ;g {ks=k u osQoy 
ns'k dh vkfFkZd o`f¼ dh cqfu;kn gS cfYd •k| lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djus] viO;; ?kVkus vkSj fdlkuksa dh vk; esa o`f¼ 
vkSj jkst+xkj osQ volj miyCèk djokus osQ fy, Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSA vxys 25 o"kks± esa fodflr jk‘ª dk ntkZ gkfly djus osQ fy, 
;g {ks=k Hkkjr osQ çkFkfed Ñf"k {ks=k esa mRikndrk vkSj ykHkçnrk esa o`f¼ ykus osQ lkFk&lkFk fLFkjrk vkSj yphykiu lqfuf'pr 
djus esa egRoiw.kZ gksxkA 
Hkkjr nwèk] nkyksa vkSj twV dk fo'o dk lcls cM+k mRiknd ns'k gS vkSj pkoy] xsgwa] xÂk] ewaxiQyh] lfCt;ka] iQy vkSj 
dikl tSlh vko';d iQlyksa osQ mRiknu esa bldk fo'o esa nwljk LFkku gSA •k| çlaLdj.k çfØ;k esa dPps Ñf"k mRiknksa dks 
miHkksx ;ksX; •k| inkFkks± esa cnyuk] ewY; oèkZu vkSj 'ksYiQ ykbiQ c<+kuk 'kkfey gSA bl {ks=k dh {kerk dks le>rs gq, ljdkj 
us •k| çlaLdj.k m|ksxksa dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, dbZ igy 'kq: dh gSaA lcls çeq• vkSj egRoiw.kZ ;kstuk& çèkkuea=kh fdlku 
laink ;kstuk (ih,eosQ,lokbZ) dk mís'; •sr ls ysdj •qnjk nqdku rd oqQ'ky vkiwfrZ  Ük`a•yk çcaèku osQ lkFk vkèkqfud 
cqfu;knh <k¡ps dk fuekZ.k djuk gSA blesa esxk iwQM ikdZ] dksYM psu vkSj laj{k.k volajpuk 'kkfey gSaA esxk iwQM ikdZ fdlkuksa] 
çlaLdj.kdrkZvksa vkSj •qnjk foØsrkvksa dks ,d lkFk ykdj Ñf"k mRiknu dks ckt+kj ls tksM+us osQ fy, ,d ra=k çnku djrs gSaA 
oqQN vU; ;kstukvksa esa çèkkuea=kh lw{e •k| m|ksx mUu;u (ih,e,iQ,ebZ) ;kstuk] •k| çlaLdj.k m|ksx esa mRiknu ls tqM+h 
izksMD'ku fyaDM balsafVo (ih,yvkbZ) ;kstuk (ih,yvkbZ,l,iQihvkbZ) vkSj ,d ftyk ,d mRikn (vksMhvksih) 'kkfey gSaA 
ljdkj çfØ;kvksa dks ljy cukdj vkSj ifj;kstukvksa osQ fy, ,dy&f•M+dh eatwjh çnku djosQ •k| çlaLdj.k {ks=k esa O;kikj 
djus esa vklkuh esa lqèkkj ykus ij fujarj dne mBk jgh gSA •k| çlaLdj.k m|ksx esa dkexkjksa osQ fLdy lsV dks csgrj cukus 
osQ fy, Hkh igy dh tk jgh gSa m|ferk dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, gky gh esa ,d LVkVZvi iQksje ^lqiQyke* dk vk;kstu Hkh 
fd;k x;k ftlesa LVkVZvIl ls fdlkuksa osQ lkFk lg;ksx djus vkSj miHkksDrk&vuqowQy fdiQk;rh vkSj ikSf‘d mRiknksa osQ {ks=k esa 
lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkus dk vkxzg fd;k x;kA 
viuh igyksa osQ ekè;e ls jk‘ªh; Ñf"k lgdkjh foi.ku la?k (usisQM) us Ñf"k vk; dks fLFkj djus vkSj NksVs fdlkuksa osQ fy, 
foi.ku voljksa dks c<+kus esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;kA foÙkh; laLFkku& jk‘ªh; Ñf"k vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl cSad (ukckMZ) vko';d 
foÙkh; lgk;rk vkSj fodklkRed lg;ksx çnku djosQ bu ç;klksa esa lkFkZd ;ksxnku djrk gSA ½.k lqfoèkkvksa vkSj volajpuk 
fodkl igyksa dk ykHk mBkrs gq, ukckMZ us fVdkÅ Ñf"k ç.kkfy;ksa dks c<+kok nsus vkSj xzkeh.k vkthfodk dks c<+kok nsus esa  
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA 
LokLF; osQ çfr miHkksDrkvksa esa c<+rh tkx:drk osQ dkj.k lqjf{kr vkSj ikSf‘d çlaLÑr vkSj iSosQTM •k| inkFkks± dh ekax 
c<+ jgh gSA •k| çlaLdj.k esa iSosQV ij csgrj LokLF; ekdZj yxkuk Hkh 'kkfey gksrk gSA ;g gekjs nSfud thou esa egRoiw.kZ gks 
x;k gS D;ksafd ,sls •k| iSosQV ij gekjh fuHkZjrk c<+ jgh gSA fofHk •k|kÂksa vkSj eksVs vukt tSls Tokj&cktjk dh yksdfç;rk dk 
ykHk mBkus dh Hkh vko';drk gS tks viuh ikSf‘drk vkSj fofHk tyok;q ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ vuqowQy <y tkus dh •wch osQ dkj.k 
rsth ls çpfyr gksrs tk jgs gSaA 
fo'o esa LokLF; osQ çfr tkx:drk osQ çfr c<+rs #>ku osQ pyrs ukfj;y tSlh ikjaifjd lkexzh us u, fljs ls yksxksa dk è;ku 
