Atticus Finch - Characters, To Kill a Mockingbird | To Kill a Mockingbird - Summary, Themes & Characters - Novels PDF Download

You know all those stereotypes about lawyers being nasty, money-grubbing people? Well, meet Atticus, giving lawyers (and dads) a good name since 1960. If you read this and thought that he was too good to be true—you're right. He's fictional. But we sure wish he weren't.

Atticus as Father

Neither of the Finch kids ever calls their father "Dad"; he's always Atticus. Weird, right? Especially for kids in the rural South. But we get the feeling that it's their way of showing him respect, just like he shows them respect. For one thing, he doesn't dumb down his language to what he thinks is their level, but he also is willing to explain patiently whenever they have questions.

"I'm afraid our activities would be received with considerable disapprobation by the more learned authorities."

Jem and I were accustomed to our father's last-will-and-testament diction, and we were at all times free to interrupt Atticus for a translation when it was beyond our understanding.

"Huh, sir?"

"I never went to school," he said, "but I have a feeling that if you tell Miss Caroline we read every night she'll get after me, and I wouldn't want her after me." (3.108-113)

When Scout doesn't want to go back to school, Atticus doesn't just tell her that she has to go and that's that; instead, he listens to Scout's explanation of why she's upset, and tries to make her see her teacher's side of things before coming up with a compromise that makes Scout happier.

The passage above also suggests that Atticus's courtroom language creeps into the way that he talks to his kids, and so does his judicial concern with fairness. As Scout tells Uncle Jack, "When Jem an' I fuss Atticus doesn't ever just listen to Jem's side of it, he hears mine too" (9.46). Scout also tells Miss Maudie, "Atticus don't ever do anything to Jem and me in the house that he don't do in the yard" (5.53). Atticus runs his family like a judge: he's the one in charge, and has a clear set of rules that he expects his kids to follow, but he makes sure that both sides have their say.

Judge Atticus

Atticus doesn't expect his kids to respect him just because he's their father, but because he acts in a way that deserves respect. His honesty with his children means that they trust him, and look to him for guidance.

"Don't worry, Scout, it ain't time to worry yet," said Jem. He pointed. "Looka yonder."

In a group of neighbors, Atticus was standing with his hands in his overcoat pockets. He might have been watching a football game. Miss Maudie was beside him.

"See there, he's not worried yet," said Jem. (8.105-107)

Atticus is the opposite of a hypocrite: he says what he means, and lives how he thinks. In raising his children, he tries to get them to understand not only how they should behave, but why they should behave that way. This parenting attitude works most of the time, but causes problems when the kids apply Atticus's principles in ways he doesn't expect.

We were accustomed to prompt, if not always cheerful acquiescence to Atticus's instructions, but from the way he stood Jem was not thinking of budging.

"Go home, I said."

Jem shook his head. As Atticus's fists went to his hips, so did Jem's, and as they faced each other I could see little resemblance between them: Jem's soft brown hair and eyes, his oval face and snug-fitting ears were our mother's, contrasting oddly with Atticus's graying black hair and square-cut features, but they were somehow alike. Mutual defiance made them alike. (15.97-99)

Just as Atticus is standing by Tom to protect him, Jem wants to do the same for Atticus. While Atticus isn't scared of the mob for his own sake, he is afraid that they'll hurt his kids. In the end, however, it's Scout's following her father's advice (talking to people about what they care about) that gets them out of their fix. While Atticus tries through his parenting to save his kids from Maycomb's intolerance, he's also giving them the same ideas that lead to him facing off with a mob and receiving death threats.

So, is he protecting his kids, or putting them in danger?

Life Lessons

Well… yes. To both questions. Atticus believes that shielding his kids in the short term doesn't do them any favors in the long run. This becomes especially clear when he thinks Jem is the one who stabbed Bob Ewell.

"Thank you from the bottom of my heart, but I don't want my boy starting out with something like this over his head. Best way to clear the air is to have it all out in the open. Let the county come and bring sandwiches. I don't want him growing up with a whisper about him, I don't want anybody saying, 'Jem Finch... his daddy paid a mint to get him out of that.' Sooner we get this over with the better." (30.34)

Atticus would rather his son underwent the momentary discomfort and risk of being open about his "crime" than face a lifetime of second-guessing. This is, after all, the way he himself lives, doing right by Tom Robinson and getting called a few names (and, uh, having his kids attacked) rather than suffer the shame of having supported injustice.

