Respiration in Plants Class 11 Notes Biology Chapter 14

 Page 1


Points To Remember
Aerobic respiration : Complete oxidation of organic food in presence of 
oxygen thereby producing CO
2
, water and energy.
Anaerobic respiration : Incomplete breakdown of organic food to liberate 
energy in the absence of oxygen.
ATP Synthetase : An enzyme complex that catalysis synthesis of A TP during 
oxidative phosphorylation.
Biological oxidation : Oxidation in a series of reaction inside a cell.
Cytochromes : A group of iron containing compounds of electron transport 
system present in inner wall of mitochondria.
Dehydrogenase : Enzyme that catalyses removal of H atom from the 
substrate.
Electron acceptor : Organic compound which receive electrons produced 
during oxidation-reduction reactions.
Electron transport : Movement of electron from substrate to oxygen through 
respiratory chain during respiration.
Fermentation : Breakdown of organic substance that takes place in certain 
microbe like yeast under anaerobic condition with the production of CO
2
 and 
ethanol.
Glycolysis : Enzymatic breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid that occurs 
in the cytoplasm.
Oxidative phosphorylation : Process of formation of ATP from ADP and 
Pi using the energy from proton gradient.
Respriation : Biochemical oxidation food to release energy.
Respiratory Quotient : The ratio of the volume of CO
2
 produced to the 
volume of oxygen consumed.
Proton gradient : Difference in proton concentration across the tissue 
membrane. 
Page 2


Points To Remember
Aerobic respiration : Complete oxidation of organic food in presence of 
oxygen thereby producing CO
2
, water and energy.
Anaerobic respiration : Incomplete breakdown of organic food to liberate 
energy in the absence of oxygen.
ATP Synthetase : An enzyme complex that catalysis synthesis of A TP during 
oxidative phosphorylation.
Biological oxidation : Oxidation in a series of reaction inside a cell.
Cytochromes : A group of iron containing compounds of electron transport 
system present in inner wall of mitochondria.
Dehydrogenase : Enzyme that catalyses removal of H atom from the 
substrate.
Electron acceptor : Organic compound which receive electrons produced 
during oxidation-reduction reactions.
Electron transport : Movement of electron from substrate to oxygen through 
respiratory chain during respiration.
Fermentation : Breakdown of organic substance that takes place in certain 
microbe like yeast under anaerobic condition with the production of CO
2
 and 
ethanol.
Glycolysis : Enzymatic breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid that occurs 
in the cytoplasm.
Oxidative phosphorylation : Process of formation of ATP from ADP and 
Pi using the energy from proton gradient.
Respriation : Biochemical oxidation food to release energy.
Respiratory Quotient : The ratio of the volume of CO
2
 produced to the 
volume of oxygen consumed.
Proton gradient : Difference in proton concentration across the tissue 
membrane. 
Mitochondrial matrix : The ground material of mitochondria in which 
pyruvic acid undergoes aerobic oxidation through Kreb’s cycle.
Electron Transport Chains (ETC)—A series of co-enzymes and electron/
carriers where electrons can pass along increasing redox potential losing a bit of 
energy at every step of transfer.
Abbreviations
ATP — Adenosine tri phosphate
ADP — Adenosne di phosphate
NAD — Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide
NADP — Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide Phosphate
NADH — Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide
PGA — Phosphoglyceric acid
PGAL — Phospho glyceraldehyde
FAD — Flavin adenine dinucleotide
ETS — Electron transport system
ETC — Electron transport chain
TCA — Tricarboxylic acid
OAA — Oxalo acetic acid
FMN — Flavin mono nucleotide
PPP — Pentose phosphate pathway
Cellular Respiration—The process of oxidation/breakdown of food materials 
within the cell to release energy. Respiratory substarate to be oxidized during 
respiration is usually glucose, but these can also be proteins, fats or organic acids. 
In plants, respiratory gaseous exchange occurs through stomata and lenticels :
Overall cellular respiration is :
C
6
H
12
O
6
 + 6O
2
 ? 6CO
2
 + 6H
2
O + Energy (36ATPs)
Aerobic Respiration
Overall mechanism of aerobic respiration can be studied under the following  
steps :
(A) Glycolysis (EMP pathway) in cytoplasm
(B) Oxidative Decarboxylation—(Gateway Reaction)—in Mitochondrial 
matrix
(C) Kreb’s cycle (TCA—cycle)—Matrix of mitochondria
(D) Oxidative phosphorylation
Page 3


Points To Remember
Aerobic respiration : Complete oxidation of organic food in presence of 
oxygen thereby producing CO
2
, water and energy.