vkdf"kZr fd;k gSA Hkkjr ukfj;y fodkl cksMZ viuh igy osQ ekè;e ls lewph ukfj;y ewY;  Ük`a•yk esa rduhdh mÂfr vkSj ewY; 
laoèkZu ij tksj nsrk gS] m|e'khyrk dks c<+kok nsrk gS vkSj mRikn dh xq.koÙkk dks c<+krk gSA oftZu ukfj;y rsy (ohlhvks) tks 
viuh 'kq¼rk vkSj fpfdRlh; ykHkksa osQ fy, tkuk tkrk gS ukfj;y osQ ikjaifjd lkekU; •k| inkFkZ ls ,d oSf'od LokLF;oèkZd 
mRikn esa yksdfiz; cu jgk gSA 
;kstuk dk ;g vad Hkkjr osQ •k| çlaLdj.k {ks=k ij O;kid :i ls çdk'k Mkyrk gS vkSj ns'k osQ vkfFkZd ifjn`'; esa bldh 
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dks mtkxj djrk gSA bl vad esa uokpkj] fLFkjrk vkSj ckt+kj ,dhdj.k ls tqM+s ys• Hkkjr dks mPp vkfFkZd 
fodkl vkSj c<+rh gqbZ oSf'od çfrLièkkZ dh vksj vxzlj djus esa •k| çlaLdj.k m|ksx dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dh tkudkjh nsrs gSaA ?
laikndh;
l
Page 4


tqykbZ 2024 
ISSN-0971-8397
????? ??????????
3 ????? 2024
;kstuk fganh] vlfe;k] ckaXyk] vaxzst+h] xqt+jkrh] dUuM+] ey;kye] rfey] rsyqxq] ejkBh] vksfM+;k] iatkch 
rFkk mnwZ esa ,d lkFk izdkf'krA
o"kZ  %  68
vad %  07
tqykbZ 2024
vk"kk<+&Jko.k] 'kd laor~ 1946
?? ??? ???...
i`"B %  56
izdk'ku foHkkx osQ ns'kHkj esa fLFkr foØ; osQUnzksa dh lwph osQ fy, ns[ksa i`-la- 24
ISSN-0971-8397
??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? 
????? ?????????? ??? ?????? 
???? ??? ??
???? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? 
??? ?????? ?? ????????  
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?????? ?? ??????? ????????????????? 
?? ??? ????
?????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ????? 
????? ???? ??
iz/ku laiknd 
oqQyJs"B dey
laiknd 
MkW eerk jkuh
la;qDr funs'kd (mRiknu) 
Mh osQ lh ân;ukFk
vkoj.k % fcUnq oekZ
laikndh; dk;kZy;
648] lwpuk Hkou] lhthvks ifjlj]
yksnh jksM] ubZ fnYyh&110003 
bZesy% yojanahindi@gmail.com
;kstuk dk y{; ns'k osQ vkfFkZd fodkl ls 
lEcfU/r eqíksa dk ljdkjh uhfr;ksa osQ O;kid 
lanHkZ esa xgjkbZ ls fo'ys"k.k dj bu ij foe'kZ osQ 
fy, ,d thoar eap miyCèk djkuk gSA
;kstuk esa izdkf'kr ys[kksa esa O;Dr fopkj ys[kdksa 
osQ O;fDrxr gSaA t+:jh ugha fd ;s ys[kd Hkkjr 
ljdkj osQ ftu ea=kky;ksa] foHkkxksa vFkok laxBuksa 
ls lac¼ gSa] mudk Hkh ;gh n`f"Vdks.k gksA 
;kstuk esa izdkf'kr foKkiuksa dh fo"k;oLrq osQ 
fy, ;kstuk mÙkjnk;h ugha gSaA
;kstuk esa izdkf'kr vkys[kksa esa iz;qDr ekufp=k o 
izrhd vkf/dkfjd ugha gS] cfYd lkaosQfrd gSaA ;s 
ekufp=k ;k izrhd fdlh Hkh ns'k dk vkfèkdkfjd 
izfrfuf/Ro ugha djrs gSaA
;kstuk ys[kdksa }kjk vkys[kksa osQ lkFk vius 
fo'oluh; lzksrksa ls ,d=k dj miyC/ djk, 
x, vkadM+ksa@rkfydkvksa@bUiQksxzkfiQDl osQ lEcUèk 
esa mÙkjnk;h ugha gSA ;kstuk fdlh Hkh ys[k esa osQl 
LVMh osQ :i esa izLrqr fdlh Hkh czkaM ;k futh 
laLFkkvksa dk leFkZu ;k izpkj ugha djrh gSA
;kstuk ?kj eaxkus] 'kqYd esa NwV osQ lkFk njksa o Iyku 
dh foLr`r tkudkjh osQ fy, i`"B&50 ij ns[ksaA
;kstuk dh lnL;rk 'kqYd tek djus osQ ckn 
if=kdk izkIr gksus esa de ls de 8 lIrkg dk 
le; yxrk gSA bl vof/ osQ lekIr gksus osQ ckn 
gh ;kstuk izkIr u gksus dh f'kdk;r djsaA
;kstuk u feyus dh f'kdk;r ;k iqjkus vad eaxkus 
osQ fy, uhps fn, x, bZ&esy ij fy[ksa & 
pdjucir@gmail.com
;k laidZ djsa& 
nwjHkk"k % 011&24367453
(lkseokj ls 'kqØokj lHkh dk;Z fnol ij  
izkr% 9%30 cts ls 'kke 6%00 cts rd)
;kstuk dh lnL;rk dh tkudkjh ysus rFkk 
foKkiu Niokus osQ fy, laidZ djsaµ
vfHk"ksd prqosZnh] laiknd] if=kdk ,dka'k
çdk'ku foHkkx] dejk la- 779] lkroka ry]
lwpuk Hkou] lhthvks ifjlj] yksnh jksM]  
u;h fnYyh&110003
13
21
7
26
32
37
41
43
51
53
????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???  
