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June 2022
YOJANA
Volume-66
No. 06
A DEVELOPMENT MONTHLY
Let noble thoughts come to us from all sides.
Rig Veda
Website: www.publicationsdivision.nic.in
@DPD_India
@publicationsdivision
@dpd_india
Editor
Shuchita chaturvedi
Joint dirEctor, Production
d K c hrudhainath
c ovEr dEsign
Bindu verma
ouR RepResentatIves
Ahmedabad: Janhavi Patel, Bengaluru: BK Kiranmai,
Bhubaneswar: Itishree Singh Rathaur, Chennai:
Sanjay Ghosh, Guwahati: Maruf Alam, Hyderabad:
Krishna Vandana P , Jalandhar: Gagandeep Kaur
Devgan, Kolkata: Khurshid Mallick, Mumbai: Umesh
Ujgare: Thiruvananthapuram: Roy Chacko.
Yojana (english): Room No. 647, Soochna Bhawan,
CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110 003.
e-mail (editorial): sec-yojanaeng-moib@gov.in
YOJANA, a development monthly published since
1957, is a theme-based journal providing in-depth
analyses and views on socio-economic issues in
the broader framework of government policies.
Although published by the Ministry of Information
and Broadcasting, YOJANA is not restricted to
expressing the official point of view.
diScLaimer
l The vie ws e xpressed in various articles are
those of the authors and the y do not nec essarily
re flect the vie ws of the Go vernmen t or the
organisation/ s the y work f or .
l Map s/flags used in the articles are only
indic ative and the y do not re flect the politic al
map or legal represen t ation of the flag of India /
an y other c oun tr y .
l The inf ographics/fig ures are pro vided b y the
authors through their reliable sourc es and
YOJANA claims no re sponsibility f or the same.
l Images, graphics and illus trations, whe re ver
used, are mos tly sourc ed from go vernme n t
channels and are indic ative in nature.
l YOJANA does not o wn responsi bility
regarding the c on t en ts of the advertisemen ts.
The re aders are reque s t ed t o verif y the claim s
made in the advertisemen ts regarding c ourses,
c areer -guidanc e book s or ins titutions.
l YOJANA doesn't e ndorse or promot e an y brands
or privat e e n tities presen t e d as c ase s tudies in an y
of the article s.
SuBScriP tiOn/Grievance S
email: pdjucir@gmail.com
Phone: 011-24367453
(monday-Friday, 9:30 am- 6:00 pm)
Postal address: abhishek chaturvedi, Editor,
Journals Unit, Publications Division, Room No.
779, Soochna Bhawan, CGO Complex, Lodhi
Road, New Delhi-110 003.
Please not e that it will t ak e atleas t eigh t
week s t o s t art your sub scrip tion. Kindly raise
your queries/grie vanc es about non rec eip t of the
journals only aft er this period.
in thiS iSSue
number of pages: 60
Next Issue - triB aLS in india
Details of the sales Outlets of the Publications Division on Page 29
YOJANA is published in Assamese, Bengali, English, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam,
Marathi, Odia, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu.
re GuLar S
deveLOPment rO admaP : capacity Building commission ................................. 14
dO YOu KnO w? moorhen Yoga mats ................................................................... 50
Our BOOKS : Great masters of indian cinema .............................................. Cover-III
DECODING MODERN TECH TERMS
Balendu Sharma Dadhich ..................7
Lead articLe
DIGITAL DISRUPTOR
Dr Saurabh Garg .............................11
FOcuS
AI AND MACHINE LEARNING
Hindol Sengupta, Bhavya Tyagi ........23
NFT ExPLAINED
Charmie Parekh ..............................35
SPeciaL articLe
ACCESSIBLE HEALTHCARE TO ALL
Dr R S Sharma ................................47
AI IN EDUCATION
Dr G P Dang, Priyanka Sharma ........... 27
GOVERNANCE MILESTONES:
JAN SURAKSHA ............................ 30
DEEP-TECH STARTUP ECOSySTEM
R Raghuttama Rao ........................... 17
Since 1957
ADVANCEMENTS IN MEDICINE
Jayanthi Rangarajan ........................... 53
TECH-INNOVATION IN BANKING
Manjula Wadhwa ............................. 41
YOJANA June 2022 5
Editorial
YOJANA
The ‘Techade’
T
he evolution of novel technologies is opening a doorway to a multitude of
possibilities. The opportunities it offers is almost to the level of witnessing the
Fourth Industrial Revolution. These technologies are turning out to be an indispensable
part of our everyday lives. The use of AI, Cloud Computing, Blockchain, Quantum
Computing, NFTs, and Metaverse are captivating us with their infinite scope and
future. Conventional banking, medicine, agriculture, and other fields are witnessing a
transformation with the advent of newer tech solutions.
Digital services are proving to be less complex and more effective along with
ensuring transparency in the governance and service delivery. AI, Deep Machine
Learning, Big Data, and Robotics are used in the banking and financial sectors to
understand the needs of customers better. Digital technology eases our lives at every
step. It is used by the government and the public sector to ensure transparency and
accountability of governance, meet the increased demand for digital services among
citizens, and to provide more simplified and high-quality services. Digital India
Mission and digital transactions are at the foundation of India’s digital economy.
Aadhaar Enabled Payment System is playing a crucial role in the financial inclusion
of people not enroled in formal banking. Another landmark change is brought out through the Direct Benefit Transfer
System— it prevents financial leakage by directly transferring the benefits of the social security schemes to the beneficiary