Anaerobic respiration : Incomplete breakdown of organic food to liberate 
energy in the absence of oxygen.
ATP Synthetase : An enzyme complex that catalysis synthesis of A TP during 
oxidative phosphorylation.
Biological oxidation : Oxidation in a series of reaction inside a cell.
Cytochromes : A group of iron containing compounds of electron transport 
system present in inner wall of mitochondria.
Dehydrogenase : Enzyme that catalyses removal of H atom from the 
substrate.
Electron acceptor : Organic compound which receive electrons produced 
during oxidation-reduction reactions.
Electron transport : Movement of electron from substrate to oxygen through 
respiratory chain during respiration.
Fermentation : Breakdown of organic substance that takes place in certain 
microbe like yeast under anaerobic condition with the production of CO
2
 and 
ethanol.
Glycolysis : Enzymatic breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid that occurs 
in the cytoplasm.
Oxidative phosphorylation : Process of formation of ATP from ADP and 
Pi using the energy from proton gradient.
Respriation : Biochemical oxidation food to release energy.
Respiratory Quotient : The ratio of the volume of CO
2
 produced to the 
volume of oxygen consumed.
Proton gradient : Difference in proton concentration across the tissue 
membrane. 
Mitochondrial matrix : The ground material of mitochondria in which 
pyruvic acid undergoes aerobic oxidation through Kreb’s cycle.
Electron Transport Chains (ETC)—A series of co-enzymes and electron/
carriers where electrons can pass along increasing redox potential losing a bit of 
energy at every step of transfer.
Abbreviations
ATP — Adenosine tri phosphate
ADP — Adenosne di phosphate
NAD — Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide
NADP — Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide Phosphate
NADH — Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide
PGA — Phosphoglyceric acid
PGAL — Phospho glyceraldehyde
FAD — Flavin adenine dinucleotide
ETS — Electron transport system
ETC — Electron transport chain
TCA — Tricarboxylic acid
OAA — Oxalo acetic acid
FMN — Flavin mono nucleotide
PPP — Pentose phosphate pathway
Cellular Respiration—The process of oxidation/breakdown of food materials 
within the cell to release energy. Respiratory substarate to be oxidized during 
respiration is usually glucose, but these can also be proteins, fats or organic acids. 
In plants, respiratory gaseous exchange occurs through stomata and lenticels :
Overall cellular respiration is :
C
6
H
12
O
6
 + 6O
2
 ? 6CO
2
 + 6H
2
O + Energy (36ATPs)
Aerobic Respiration
Overall mechanism of aerobic respiration can be studied under the following  
steps :
(A) Glycolysis (EMP pathway) in cytoplasm
(B) Oxidative Decarboxylation—(Gateway Reaction)—in Mitochondrial 
matrix
(C) Kreb’s cycle (TCA—cycle)—Matrix of mitochondria
(D) Oxidative phosphorylation
A. Glycolysis : The term has origianted from the Greek word, glycos = 
glucose, lysis = splitting, or breakdown means breakdown of glucose molecule 
to pyruvic acid. It was given by Embden Meyerhof and Parnas. It is a chainof 
10 reactions to convert glucose into pyruvate. It is common for acerobic and 
anaerdomic respiration.
Steps for Glycolysis—(EMP Pathway)
1. Phosphorylation of Glucose into Glucose-6-phosphate
2. Isomerisation of Glucose-6-Phosphate into fractose-6-phosphate
3. Second phosphorylation in which Fructose-6-phosphate changes into Fructose-1,
6-biphosphate
4. Splitting of Fructiose-1, 6-biphosphate into DiHAP and PGAL
5. Isomerisation of DiHAP into PGAL
6. Oxidation of PGAL into 1, 3-biphosphosphoglycerate
7. Synthesis of A TP and converssion of 1, 3-biphosphoglycerate into 3-phospholycerate
8. Isomerisation of 3-phosphoglycerate into 2-phospholycerate
9. Dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate into PEP
10. Substrate level ATP synthesis and formation of Pyruvic Acid.
 ? It is also called Embden—Meyerhof—Paranas pathway. (EMP pathway)
 ? It is common in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
 ? It  takes palce outside the mitochondria, in the cytoplasm.
 ? One molecule of glucose (Hexose sugar) ultimately produces two molecules
of pyruvic acid through glycolysis.’