?????? ?????? ????????? ?????
????? 2024 ??? ?????? ??  
????? ?? ???? ????
???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? 
?????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? 
???? ????
????? ?????????? ??????? ???  
????????? ?? ???? 
?????? ??????
?????? ????? 
??????? ??? ??? ??  
???????? ??? ? ??? ??????
www.publicationsdivision.nic.in @DPD_India I @YojanaJournal @publicationsdivision @dpd_india
5 ????? 2024
[kk| çlaLdj.k {ks=k % vikj laHkkouk,a
e`¼ Ñf"k ijaijk vkSj fofoèk tyok;q osQ dkj.k Hkkjr esa •k| çlaLdj.k osQ {ks=k esa foiqy laHkkouk,a gSaA ;g {ks=k u osQoy 
ns'k dh vkfFkZd o`f¼ dh cqfu;kn gS cfYd •k| lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djus] viO;; ?kVkus vkSj fdlkuksa dh vk; esa o`f¼ 
vkSj jkst+xkj osQ volj miyCèk djokus osQ fy, Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSA vxys 25 o"kks± esa fodflr jk‘ª dk ntkZ gkfly djus osQ fy, 
;g {ks=k Hkkjr osQ çkFkfed Ñf"k {ks=k esa mRikndrk vkSj ykHkçnrk esa o`f¼ ykus osQ lkFk&lkFk fLFkjrk vkSj yphykiu lqfuf'pr 
djus esa egRoiw.kZ gksxkA 
Hkkjr nwèk] nkyksa vkSj twV dk fo'o dk lcls cM+k mRiknd ns'k gS vkSj pkoy] xsgwa] xÂk] ewaxiQyh] lfCt;ka] iQy vkSj 
dikl tSlh vko';d iQlyksa osQ mRiknu esa bldk fo'o esa nwljk LFkku gSA •k| çlaLdj.k çfØ;k esa dPps Ñf"k mRiknksa dks 
miHkksx ;ksX; •k| inkFkks± esa cnyuk] ewY; oèkZu vkSj 'ksYiQ ykbiQ c<+kuk 'kkfey gSA bl {ks=k dh {kerk dks le>rs gq, ljdkj 
us •k| çlaLdj.k m|ksxksa dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, dbZ igy 'kq: dh gSaA lcls çeq• vkSj egRoiw.kZ ;kstuk& çèkkuea=kh fdlku 
laink ;kstuk (ih,eosQ,lokbZ) dk mís'; •sr ls ysdj •qnjk nqdku rd oqQ'ky vkiwfrZ  Ük`a•yk çcaèku osQ lkFk vkèkqfud 
cqfu;knh <k¡ps dk fuekZ.k djuk gSA blesa esxk iwQM ikdZ] dksYM psu vkSj laj{k.k volajpuk 'kkfey gSaA esxk iwQM ikdZ fdlkuksa] 
çlaLdj.kdrkZvksa vkSj •qnjk foØsrkvksa dks ,d lkFk ykdj Ñf"k mRiknu dks ckt+kj ls tksM+us osQ fy, ,d ra=k çnku djrs gSaA 
oqQN vU; ;kstukvksa esa çèkkuea=kh lw{e •k| m|ksx mUu;u (ih,e,iQ,ebZ) ;kstuk] •k| çlaLdj.k m|ksx esa mRiknu ls tqM+h 
izksMD'ku fyaDM balsafVo (ih,yvkbZ) ;kstuk (ih,yvkbZ,l,iQihvkbZ) vkSj ,d ftyk ,d mRikn (vksMhvksih) 'kkfey gSaA 
ljdkj çfØ;kvksa dks ljy cukdj vkSj ifj;kstukvksa osQ fy, ,dy&f•M+dh eatwjh çnku djosQ •k| çlaLdj.k {ks=k esa O;kikj 
djus esa vklkuh esa lqèkkj ykus ij fujarj dne mBk jgh gSA •k| çlaLdj.k m|ksx esa dkexkjksa osQ fLdy lsV dks csgrj cukus 
