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ABNORMAL MOLAR MASS
Molecular masses of the solute can be easily determined with the help of colligative properties; relative lowering in vapour pressure, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure easily. But, we derived the relation between the molecular mass of solute and colligative properties under some assumptions, which are:

  • The solution is diluted that is, solvent is available in large amount in order to obey Raoult’s Law
  • The solute neither went dissociation or association in the solution

So, how do we determine the molecular mass of solute in case the above assumptions are not valid? Basically, the abnormality is due to:

(i) Association of Solute Particles

  • Some solute molecules start to associate inside the solution. 
  • This means now there are less number of solute particles in the solution. 
  • As colligative properties vary with solute particles in the solution, they will decrease along with the solute particles. 
  • As colligative properties are inversely proportional to the molecular mass of solute, we get a higher molar mass of the solute. 
  • For Example: Ethanoic acid or acetic acid ( CH3COOH) associate in solution to form a dimer due to hydrogen bonding.
    Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET

Image 2: Ethanoic Acid dimer due to hydrogen bonding

(ii) Dissociation of Solute Particles

  • Some solute molecules, generally electrolytes dissociate into two or more ions/particles when dissolved in a solution. 
  • This leads to increase in solute particles in the solution, thereby increase in colligative properties of solutions. 
  • As colligative properties and molecular mass of solute varies inversely, we get a lower molar mass of the solute.

NaCl dissociate into two ions when dissolved in waterNaCl dissociate into two ions when dissolved in water

Such a molar mass, whose value is higher or lower than its expected value is known as Abnormal Molar Mass. For Example, weak electrolytes dissociate in water to form ions, example Hydrofluoric Acid (HF), dissociate into hydrogen cation and fluorine anion.

VAN’T HOFF FACTOR
To determine colligative properties for solutions which undergo association and dissociation, a Dutch physical chemist Jacobus Henricus van’t Hoff in the year 1880 introduced the concept of Van’t Hoff Factor i to sort out association and dissociation problem while calculating the molar mass of solute.
The Van’t Hoff factor is denoted by ‘i’ and is obtained when we divide normal mass with an abnormal mass of solute. Mathematically, it is represented in three forms:
i = Normal Molar Mass/Abnormal Molar Mass
i = Observed Colligative property/Calculated Colligative property
i = Total Number of Moles of Particles after Association/Dissociation / Total Number of Moles of Particles before Association / Dissociation
Thus, the value of i depends upon the state of solute in the solution.

Following cases become possible. 

  • When, i = 1, then the solute remains unaffected (i.e., normal) in solution.
  • When, i > 1, then the solute undergoes dissociation in solution.
  • When, i < 1, then the solute undergoes association in solution.

Thus, for
Potassium chloride (KCl) in aqueous solution, i is nearly equal to 2.
Barium chloride (BaCl2) in aqueous solution, i is nearly equal to 3.
Benzoic acid (C6H5COOH) in benzene, i is nearly equal to 0.5.
Acetic acid (CH3COOH) in benzene, i is nearly equal to 0.5.

CALCULATION OF I (VAN’T HOFF FACTOR)
First, we write an equation of the solute being associated or dissociated
CASE 1: WHEN SOLUTE UNDERGOES DISSOCIATION WHEN DISSOLVED IN SOLVENT
Degree of dissociation: It is defined as the number of moles dissociated over the initial number of moles taken.
Van’t Hoff factor = Total number of particles at equilibrium/Total initial number of particle
Let c moles per litre of an electrolyte AxBy be taken and let it dissociated as
AxBy →xAy+ + yBx–
t = 0   C   0   0      
c (1 − α) xcα ycα At equilibrium
i = concentration or number of moles after dissociation/concentration or number of moles before dissociation
i =[c - cα + xcα + ycα ]/c
or i = [1 - α + xα + yα ]/1
=  1 + [(x + y)–1]α
Let x + y = n = number of particles formed after dissociation
i = 1 + (n – 1)α

Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET

Degree of Association may be defined as the number of molecules associated per unit volume over initial concentration
i = Total number of particles or concentration after association/Total number of particles or concentration before association
Let n molecules of an electrolyte A undergo association
then, nA → An 
           C        0    t = 0
    C – C · α    C.α/n  At. equilibrium
Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET
Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET

 Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET


MODIFIED EQUATIONS FOR COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
For solutes which undergo dissociation or association in solutions, the equations for the colligative properties are modified by inserting the van'tHoff's factor in them as follows:
Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET


Example 1. Acetic acid (CH3COOH) associates in benzene to form double molecules. 1.65 g of acetic acid when dissolved in 100 g of benzene raised the boiling point by 0.36˚C. Calculate the Van't Hoff factor and the degree of association of acetic acid in benzene. (Kb = 2.57 K kg mol -1).
Solution.

Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET
Total moles at equilibrium
Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET
∆Tb = Kb × m,
Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET
α = 0.981
Van't Hoff factor = no. of moles at equilibrium/Initial no. of moles

Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET

Example 2. Derive a relationship between Kb, Tb and ∆Hvap for a liquid. 
Solution.
Let us consider a pure liquid. At its boiling point, Tb, its vapour pressure P˚ would be equal to the external pressure.
P˚ = Pext at temperature Tb.
Now let us consider a non-volatile solute dissolved in the liquid. When the solution reaches temperature Tb, the vapour pressure of the system, would be less than the external pressure. When the solution is heated further and it reaches its boiling Tb, the vapour pressure of the solution would be equal to Pext which is equal to the P˚ of the pure liquid at its boiling point. Since vapour pressure of a system are the Kp's for the respective equilibrium,
Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET
Assuming the solution to be highly dilute, Tb would be very close to Tb.
Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET
Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET
Since Xsolute is very small, we can make the approximation that in (1 - x) = -x (when x is very small).
Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET
Ignoring n in comparison to N in the denominator
Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET
Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET
Multiplying by 1000 on both the sides, we get,
Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET
Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET
Similarly, Kf = Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET

Example 3. To 500 cm3 of water, 3.0 × 10- 3 kg of acetic acid is added. If 23% of acetic acid is dissociated, what will be the depression in freezing point? Kf and density of water are 1.86 K kg-1 mol-1 and 0.997 g cm-3 respectively. 
Solution. Molality of acetic acid 

Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET
Total number of moles per kg of solvent = 0.1003 (1 + 0.23)
ΔTf = Kfm = 1.86 × 0.1003 × 1.23 = 0.23o C

Example. 4. At 300 K, the vapour pressure of an ideal solution containing one mole of A and 3 moles of B is 500 mm of Hg. At the same temperature, if one mole of B is added to this solution, the vapour pressure of the solution increases by 10 mm of Hg. Calculate the V.P. of A and B in their pure state.
Solution. 

Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET
When, one mole of B is further added to it, 

Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET
Solving equations (i) and (ii), we get
A= 440 mm, P°B= 600 mm

Example 5. A decinormal solution of NaCl exerts an osmotic pressure of 4.6 atm. at 300 K. Calculate its degree of dissociation. (R = 0.082 L atm. K-1mol-1). 
Solution. 
No. of moles of NaCl per litre of solution = 0.1
Osmotic pressure (p) = 4.6 atm., Temperature (T) = 300 K
Had NaCl not dissociated, then
p normal = CRT = 0.1 × 0.082 × 300 atm. = 2.46 atm.
But, pobs = 4.6 atm.
As per definition,

Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET

Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET

For the dissociation of an electrolyte producing n ions,

Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET
So, Percentage dissociation = 100 × a = 100 × 0.87 = 87%

Example 6. Vapour pressure of C6H6 and C7H8 mixture at 50˚C are given by: P = 179 XB 92, where XB is mole fraction of C6H6. Calculate (in mm): 
(A) Vapour pressure of pure liquids. 
(B) Vapour pressure of liquid mixture obtained by mixing 936 g C6H6 and 736 g toluene. 
(C) If the vapours are removed and condensed into liquid and again brought to the temperature of 50˚C, what would be mole fraction of C6H6 in vapour state? 
Solution. 
(A) Given, P = 179XB + 92
For pure, C6H6, XB = 1
B= 179 + 92 = 271 mm
For pure C7H8, XB = 0
T= 179 x 0 + 92 = 92 mm
(B) Now PM = P°BXB + P°TXT

Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET
 = 162.6 +36.8 = 199.4 mm
Moles of C6H6 = 936/78 = 12
Moles of C7H8 = 736/92 = 8
(C) Now mole fraction of C6H6 in vapour phase of initial mixture (X'T)
Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET
Moles fraction of C7H8 in vapour phase of initial mixture (X'L)
Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET

These vapours are taken out and condensed into liquid. The liquid is again brought to 50˚C to get again vapour-liquid equilibrium.
Thus, mole fraction of C6H6 in vapour phase of initial mixture
= Mole fraction of C6H6 in liquid phase on II mixture X'B
Similarly, mole fraction of C7H8 in vapour phase of initial mixture
= Mole fraction of C7H8 in liquid phase on II mixture X'T

Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEETTherefore,

 Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET
= 271 × 0.815 + 92 × 0.185 mm
= 220.865 + 17.02 = 237.885 mm
New mole fraction of C6H6 in vapour phase

Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET

New mole fraction of C7H8 in vapour phase = 0.072.