 ? During this process 4 molecules of A TP are produced while 2 molecules
ATP are utilised. Thus net gain of ATP is of 2 molecules.
Input and Output of glycolysis
S. No. Input Output
1. Glucose (6—C) —1 Pyruvate (3—C) 2 molecules
molecule
2. 2 A TP 2 ADP
3. 4 ADP + 2 Pi 4 ADP + 2H
2
O
4. 2 NAD
+
 2 NADH (H
+
)
Net out put ...... 2 Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH (+ H
+
) OR 2 Pyruvate + 8 ATP
 The pyruvate, so produced, may under go (i) Lactic acid fermentation, 
Alcoholic fermentation of Aerobic Respiration (Krebs Cycle)
B. Oxidative decarboxylation : Pyruvic acid is converted into Acetyle CoA 
in presence of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
Page 4


Points To Remember
Aerobic respiration : Complete oxidation of organic food in presence of 
oxygen thereby producing CO
2
, water and energy.
Anaerobic respiration : Incomplete breakdown of organic food to liberate 
energy in the absence of oxygen.
ATP Synthetase : An enzyme complex that catalysis synthesis of A TP during 
oxidative phosphorylation.
Biological oxidation : Oxidation in a series of reaction inside a cell.
Cytochromes : A group of iron containing compounds of electron transport 
system present in inner wall of mitochondria.
Dehydrogenase : Enzyme that catalyses removal of H atom from the 
substrate.
Electron acceptor : Organic compound which receive electrons produced 
during oxidation-reduction reactions.
Electron transport : Movement of electron from substrate to oxygen through 
respiratory chain during respiration.
Fermentation : Breakdown of organic substance that takes place in certain 
microbe like yeast under anaerobic condition with the production of CO
2
 and 
ethanol.
Glycolysis : Enzymatic breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid that occurs 
in the cytoplasm.
Oxidative phosphorylation : Process of formation of ATP from ADP and 
Pi using the energy from proton gradient.
Respriation : Biochemical oxidation food to release energy.
Respiratory Quotient : The ratio of the volume of CO
2
 produced to the 
volume of oxygen consumed.
Proton gradient : Difference in proton concentration across the tissue 
membrane. 
Mitochondrial matrix : The ground material of mitochondria in which 
pyruvic acid undergoes aerobic oxidation through Kreb’s cycle.
Electron Transport Chains (ETC)—A series of co-enzymes and electron/
carriers where electrons can pass along increasing redox potential losing a bit of 
energy at every step of transfer.
Abbreviations
ATP — Adenosine tri phosphate
ADP — Adenosne di phosphate
NAD — Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide
NADP — Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide Phosphate
NADH — Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide
PGA — Phosphoglyceric acid
PGAL — Phospho glyceraldehyde
FAD — Flavin adenine dinucleotide
ETS — Electron transport system
ETC — Electron transport chain
TCA — Tricarboxylic acid
OAA — Oxalo acetic acid
FMN — Flavin mono nucleotide
PPP — Pentose phosphate pathway
Cellular Respiration—The process of oxidation/breakdown of food materials 
within the cell to release energy. Respiratory substarate to be oxidized during 
respiration is usually glucose, but these can also be proteins, fats or organic acids. 
In plants, respiratory gaseous exchange occurs through stomata and lenticels :
Overall cellular respiration is :
C
6
H
12
O
6
 + 6O
2
 ? 6CO
2
 + 6H
2
O + Energy (36ATPs)
Aerobic Respiration
Overall mechanism of aerobic respiration can be studied under the following  
steps :
(A) Glycolysis (EMP pathway) in cytoplasm
(B) Oxidative Decarboxylation—(Gateway Reaction)—in Mitochondrial 
matrix
(C) Kreb’s cycle (TCA—cycle)—Matrix of mitochondria
(D) Oxidative phosphorylation
A. Glycolysis : The term has origianted from the Greek word, glycos = 
glucose, lysis = splitting, or breakdown means breakdown of glucose molecule 
to pyruvic acid. It was given by Embden Meyerhof and Parnas. It is a chainof 
10 reactions to convert glucose into pyruvate. It is common for acerobic and 
anaerdomic respiration.