osQ fy, Hkh igy dh tk jgh gSa m|ferk dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, gky gh esa ,d LVkVZvi iQksje ^lqiQyke* dk vk;kstu Hkh 
fd;k x;k ftlesa LVkVZvIl ls fdlkuksa osQ lkFk lg;ksx djus vkSj miHkksDrk&vuqowQy fdiQk;rh vkSj ikSf‘d mRiknksa osQ {ks=k esa 
lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkus dk vkxzg fd;k x;kA 
viuh igyksa osQ ekè;e ls jk‘ªh; Ñf"k lgdkjh foi.ku la?k (usisQM) us Ñf"k vk; dks fLFkj djus vkSj NksVs fdlkuksa osQ fy, 
foi.ku voljksa dks c<+kus esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;kA foÙkh; laLFkku& jk‘ªh; Ñf"k vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl cSad (ukckMZ) vko';d 
foÙkh; lgk;rk vkSj fodklkRed lg;ksx çnku djosQ bu ç;klksa esa lkFkZd ;ksxnku djrk gSA ½.k lqfoèkkvksa vkSj volajpuk 
fodkl igyksa dk ykHk mBkrs gq, ukckMZ us fVdkÅ Ñf"k ç.kkfy;ksa dks c<+kok nsus vkSj xzkeh.k vkthfodk dks c<+kok nsus esa  
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA 
LokLF; osQ çfr miHkksDrkvksa esa c<+rh tkx:drk osQ dkj.k lqjf{kr vkSj ikSf‘d çlaLÑr vkSj iSosQTM •k| inkFkks± dh ekax 
c<+ jgh gSA •k| çlaLdj.k esa iSosQV ij csgrj LokLF; ekdZj yxkuk Hkh 'kkfey gksrk gSA ;g gekjs nSfud thou esa egRoiw.kZ gks 
x;k gS D;ksafd ,sls •k| iSosQV ij gekjh fuHkZjrk c<+ jgh gSA fofHk •k|kÂksa vkSj eksVs vukt tSls Tokj&cktjk dh yksdfç;rk dk 
ykHk mBkus dh Hkh vko';drk gS tks viuh ikSf‘drk vkSj fofHk tyok;q ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ vuqowQy <y tkus dh •wch osQ dkj.k 
rsth ls çpfyr gksrs tk jgs gSaA 
fo'o esa LokLF; osQ çfr tkx:drk osQ çfr c<+rs #>ku osQ pyrs ukfj;y tSlh ikjaifjd lkexzh us u, fljs ls yksxksa dk è;ku 
vkdf"kZr fd;k gSA Hkkjr ukfj;y fodkl cksMZ viuh igy osQ ekè;e ls lewph ukfj;y ewY;  Ük`a•yk esa rduhdh mÂfr vkSj ewY; 
laoèkZu ij tksj nsrk gS] m|e'khyrk dks c<+kok nsrk gS vkSj mRikn dh xq.koÙkk dks c<+krk gSA oftZu ukfj;y rsy (ohlhvks) tks 
viuh 'kq¼rk vkSj fpfdRlh; ykHkksa osQ fy, tkuk tkrk gS ukfj;y osQ ikjaifjd lkekU; •k| inkFkZ ls ,d oSf'od LokLF;oèkZd 
mRikn esa yksdfiz; cu jgk gSA 
;kstuk dk ;g vad Hkkjr osQ •k| çlaLdj.k {ks=k ij O;kid :i ls çdk'k Mkyrk gS vkSj ns'k osQ vkfFkZd ifjn`'; esa bldh 
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dks mtkxj djrk gSA bl vad esa uokpkj] fLFkjrk vkSj ckt+kj ,dhdj.k ls tqM+s ys• Hkkjr dks mPp vkfFkZd 
fodkl vkSj c<+rh gqbZ oSf'od çfrLièkkZ dh vksj vxzlj djus esa •k| çlaLdj.k m|ksx dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dh tkudkjh nsrs gSaA ?