accounts. Aadhaar is ensuring ‘Digital Inclusion’, thus enabling social empowerment.
With the advent of AI/Machine Learning, IoT, 5G, Augmented Reality, Big Data, Nanotechnology, Robotics,
and 3D printing— the society is altering en masse the functional, strategic, and operational landscape across various
industries. Industry 4.0 is set to usher in an era of technologies that will completely alter how we interact with the
world around us.
The US recently announced a new policy framework for quantum information sciences and to mitigate the risks
of quantum computers to cyber, economic, and national security through quantum-resistant cryptography. El Salvador,
where Bitcoin is a legal tender, is attempting to build the world’s first “Bitcoin City.” It is claimed that it would get
geothermal power from a volcano. Various advanced technologies are capable of addressing and overcoming adversities
worldwide in different sectors such as water, energy, waste management, infrastructure, transportation, real estate, and
urban planning. Also, the professionals need to be up-skilled and re-skilled in the wake of concerns over unemployment
or job displacement due to the deployment of New-age Technology.
India is establishing the quantum computing capability and chip-making prowess to integrate these systems on the
front-end and back-end. It is one of the largest smartphone manufacturers in the world. It has impressive drone and
robotics industries; along with a new semiconductor programme as a part of its economy. Blockchain, AI and machine
learning, and other such technologies are the analytical softwares that complement the hardware. India is a world-leading
destination for Software as a Service (SaaS) companies. Therefore, the growing demand of AI and associated technologies
can only boost India’s existing tech prowess. New-age tech including Artificial Intelligence (AI), Robotics, 3D printing,
Data Science, etc., found its applicability in almost all the specialties of the medical field, not only in diagnostics and
therapeutics but also in imparting medical education.
Technology is an asset for humanity as it enhances productivity, generates more wealth, and accelerates global
economic growth when it is aptly combined with the appropriate public policy measures. In order to maximise the benefits
of technological advancements in this ‘Techade’– Decade of Technology, closing the digital divide is of paramount
importance. ?
YOJANA June 2022 7
ith the new-age technology, we are
in a world of infinite possibilities. A
metaverse of myriad avenues is waiting
to be explored to its full potential. Let us
understand the scope and opportunities of some of these
interesting technologies and disruptors.
Blockchain
Blockchain refers to a system whereby information
about transactions is stored on countless computers
spread across the globe. It is considered as an alternative
to the conventional banking system. Notice what
happens when you transfer money to someone through
your bank account or apps like Paytm. That money is
deducted from the amount kept in your account in that
bank, and the same money is added to the account of
the other person in another bank. Both the banks use a
ledger that keeps the details of the money transactions
between you two.
Along with banks, this also applies to mobile
payment systems. The role of the bank in this process
is to save money and keep details of the transactions.
The bank certifies how much money is in your account
and to whom you have given or taken the money from.
What if the same thing is done without the bank? This is
the vision behind Blockchain. Under this, transactions
of a similar kind are recorded on computers worldwide,
and this system has nothing to do with the banks. The
information stored under the Blockchain is even more
secure than our banking system because countless
copies of that information are kept on computers around
the world. No one can hack so many computers. The
cryptocurrency, which is much talked about nowadays,
has its transactions done through this blockchain system.
Decoding Modern Tech Terms
Balendu Sharma Dadhich
This is the era of path-breaking innovation, invention, and products showcasing the use of
technology. These products startle us with their capabilities and possibilities. While Artificial
Intelligence, Quantum Computing, Cloud Computing, and Blockchain were making a mark till
recently, NFTs and Metaverse are added to the list of these buzzwords.
Buzzwords
W
The author is a technology expert. Email: balendu@gmail.com
NFTs
The success of blockchain as an independent means
of storing and authenticating information has created
many more innovations. One of these is the Non-
Fungible Token, or NFT. Here, the information is stored
in the blockchain system itself, especially in a system
called ethereum. We know about cryptocurrencies and
know that if we have purchased cryptocurrencies, its
account will be kept in the blockchain. But let’s say
you have not bought cryptocurrency, but an expensive
original painting, something of historical importance,
or memorabilia (such as a special attire worn by a
celebrity). It is something which is unique in the entire
world. How can you prove you are the owner of that
item and it is the real thing and not a fake copy of it?
Presently, there is no provision for this except that the
organisation from where you have bought it can give
you a certificate of ownership or get it stamped as an
original by giving an affidavit in court. Imagine what it