Steps for Glycolysis—(EMP Pathway)
1. Phosphorylation of Glucose into Glucose-6-phosphate
2. Isomerisation of Glucose-6-Phosphate into fractose-6-phosphate
3. Second phosphorylation in which Fructose-6-phosphate changes into Fructose-1,
6-biphosphate
4. Splitting of Fructiose-1, 6-biphosphate into DiHAP and PGAL
5. Isomerisation of DiHAP into PGAL
6. Oxidation of PGAL into 1, 3-biphosphosphoglycerate
7. Synthesis of A TP and converssion of 1, 3-biphosphoglycerate into 3-phospholycerate
8. Isomerisation of 3-phosphoglycerate into 2-phospholycerate
9. Dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate into PEP
10. Substrate level ATP synthesis and formation of Pyruvic Acid.
 ? It is also called Embden—Meyerhof—Paranas pathway. (EMP pathway)
 ? It is common in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
 ? It  takes palce outside the mitochondria, in the cytoplasm.
 ? One molecule of glucose (Hexose sugar) ultimately produces two molecules
of pyruvic acid through glycolysis.’
 ? During this process 4 molecules of A TP are produced while 2 molecules
ATP are utilised. Thus net gain of ATP is of 2 molecules.
Input and Output of glycolysis
S. No. Input Output
1. Glucose (6—C) —1 Pyruvate (3—C) 2 molecules
molecule
2. 2 A TP 2 ADP
3. 4 ADP + 2 Pi 4 ADP + 2H
2
O
4. 2 NAD
+
 2 NADH (H
+
)
Net out put ...... 2 Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH (+ H
+
) OR 2 Pyruvate + 8 ATP
 The pyruvate, so produced, may under go (i) Lactic acid fermentation, 
Alcoholic fermentation of Aerobic Respiration (Krebs Cycle)
B. Oxidative decarboxylation : Pyruvic acid is converted into Acetyle CoA 
in presence of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
145
Pyruvic acid + CoA + NAD +     Acetyle CoA + CO
2
 + NADH + H+ 
The Acetyle CoA enters in TCA cycle.
C. Tri Carboxylic Acid Cycle (Kereb’s cycle) or Citric acid Cycle : This 
cycle starts with condensation of acetyle group with oxaloacitic acid and 
water t o yield citric acid which under goes a series of reactions.
 ? It is aerobic and takes a place in mitochondrial matrix.
 ? Each pyruvic acid molecule produces 4 NADH + H
+
, one FADH
2
, one
ATP.
 ? One glucose molecule has been broken down t o release CO
2
 and eight
molecules of NADH + H
+
, two molecules of FADH
2
 and 2 molecules
of A TP .
 Compensation Point : It is the value of a factor at which the rate of 
photosynthesis controlled by it is just equal to the rate of respiration and 
photorespiration so that there is not net exchcange of gases between the 
phtosynthetic organ and the environment.
 At compensation point the photosynthetic tissue manufacture only such 
amount of food which of sufficient for it to remain alive. No food is supplied 
to rest of the plant. Therefore, net photosynthesis is zero.
 (D) Oxidative Phosphorylation
 The synthesis of A TP from ADP and inorganic phosphate using energy from 
proton gradient is called oxidative phosphorylation. This takes place in 
elementry particles present on the inner membrane of cristae of mitochondria. 
This process in mitochondria is catalysed by ATP synthestase (complex V). 
This compmlex has two major components F
0
 and and F
1
, F
0
 acts a channel 
for proton and F
1
 acts as an ATP synthetase.
Electron Transport System and Oxidative Phosphorylation
  Name of Complex Components of ETS
Complex I FMN and Fe-S are prosthetic groups and NADH 
dehydrogenase
Complex II FADH
2
 dehydrogenase (succinate dehydrogenase), Fe-S, 
UQ
Complex III Cytochrome bc, complex–cytochrome b, cytochrome C, 
Fe-S, UQ
Complex IV Cytochrome Coxidase–Cytochrome a
1
, cytochrome a
3
 which 
posses two copper centres.
Complex V F
0
–F
1
 particles Flow of protein through F
0
 channel induces 
F
1
 partcile to function as ATP synthatase.
Page 5


Points To Remember
Aerobic respiration : Complete oxidation of organic food in presence of 
oxygen thereby producing CO
2
, water and energy.
Anaerobic respiration : Incomplete breakdown of organic food to liberate 
energy in the absence of oxygen.
ATP Synthetase : An enzyme complex that catalysis synthesis of A TP during 
oxidative phosphorylation.
Biological oxidation : Oxidation in a series of reaction inside a cell.
Cytochromes : A group of iron containing compounds of electron transport 
system present in inner wall of mitochondria.