laikndh;
l
7 ????? 2024
fjr Økafr dh cnkSyr] fiNys ikap n'kdksa (1970 
ls 2020 osQ n'kd) esa] Hkkjr •k| mRiknu osQ 
ekeys esa deh dh fLFkfr ls vfèk'ks"k dh fLFkfr 
esa vk x;k gSA Hkkjr esa Ñf"k mRiknu esa yxkrkj o`f¼ ntZ dh 
xbZ gSA oSf'od Ñf"k esa nkyksa vkSj nwèk esa ;g igys LFkku ij 
gS vkSj lfCt;ksa] iQyksa] xsgwa vkSj pkoy esa nwljs LFkku ij gS 
rFkk vukt] vaMs esa rhljs LFkku ij gSA dPps eky osQ mRiknu 
vkSj vkiwfrZ esa o`f¼ osQ lkFk] gky osQ o"kks± esa Hkkjr dk •k| 
çlaLdj.k {ks=k viuh mPp o`f¼ osQ fy, tkuk tkrk gSA bl 
çdkj gj lky fo'o •k| ekax esa bldk ;ksxnku c<+ jgk gSA 
orZeku esa] Hkkjr vius Ñf"k mRiknu dk 10 izfr'kr ls Hkh 
de çlaLdj.k dj jgk gSA vr% çlaLdj.k Lrj c<+kus osQ fy, 
O;kid volj çLrqr dj jgk gS vkSj bl {ks=k esa O;kid fuos'k 
{kerk dks Hkh c<+k jgk gSA Hkkjr esa yxHkx 70 izfr'kr ifjokj 
vHkh Hkh viuh vkthfodk osQ fy, Ñf"k ij fuHkZj gSa vkSj ;g 
{ks=k jkst+xkj l`tu dh Hkh vikj laHkkouk,a çnku djrk gSA bl 
i`’Hkwfe esa] •k| çlaLdj.k {ks=k dks Hkkjr osQ çèkku ea=kh ujsaæ 
eksnh th osQ usr`Ro esa ^esd bu bafM;k* igy osQ rgr ,d 
vxys 25 o"kks± esa ,d fodflr jk‘ª cuus osQ fy,] ve`r dky esa Hkkjr dh ifjdYiuk 
osQ varxZr gesa vius lcls egRoiw.kZ {ks=k] Ñf"k esa cM+s cnyko djus gksaxsA Ñf"k osQ Hkhrj 
fodkl çfreku dks Ñf"k ls Ñf"k O;olk; esa cnyus dh vko';drk gS] ftlesa Ñf"k ij 
jkst+xkj dh fuHkZjrk dks dkS'ky fodkl vkSj mHkjrs Ñf"k O;olk; {ks=k esa lek;kstu }kjk 
mi;qDr :i ls lekèkku djosQ fd;k tkuk pkfg,A bl Ñf"k ifjorZu ekxZ osQ fy, •k| 
çlaLdj.k mi&{ks=k osQaæ esa gksxkA •k| çlaLdj.k {ks=k esa ,d egRoiw.kZ fgrèkkjd osQ :i 
esa ukckMZ lcls vkxs jgk gS] tks •k| çlaLdj.k m|ksx osQ fy, cqfu;knh <kaps  
osQ fuekZ.k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk jgk gSA
g
'kkth ds oh
vè;{k] ukckMZ (jk‘ªh; Ñf"k vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl cSad)A bZesy% chairmansectt@nabard.org
jkst+xkj l`tu vkSj dkS'ky fodkl 
ij [kk| çlaLdj.k dk çHkko
Page 5


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ISSN-0971-8397
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bZesy% yojanahindi@gmail.com
;kstuk dk y{; ns'k osQ vkfFkZd fodkl ls 
lEcfU/r eqíksa dk ljdkjh uhfr;ksa osQ O;kid 
lanHkZ esa xgjkbZ ls fo'ys"k.k dj bu ij foe'kZ osQ 
fy, ,d thoar eap miyCèk djkuk gSA
;kstuk esa izdkf'kr ys[kksa esa O;Dr fopkj ys[kdksa 
osQ O;fDrxr gSaA t+:jh ugha fd ;s ys[kd Hkkjr 
ljdkj osQ ftu ea=kky;ksa] foHkkxksa vFkok laxBuksa 
ls lac¼ gSa] mudk Hkh ;gh n`f"Vdks.k gksA 
;kstuk esa izdkf'kr foKkiuksa dh fo"k;oLrq osQ 
fy, ;kstuk mÙkjnk;h ugha gSaA
;kstuk esa izdkf'kr vkys[kksa esa iz;qDr ekufp=k o 
izrhd vkf/dkfjd ugha gS] cfYd lkaosQfrd gSaA ;s 
ekufp=k ;k izrhd fdlh Hkh ns'k dk vkfèkdkfjd 
izfrfuf/Ro ugha djrs gSaA
;kstuk ys[kdksa }kjk vkys[kksa osQ lkFk vius 
fo'oluh; lzksrksa ls ,d=k dj miyC/ djk, 
x, vkadM+ksa@rkfydkvksa@bUiQksxzkfiQDl osQ lEcUèk 
esa mÙkjnk;h ugha gSA ;kstuk fdlh Hkh ys[k esa osQl 
LVMh osQ :i esa izLrqr fdlh Hkh czkaM ;k futh 
laLFkkvksa dk leFkZu ;k izpkj ugha djrh gSA
;kstuk ?kj eaxkus] 'kqYd esa NwV osQ lkFk njksa o Iyku 
dh foLr`r tkudkjh osQ fy, i`"B&50 ij ns[ksaA
;kstuk dh lnL;rk 'kqYd tek djus osQ ckn 
if=kdk izkIr gksus esa de ls de 8 lIrkg dk 
le; yxrk gSA bl vof/ osQ lekIr gksus osQ ckn 