Example 7. The freezing point depression of an HF (aq) solution with molality 0.10 m is -0.201˚C. What will be the Van’t Hoff factor? Take the value of Kf to be 1.86˚Cm-1
Solution. 
HF (aq) → H+ + F-
We have Δ T= -0.201 C0 , m = 0.10 and Kf = 1.86 ˚Cm-1
The freezing point depression is Δ Tf = i Kfm
0.201 = i × 1.86 × 0.10
The value of Van’t Hoff factor will be 1.08

Example 8. A millimolar solution of potassium ferricyanide is 70% dissociated at 27°C. Find out the osmotic pressure of the solution.
Solution.
Given, concentration of solution = C = 1/1000 M = 10–3M

Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET


Where α = degree of dissociation = 70% = 70/100 = 0.7
Total moles of after dissociation = (1 – α) + 3α + α = 1+ 3α
∴ i = 1 + 3α/1
i = 1+3α = 1+(3 × 0.7) = 3.1
Since osmotic pressure
π = iCRT
∴ π = 3.1 × 10–3 × 0.0821 × 300
= 0.31 × 3 × 0.0821 atm = 0.07635 atm

TRY YOURSELF!
Q.1. A 0.5 percent aqueous solution of Potassium Chloride was found to freeze at 0.24°C. Calculate the Van't Hoff factor and degree of dissociation of the solute at this concentration (Kf for water is 1.86).
Ans. 
Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET
Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET
i = Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET
= 1.923; i = 1+(n–1)α
1.923 = 1+ (2–1)α ⇒ 1.923 = 1+ α
α = 1.923 – 1 = 0.923
or  α = 0.923 or 92.3%

Q.2. If the apparent degree of ionization of KCl (KCl = 74.5 gm mol–1) in water at 290K is 0.86. Calculate the mass of KCl which must be made up to 1 dm3 of aqueous solution so as to produce the same osmotic pressure as the 4.0% solution of glucose at that temperature.,
Ans.
Due to ionization of KCl
Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET

From question, degree of ionization = a = 0.86
∴ i = 1+ 0.86 = 1.86
For Osmotic pressure of glucose,
For 4% glucose solution,
Weight of glucose = 40 gm,
Volume of solution = V = 1L = 1dm3
Molecular weight of glucose C6H12O6= m = 180
Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEETwhere πglucose = osmotic pressure of glucose
Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET
Similarly,
Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET
Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET
As both solutions are isotonic,
∴ πKCl = πglucose
Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET
Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET
= 8.9 gm

The document Abnormal Molar Masses | Chemistry Class 12 - NEET is a part of the NEET Course Chemistry Class 12.
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FAQs on Abnormal Molar Masses - Chemistry Class 12 - NEET

1. What are abnormal molar masses?
Ans. Abnormal molar masses refer to the molar masses of substances that deviate from the expected values based on the atomic masses of their constituent elements. These deviations can be caused by isotopic variations, impurities, or structural changes in the substance.
2. How can isotopic variations affect molar masses?
Ans. Isotopic variations occur when atoms of the same element have different numbers of neutrons. Since different isotopes have different atomic masses, the overall molar mass of a substance can be affected if it contains a mixture of isotopes. This can lead to abnormal molar masses.
3. Can impurities in a substance affect its molar mass?
Ans. Yes, impurities can affect the molar mass of a substance. If a substance is contaminated with other elements or compounds, these impurities will contribute to the overall mass calculation. This can result in an abnormal molar mass compared to the pure substance.
4. What structural changes can lead to abnormal molar masses?
Ans. Structural changes in a substance, such as the formation of complexes or polymers, can alter its molar mass. These changes can result in larger or smaller molar masses compared to the individual elements or simple compounds involved in the structure.
5. How can abnormal molar masses impact chemical calculations?
Ans. Abnormal molar masses can introduce errors in chemical calculations that rely on accurate molar mass values. For example, determining the stoichiometry of a reaction or calculating the amount of a substance needed for a reaction may yield incorrect results if abnormal molar masses are used. It is important to account for any deviations when performing such calculations to ensure accuracy.
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