Dehydrogenase : Enzyme that catalyses removal of H atom from the 
substrate.
Electron acceptor : Organic compound which receive electrons produced 
during oxidation-reduction reactions.
Electron transport : Movement of electron from substrate to oxygen through 
respiratory chain during respiration.
Fermentation : Breakdown of organic substance that takes place in certain 
microbe like yeast under anaerobic condition with the production of CO
2
 and 
ethanol.
Glycolysis : Enzymatic breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid that occurs 
in the cytoplasm.
Oxidative phosphorylation : Process of formation of ATP from ADP and 
Pi using the energy from proton gradient.
Respriation : Biochemical oxidation food to release energy.
Respiratory Quotient : The ratio of the volume of CO
2
 produced to the 
volume of oxygen consumed.
Proton gradient : Difference in proton concentration across the tissue 
membrane. 
Mitochondrial matrix : The ground material of mitochondria in which 
pyruvic acid undergoes aerobic oxidation through Kreb’s cycle.
Electron Transport Chains (ETC)—A series of co-enzymes and electron/
carriers where electrons can pass along increasing redox potential losing a bit of 
energy at every step of transfer.
Abbreviations
ATP — Adenosine tri phosphate
ADP — Adenosne di phosphate
NAD — Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide
NADP — Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide Phosphate
NADH — Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide
PGA — Phosphoglyceric acid
PGAL — Phospho glyceraldehyde
FAD — Flavin adenine dinucleotide
ETS — Electron transport system
ETC — Electron transport chain
TCA — Tricarboxylic acid
OAA — Oxalo acetic acid
FMN — Flavin mono nucleotide
PPP — Pentose phosphate pathway
Cellular Respiration—The process of oxidation/breakdown of food materials 
within the cell to release energy. Respiratory substarate to be oxidized during 
respiration is usually glucose, but these can also be proteins, fats or organic acids. 
In plants, respiratory gaseous exchange occurs through stomata and lenticels :
Overall cellular respiration is :
C
6
H
12
O
6
 + 6O
2
 ? 6CO
2
 + 6H
2
O + Energy (36ATPs)
Aerobic Respiration
Overall mechanism of aerobic respiration can be studied under the following  
steps :
(A) Glycolysis (EMP pathway) in cytoplasm
(B) Oxidative Decarboxylation—(Gateway Reaction)—in Mitochondrial 
matrix
(C) Kreb’s cycle (TCA—cycle)—Matrix of mitochondria
(D) Oxidative phosphorylation
A. Glycolysis : The term has origianted from the Greek word, glycos = 
glucose, lysis = splitting, or breakdown means breakdown of glucose molecule 
to pyruvic acid. It was given by Embden Meyerhof and Parnas. It is a chainof 
10 reactions to convert glucose into pyruvate. It is common for acerobic and 
anaerdomic respiration.
Steps for Glycolysis—(EMP Pathway)
1. Phosphorylation of Glucose into Glucose-6-phosphate
2. Isomerisation of Glucose-6-Phosphate into fractose-6-phosphate
3. Second phosphorylation in which Fructose-6-phosphate changes into Fructose-1,
6-biphosphate
4. Splitting of Fructiose-1, 6-biphosphate into DiHAP and PGAL
5. Isomerisation of DiHAP into PGAL
6. Oxidation of PGAL into 1, 3-biphosphosphoglycerate
7. Synthesis of A TP and converssion of 1, 3-biphosphoglycerate into 3-phospholycerate
8. Isomerisation of 3-phosphoglycerate into 2-phospholycerate
9. Dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate into PEP
10. Substrate level ATP synthesis and formation of Pyruvic Acid.
 ? It is also called Embden—Meyerhof—Paranas pathway. (EMP pathway)
 ? It is common in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
 ? It  takes palce outside the mitochondria, in the cytoplasm.
 ? One molecule of glucose (Hexose sugar) ultimately produces two molecules
of pyruvic acid through glycolysis.’
 ? During this process 4 molecules of A TP are produced while 2 molecules
ATP are utilised. Thus net gain of ATP is of 2 molecules.
Input and Output of glycolysis
S. No. Input Output
1. Glucose (6—C) —1 Pyruvate (3—C) 2 molecules
molecule
2. 2 A TP 2 ADP
3. 4 ADP + 2 Pi 4 ADP + 2H
2
O
4. 2 NAD
+
 2 NADH (H
+
)
Net out put ...... 2 Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH (+ H
+
) OR 2 Pyruvate + 8 ATP
 The pyruvate, so produced, may under go (i) Lactic acid fermentation, 
Alcoholic fermentation of Aerobic Respiration (Krebs Cycle)
B. Oxidative decarboxylation : Pyruvic acid is converted into Acetyle CoA 
in presence of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
145
Pyruvic acid + CoA + NAD +     Acetyle CoA + CO
2
 + NADH + H+ 
The Acetyle CoA enters in TCA cycle.