gh ;kstuk izkIr u gksus dh f'kdk;r djsaA
;kstuk u feyus dh f'kdk;r ;k iqjkus vad eaxkus 
osQ fy, uhps fn, x, bZ&esy ij fy[ksa & 
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izkr% 9%30 cts ls 'kke 6%00 cts rd)
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5 ????? 2024
[kk| çlaLdj.k {ks=k % vikj laHkkouk,a
e`¼ Ñf"k ijaijk vkSj fofoèk tyok;q osQ dkj.k Hkkjr esa •k| çlaLdj.k osQ {ks=k esa foiqy laHkkouk,a gSaA ;g {ks=k u osQoy 
ns'k dh vkfFkZd o`f¼ dh cqfu;kn gS cfYd •k| lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djus] viO;; ?kVkus vkSj fdlkuksa dh vk; esa o`f¼ 
vkSj jkst+xkj osQ volj miyCèk djokus osQ fy, Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSA vxys 25 o"kks± esa fodflr jk‘ª dk ntkZ gkfly djus osQ fy, 
;g {ks=k Hkkjr osQ çkFkfed Ñf"k {ks=k esa mRikndrk vkSj ykHkçnrk esa o`f¼ ykus osQ lkFk&lkFk fLFkjrk vkSj yphykiu lqfuf'pr 
djus esa egRoiw.kZ gksxkA 
Hkkjr nwèk] nkyksa vkSj twV dk fo'o dk lcls cM+k mRiknd ns'k gS vkSj pkoy] xsgwa] xÂk] ewaxiQyh] lfCt;ka] iQy vkSj 
dikl tSlh vko';d iQlyksa osQ mRiknu esa bldk fo'o esa nwljk LFkku gSA •k| çlaLdj.k çfØ;k esa dPps Ñf"k mRiknksa dks 
miHkksx ;ksX; •k| inkFkks± esa cnyuk] ewY; oèkZu vkSj 'ksYiQ ykbiQ c<+kuk 'kkfey gSA bl {ks=k dh {kerk dks le>rs gq, ljdkj 
us •k| çlaLdj.k m|ksxksa dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, dbZ igy 'kq: dh gSaA lcls çeq• vkSj egRoiw.kZ ;kstuk& çèkkuea=kh fdlku 
laink ;kstuk (ih,eosQ,lokbZ) dk mís'; •sr ls ysdj •qnjk nqdku rd oqQ'ky vkiwfrZ  Ük`a•yk çcaèku osQ lkFk vkèkqfud 
cqfu;knh <k¡ps dk fuekZ.k djuk gSA blesa esxk iwQM ikdZ] dksYM psu vkSj laj{k.k volajpuk 'kkfey gSaA esxk iwQM ikdZ fdlkuksa] 
çlaLdj.kdrkZvksa vkSj •qnjk foØsrkvksa dks ,d lkFk ykdj Ñf"k mRiknu dks ckt+kj ls tksM+us osQ fy, ,d ra=k çnku djrs gSaA 
oqQN vU; ;kstukvksa esa çèkkuea=kh lw{e •k| m|ksx mUu;u (ih,e,iQ,ebZ) ;kstuk] •k| çlaLdj.k m|ksx esa mRiknu ls tqM+h 
izksMD'ku fyaDM balsafVo (ih,yvkbZ) ;kstuk (ih,yvkbZ,l,iQihvkbZ) vkSj ,d ftyk ,d mRikn (vksMhvksih) 'kkfey gSaA 
ljdkj çfØ;kvksa dks ljy cukdj vkSj ifj;kstukvksa osQ fy, ,dy&f•M+dh eatwjh çnku djosQ •k| çlaLdj.k {ks=k esa O;kikj 
djus esa vklkuh esa lqèkkj ykus ij fujarj dne mBk jgh gSA •k| çlaLdj.k m|ksx esa dkexkjksa osQ fLdy lsV dks csgrj cukus 
osQ fy, Hkh igy dh tk jgh gSa m|ferk dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, gky gh esa ,d LVkVZvi iQksje ^lqiQyke* dk vk;kstu Hkh 
fd;k x;k ftlesa LVkVZvIl ls fdlkuksa osQ lkFk lg;ksx djus vkSj miHkksDrk&vuqowQy fdiQk;rh vkSj ikSf‘d mRiknksa osQ {ks=k esa 
lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkus dk vkxzg fd;k x;kA 
viuh igyksa osQ ekè;e ls jk‘ªh; Ñf"k lgdkjh foi.ku la?k (usisQM) us Ñf"k vk; dks fLFkj djus vkSj NksVs fdlkuksa osQ fy, 
foi.ku voljksa dks c<+kus esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;kA foÙkh; laLFkku& jk‘ªh; Ñf"k vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl cSad (ukckMZ) vko';d 
foÙkh; lgk;rk vkSj fodklkRed lg;ksx çnku djosQ bu ç;klksa esa lkFkZd ;ksxnku djrk gSA ½.k lqfoèkkvksa vkSj volajpuk 
fodkl igyksa dk ykHk mBkrs gq, ukckMZ us fVdkÅ Ñf"k ç.kkfy;ksa dks c<+kok nsus vkSj xzkeh.k vkthfodk dks c<+kok nsus esa  
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA 