would be like if a technology platform could store and
authenticate information about such unique things. This
platform is NFT.
Under a Non-Fungible Token system, a kind of digital
certificate is issued that such an original thing, unique
in the world, is owned by you. This digital certificate
cannot be tampered with. NFTs can be associated with
physical assets and virtual or digital assets. Some time
ago, you may have read the news that Jack Dorsey,
Founder of Twitter, sold the first tweet he ever posted
through NFT for USD 2.9 million. You may ask– how
can one sell a post made on a digital platform? Anyone
can copy it, take its screenshot or create a similar post.
And how to prove that it is the same original note as it
8 YOJANA June 2022
has not been kept as a printout? So the NFT proves that
Jack Dorsey has sold this comment and is now owned
by the CEO of a Malaysian cryptocurrency company.
The price is for the information and certificate only.
Now, no one else can sell it except its new owner. Even
though millions of people retweeted the original tweet,
anyone can copy it, but the post owned by that person
will be considered original. The rest of the millions of
tweets around the world will be considered copies. This
digital certificate is not in the form of writing but in the
form of a digital image, video, etc. The same is called
Non-Fungible Token (NFT). Non fungible means that
it is the only one in the world, i.e., unique. This digital
asset has been created so that it cannot be copied, and
therefore it is safe. There is an immense need for such
NFTs (images, videos, animations, illustrations, etc.) in
the form of certifications associated with such digital
assets. Hence, technically proficient people are engaged
in the manufacturing and trading of NFTs.
Metaverse
Metaverse means a parallel universe present in the
digital world that contains most of the things that exist in
our physical world. Accessing this virtual world requires
the Internet and digital devices, just like you would
access a video game. You present
yourself as a digital person in the
game, competing with other players,
making friends, and engaging in other
activities. You participate in the game
from your laptop while others take
part through gaming devices or mobile
phones. If the same video game is
expanded widely and countless people
could access it digitally, it would be
the metaverse. However, it will not
merely be a gaming activity. There
T
he Internet of Things or IoT simply means
connecting various things of the world to the
internet. IoT forms the network of physical objects
i.e. things, enclosed with sensors, software, and
other technologies for the purpose of connecting and
exchanging data over the internet. These devices range
from day-to-day objects to complex industrial tools.
Everyday objects— household appliances, cars, etc.,
connected to the internet via embedded devices and
seamless communication.
Minimal human intervention allows data to be
shared and collected by means of low-cost computing,
will be much more, such as various events, business,
entertainment, meetings, etc. People like us will be
there but in their virtual, digital avatars. Companies like
Microsoft, Meta (Facebook), Decentraland, Nvidia, and
Unity are engaged in making it a reality. Within the next
five to ten years, such possibilities can open for all of
us in the digital world that we can only imagine at the
moment.
Quantum Computing
The Quantum computer is much talked about
because of its infinite power. A quantum computer
can perform calculations millions of times faster than
a normal computer, and that is why it can prove to be
a boon for humanity, but it can also give rise to new
challenges.
Traditional computers work based on a fundamental
unit of binary digits (0 and 1) called ‘bit’. On the other
hand, the Quantum computer adopts Qubit (Quantum
Bit). While the bit value can be 0 or 1 only, the qubit
value can be 0, 1, or both. Unlike traditional computers,
quantum computers are not limited to just two states.
Where transistors are used in normal computers—
atoms, electrons, ions, photons, etc., are used in quantum
computers which can be superimposed on each other.
The working system of a quantum
computer differs completely from
the traditional computer, and its
capacity is tens of millions of times
more.
Let us understand it with an
example. The information encrypted
through an encryption system called
RSA is so difficult to decode that
if an attempt is made to crack this
encryption with the help of ordinary
computers, a very powerful computer
The information stored under
the Blockchain is even more
secure than our banking system
because countless copies of
that information are kept on
computers around the world.
No one can hack so many
computers.
the cloud, big data, analytics, and mobile technologies.
Digital systems can record, monitor, and adjust every
interaction between connected things. IoT can be put
into three categories where— 1) information is collected
and sent. For example, sensors allow us to automatically
collect information from the environment which, in
turn, allows us to make more intelligent decisions; 2),
information is received and acted upon, like printers,
and 3) doing both simultaneously. For example, sensors
can collect information about the soil moisture to tell the
farmer and the irrigation system can automatically turn
on as needed, based on how much moisture is in the soil.
Internet of Things
Page 5