C. Tri Carboxylic Acid Cycle (Kereb’s cycle) or Citric acid Cycle : This 
cycle starts with condensation of acetyle group with oxaloacitic acid and 
water t o yield citric acid which under goes a series of reactions.
 ? It is aerobic and takes a place in mitochondrial matrix.
 ? Each pyruvic acid molecule produces 4 NADH + H
+
, one FADH
2
, one
ATP.
 ? One glucose molecule has been broken down t o release CO
2
 and eight
molecules of NADH + H
+
, two molecules of FADH
2
 and 2 molecules
of A TP .
 Compensation Point : It is the value of a factor at which the rate of 
photosynthesis controlled by it is just equal to the rate of respiration and 
photorespiration so that there is not net exchcange of gases between the 
phtosynthetic organ and the environment.
 At compensation point the photosynthetic tissue manufacture only such 
amount of food which of sufficient for it to remain alive. No food is supplied 
to rest of the plant. Therefore, net photosynthesis is zero.
 (D) Oxidative Phosphorylation
 The synthesis of A TP from ADP and inorganic phosphate using energy from 
proton gradient is called oxidative phosphorylation. This takes place in 
elementry particles present on the inner membrane of cristae of mitochondria. 
This process in mitochondria is catalysed by ATP synthestase (complex V). 
This compmlex has two major components F
0
 and and F
1
, F
0
 acts a channel 
for proton and F
1
 acts as an ATP synthetase.
Electron Transport System and Oxidative Phosphorylation
  Name of Complex Components of ETS
Complex I FMN and Fe-S are prosthetic groups and NADH 
dehydrogenase
Complex II FADH
2
 dehydrogenase (succinate dehydrogenase), Fe-S, 
UQ
Complex III Cytochrome bc, complex–cytochrome b, cytochrome C, 
Fe-S, UQ
Complex IV Cytochrome Coxidase–Cytochrome a
1
, cytochrome a
3
 which 
posses two copper centres.
Complex V F
0
–F
1
 particles Flow of protein through F
0
 channel induces 
F
1
 partcile to function as ATP synthatase.
146
Respiratory Balance Sheet :
glucose + 6O
2
 + 36ADP + 36Pi ? 6CO
2
 + 6H
2
O + 36 ATP
Total ATP Production
 Process Total ATP produced
1. Glycolysis 2ATP + 2NADH
2
 (6ATP) = 8ATP
2. Oxidative decarboxylation 2NADH
2
 (6ATP) = 6ATP
3. Kreb’s Cycle 2GTP (2ATP) + 6NADH
2
 (18ATP)
+ 2FADH
2
 (4ATP) = 24 ATP
Energy production in prokaryotes during aerobic respiration = 38 ATP 
Energy poroduction in eukaryotes during aerobic respiration = 38 – 2 = 36 
ATP
In eukaryotes 2 ATP are used in transporting 2 molucules of NADH + H
+
 
formed in glycolysis from cytoplasm to mitochandria for oxidation through ETS 
shuttle.
(2) Anaerobic Respiration—In anaerobic respiration, Glycolysis is followed 
by formation of ethanol or lactic acid in the cytoplasm.
Fermentation : It is the process of anaerobic respiration which occurs in 
yeast and some bacteria. Fermentation involves incomplete oxidation of food into 
enthanol and carbon-dio-oxide. It results in the production of 2 ATP molcules.
(i) Conversion of Acetyl CoA into fatty acid and PGA.
(ii) Synthesis of chlorophyll and cytochromes from Succinyl CoA
(iii) Synthesis of Amino acids from OAA and a-ketoglutaric acid
(iv) Synthesis of Alkaloid from OAA.
Enzymes involved-Pyruvic acid decarboxylase, Alcohol dehydrogenase
Anaerobic respiration in muslces : During vigrous exercise a person feels 
pain and fatigue in his muscles. This is due to accumulation of lactic acid in 
muscles. When oxygen is inadequate pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid in 
presence of enzyne-lactic dehydrogenase.
During rest lactic acid is reconverted to pyruvic acid.