LokLF; osQ çfr miHkksDrkvksa esa c<+rh tkx:drk osQ dkj.k lqjf{kr vkSj ikSf‘d çlaLÑr vkSj iSosQTM •k| inkFkks± dh ekax 
c<+ jgh gSA •k| çlaLdj.k esa iSosQV ij csgrj LokLF; ekdZj yxkuk Hkh 'kkfey gksrk gSA ;g gekjs nSfud thou esa egRoiw.kZ gks 
x;k gS D;ksafd ,sls •k| iSosQV ij gekjh fuHkZjrk c<+ jgh gSA fofHk •k|kÂksa vkSj eksVs vukt tSls Tokj&cktjk dh yksdfç;rk dk 
ykHk mBkus dh Hkh vko';drk gS tks viuh ikSf‘drk vkSj fofHk tyok;q ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ vuqowQy <y tkus dh •wch osQ dkj.k 
rsth ls çpfyr gksrs tk jgs gSaA 
fo'o esa LokLF; osQ çfr tkx:drk osQ çfr c<+rs #>ku osQ pyrs ukfj;y tSlh ikjaifjd lkexzh us u, fljs ls yksxksa dk è;ku 
vkdf"kZr fd;k gSA Hkkjr ukfj;y fodkl cksMZ viuh igy osQ ekè;e ls lewph ukfj;y ewY;  Ük`a•yk esa rduhdh mÂfr vkSj ewY; 
laoèkZu ij tksj nsrk gS] m|e'khyrk dks c<+kok nsrk gS vkSj mRikn dh xq.koÙkk dks c<+krk gSA oftZu ukfj;y rsy (ohlhvks) tks 
viuh 'kq¼rk vkSj fpfdRlh; ykHkksa osQ fy, tkuk tkrk gS ukfj;y osQ ikjaifjd lkekU; •k| inkFkZ ls ,d oSf'od LokLF;oèkZd 
mRikn esa yksdfiz; cu jgk gSA 
;kstuk dk ;g vad Hkkjr osQ •k| çlaLdj.k {ks=k ij O;kid :i ls çdk'k Mkyrk gS vkSj ns'k osQ vkfFkZd ifjn`'; esa bldh 
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dks mtkxj djrk gSA bl vad esa uokpkj] fLFkjrk vkSj ckt+kj ,dhdj.k ls tqM+s ys• Hkkjr dks mPp vkfFkZd 
fodkl vkSj c<+rh gqbZ oSf'od çfrLièkkZ dh vksj vxzlj djus esa •k| çlaLdj.k m|ksx dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dh tkudkjh nsrs gSaA ?
laikndh;
l
7 ????? 2024
fjr Økafr dh cnkSyr] fiNys ikap n'kdksa (1970 
ls 2020 osQ n'kd) esa] Hkkjr •k| mRiknu osQ 
ekeys esa deh dh fLFkfr ls vfèk'ks"k dh fLFkfr 
esa vk x;k gSA Hkkjr esa Ñf"k mRiknu esa yxkrkj o`f¼ ntZ dh 
xbZ gSA oSf'od Ñf"k esa nkyksa vkSj nwèk esa ;g igys LFkku ij 
gS vkSj lfCt;ksa] iQyksa] xsgwa vkSj pkoy esa nwljs LFkku ij gS 
rFkk vukt] vaMs esa rhljs LFkku ij gSA dPps eky osQ mRiknu 
vkSj vkiwfrZ esa o`f¼ osQ lkFk] gky osQ o"kks± esa Hkkjr dk •k| 
çlaLdj.k {ks=k viuh mPp o`f¼ osQ fy, tkuk tkrk gSA bl 
çdkj gj lky fo'o •k| ekax esa bldk ;ksxnku c<+ jgk gSA 
orZeku esa] Hkkjr vius Ñf"k mRiknu dk 10 izfr'kr ls Hkh 
de çlaLdj.k dj jgk gSA vr% çlaLdj.k Lrj c<+kus osQ fy, 
O;kid volj çLrqr dj jgk gS vkSj bl {ks=k esa O;kid fuos'k 
{kerk dks Hkh c<+k jgk gSA Hkkjr esa yxHkx 70 izfr'kr ifjokj 
vHkh Hkh viuh vkthfodk osQ fy, Ñf"k ij fuHkZj gSa vkSj ;g 
{ks=k jkst+xkj l`tu dh Hkh vikj laHkkouk,a çnku djrk gSA bl 
i`’Hkwfe esa] •k| çlaLdj.k {ks=k dks Hkkjr osQ çèkku ea=kh ujsaæ 
eksnh th osQ usr`Ro esa ^esd bu bafM;k* igy osQ rgr ,d 
vxys 25 o"kks± esa ,d fodflr jk‘ª cuus osQ fy,] ve`r dky esa Hkkjr dh ifjdYiuk 
osQ varxZr gesa vius lcls egRoiw.kZ {ks=k] Ñf"k esa cM+s cnyko djus gksaxsA Ñf"k osQ Hkhrj 
fodkl çfreku dks Ñf"k ls Ñf"k O;olk; esa cnyus dh vko';drk gS] ftlesa Ñf"k ij 
jkst+xkj dh fuHkZjrk dks dkS'ky fodkl vkSj mHkjrs Ñf"k O;olk; {ks=k esa lek;kstu }kjk 
mi;qDr :i ls lekèkku djosQ fd;k tkuk pkfg,A bl Ñf"k ifjorZu ekxZ osQ fy, •k| 
çlaLdj.k mi&{ks=k osQaæ esa gksxkA •k| çlaLdj.k {ks=k esa ,d egRoiw.kZ fgrèkkjd osQ :i 
esa ukckMZ lcls vkxs jgk gS] tks •k| çlaLdj.k m|ksx osQ fy, cqfu;knh <kaps  
osQ fuekZ.k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk jgk gSA
g
'kkth ds oh