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1. What is the significance of the Yojana Magazine in June 2022?

Ans. Yojana Magazine in June 2022 is significant as it covers important socio-economic issues, government schemes, and policies that are relevant for UPSC and other competitive exams. It provides in-depth analysis and insights on various topics impacting India's development.

2. What are the key topics covered in the Yojana Magazine June 2022?

Ans. The Yojana Magazine in June 2022 covers a wide range of topics including sustainable development, healthcare reforms, digital governance, rural development, education policies, climate change, and government initiatives for economic growth. It provides comprehensive information and analysis on these subjects.

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Ans. Yojana Magazine in June 2022 can be immensely helpful for UPSC exam preparation. It provides valuable insights into current affairs, government policies, and socio-economic issues, which are important for the exam. Reading and understanding the articles in this magazine can enhance the knowledge and analytical skills required for the UPSC exam.

4. Is the Yojana Magazine June 2022 available in regional languages?

Ans. Yes, Yojana Magazine is available in regional languages. It is published in multiple languages to cater to a wider readership. This ensures that people from different regions can access the content and benefit from the valuable information provided in the magazine.

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Ans. Yes, Yojana Magazine June 2022 can be accessed online. The magazine is available in digital format, allowing readers to access it through the official website or mobile applications. This provides convenience and flexibility in reading the magazine anytime and anywhere, making it easily accessible for exam preparation or general knowledge enhancement.

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