vè;{k] ukckMZ (jk‘ªh; Ñf"k vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl cSad)A bZesy% chairmansectt@nabard.org
jkst+xkj l`tu vkSj dkS'ky fodkl 
ij [kk| çlaLdj.k dk çHkko
8 ????? 2024
^lw;kZsn; {ks=k* vkSj ,d çeq• çkFkfedrk okys m|ksx osQ :i 
esa ekU;rk nh xbZ gS vkSj bls jktdks"kh; vkSj ekSfæd çksRlkguksa 
osQ ekè;e ls O;kid :i ls c<+kok fn;k tk jgk gSA
Hkkjr esa •k| çlaLdj.k {ks=k dh fLFkfr vkSj Hkwfedk
d- ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa ;ksxnku
o"kZ 2020&21 rd lekIr gksus okys fiNys 5 o"kks± osQ 
nkSjku] •k| çlaLdj.k {ks=k esa yxHkx 8-38 izfr'kr dh vkSlr 
okf"kZd o`f¼ nj jgh gS] tcfd Ñf"k vkSj lac¼ {ks=kksa esa 
(2011&12 dh dherksa ij) yxHkx 4-87 izfr'kr dh o`f¼ 
gqbZ gSA •k| çlaLdj.k {ks=k ldy ?kjsyw mRikn] jkst+xkj vkSj 
fuos'k esa vius ;ksxnku osQ lanHkZ esa Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk osQ 
,d egRoiw.kZ •aM osQ :i esa Hkh mHkjk gS (rkfydk 1)A
•k| çlaLdj.k {ks=k us o"kZ 2020&21 esa fofuekZ.k vkSj 
Ñf"k {ks=kksa esa laofèkZr ldy ewY; (thoh,)] (xzkWl oSY;w 
,MsM) dk Øe'k% 10-54 izfr'kr vkSj 11-57 izfr'kr fgLlk 
cuk;k (2011&12 dh dherksa ij) (rkfydk 2)A
gkykafd Hkkjr esa çlaLÑr •k| vkSj jsMh&Vw&bZV •k| dh 
ekax c<+ jgh gS] lexz thoh, esa •k| çlaLdj.k m|ksx dh 
fgLlsnkjh osQoy 1-88 izfr'kr (2020&21) jgh gS] tcfd 
fofuekZ.k dh fgLlsnkjh 17-86 izfr'kr vkSj Ñf"k esa thoh, 
dh fgLlsnkjh 16-26 izfr'kr gS (rkfydk 3)A
•- jkst+xkj l`tu
2019&20 osQ fy, uohure okf"kZd m|ksx loZs{k.k 
(,,lvkbZ) osQ vuqlkj] iathÑr •k| çlaLdj.k {ks=k esa yxs 
O;fDr;ksa dh oqQy la[;k 20-32 yk• FkhA blosQ vykok] 
,u,l,lvks osQ 73osa nkSj] 2015&16 osQ vuqlkj viathÑr 
•k| çlaLdj.k {ks=k us 51-11 yk• Jfedksa dks jkst+xkj çnku 
fd;k rFkk viathÑr fofuekZ.k {ks=k esa jkst+xkj dk 14-18 
izfr'kr fgLlk bldk Fkk (rkfydk 4)A
•k| çlaLdj.k m|ksx ea=kky; (,evks,iQihvkbZ) us 
ns'k Hkj esa çèkkuea=kh fdlku laink ;kstuk (ih,eds,lokbZ) 
(ih,eds,lokbZ) uked osQaæh; {ks=k ;kstuk osQ dk;kZUo;u 
rkfydk 1% fLFkj dherksa ij •k| çlaLdj.k m|ksxksa (,iQihvkbZ) }kjk thoh, (2011&12)
(yk• djksM+ #-)
Ø- vkfFkZd xfrfofèk
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21
1
thoh,&vf•y 
Hkkjrh;
85.46 90.64 97.12 104.92 113.28 120.34 127.34 132.19 125.85
2
thoh,&fofuekZ.k
14.87 15.61 16.84 19.04 20.55 22.09 23.29 22.61 22.48
3
thoh,&Ñf"k] okfudh] 
eRL;&ikyu
15.24 16.09 16.06 16.16 17.26 18.40 18.79 19.82 20.48
4
thoh,&,iQihvkbZ 
1.30 1.30 1.34 1.61 1.79 1.93 2.36 2.26 2.37
Ïksr% okf"kZd fjiksVZ 2022&23] •k| çlaLdj.k m|ksx ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj
rkfydk 2% fofuekZ.k vkSj Ñf"k ,oa lac¼ {ks=k osQ thoh, esa ,iQihvkbZ dk fgLlk (izfr'kr)
Ø- vkfFkZd xfrfofèk
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21
1
thoh,&fofuekZ.k
8.74 8.33 7.96 8.46 8.71 8.74 10.13 10.00 10.54
2
thoh,&Ñf"k] okfudh 
vkSj eRL;&ikyu
8.53 8.08 8.34 9.96 10.37 10.49 12.56 11.40 11.57
Ïksr% okf"kZd fjiksVZ 2022&23] •k| çlaLdj.k m|ksx ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj
rkfydk 3% lexz thoh, esa fofHk {ks=kksa dh fgLlsnkjh (izfr'kr)
Ø- vkfFkZd xfrfofèk
2018-19 2019-20 2020-21
1
thoh,&,iQihvkbZ
1.85 1.71 1.88
2
thoh,&fofuekZ.k
18.29 17.10 17.86
3
thoh,&Ñf"k vkSj lac¼ {ks=k
14.76 14.99 16.26
Ïksr% okf"kZd fjiksVZ 2022&23] ,evks,iQihvkbZ] Hkkjr ljdkj