While Atticus holds his kids to the same high standards as he holds himself, he's there for them when they need him. Check out the very last sentence of the book: "He turned out the light and went into Jem's room. He would be there all night, and he would be there when Jem waked up in the morning" (31.56).

Even when Jem's unconscious and has no way of knowing what's going on, Atticus is there for him—because it's the right thing to do, even if no one's watching? That would fit with what we know about Atticus, but perhaps there's a simpler reason: love.

Now that's a #1 Dad.

In the Courtroom

Of course Scout's dad has the be the one honest lawyer in, well, maybe the whole South. And it sure causes his family a lot of grief. Atticus tries to explain to Scout why he's doing what he's doing in this case.

"If you shouldn't be defendin' him, then why are you doin' it?"

"For a number of reasons," said Atticus. "The main one is, if I didn't I couldn't hold up my head in town, I couldn't represent this county in the legislature, I couldn't even tell you or Jem not to do something again. […] Scout, simply by the nature of the work, every lawyer gets at least one case in his lifetime that affects him personally. This one's mine, I guess." (9.16-21)

For Atticus, being a lawyer isn't just a job, it's a personal commitment to justice, and to solving problems through the law rather than through violence. (Hint, hint, Scout.) Oh, also, he had no choice: Judge Taylor assigned him to the case.

"Lemme tell you somethin' now, Billy," a third said, "you know the court appointed him to defend this nigger." "Yeah, but Atticus aims to defend him. That's what I don't like about it."

This was news, news that put a different light on things: Atticus had to, whether he wanted to or not. I thought it odd that he hadn't said anything to us about it—we could have used it many times in defending him and ourselves. He had to, that's why he was doing it, equaled fewer fights and less fussing. But did that explain the town's attitude? The court appointed Atticus to defend him. Atticus aimed to defend him. That's what they didn't like about it. It was confusing. (16.92)

Why doesn't Atticus tell Scout this, when it could have given her a good excuse to get out of fights? Well, for one, it's not really an excuse. The problem isn't that he's defending Tom, but that he's planning on doing it to the best of his ability. (Most people in the town think fair trials are only for white people.) But we think Atticus doesn't mention it because he doesn't want Scout to defend him with a cop-out. Maybe Atticus was appointed, but he also thinks it's the right thing to do.

Southern Gentleman

And Atticus chooses not only to really defend Tom, rather than kinda-sorta defending him, but also to treat even the horrible Ewells with respect in court. Dill notices that Mr. Gilmer doesn't return the compliment for Tom:

"Well, Mr. Finch didn't act that way to Mayella and old man Ewell when he cross-examined them. The way that man called him 'boy' all the time an' sneered at him, an' looked around at the jury every time he answered-"(19.163)

Mr. Gilmer is willing to use any tools at his disposal to win his case, including taking advantage of the jury's racism. Atticus, on the other hand, appeals to the jury's sense of justice and equality. If the roles were reversed, if Atticus had been assigned the prosecution instead of the defense, would he have acted any differently? Would he have even taken the case? What part of Atticus's character does Mr. Gilmer lack, to make him able to act so differently from his legal opponent?

Proud to Be an American?

In the end, Atticus stands for truth, fairness, and—he hopes—the American legal system. He says as much in his closing remarks:

"I'm no idealist to believe firmly in the integrity of our courts and in the jury system—that is no ideal to me, it is a living, working reality. Gentlemen, a court is no better than each man of you sitting before me on this jury. A court is only as sound as its jury, and a jury is only as sound as the men who make it up. I am confident that you gentlemen will review without passion the evidence you have heard, come to a decision, and restore this defendant to his family. In the name of God, do your duty." (20.52)

For Atticus, Tom's trial means more than the fate of a single man. It even means more than a referendum on racism in Maycomb. The case is about the fairness of the American legal system, which means it's about the fairness of American people. In his closing remarks, Atticus argues for big principles like equality and duty, but he doesn't for a moment lose sight of the fact that in the end it's human beings and their choices that make equality stand or fall—and in this case, fall.

Atticus's Timeline

• Atticus grows up in Finches’ Landing, but leaves to go to law school.
• After being admitted to the bar, Atticus sets up shop in Maycomb, twenty miles from where he grew up, where he’s related to nearly everyone.
• With his first lawyerly earnings he puts his younger brother through medical school.
• After joining the state legislature, Atticus marries a woman fifteen years younger than him, and has two kids with her before she dies.
• After Calpurnia chews Scout out for being rude to Walter Cunningham, Scout tells Atticus to get rid of her, but Atticus tells her to do what Calpurnia tells her.
• When Scout comes home depressed because her teacher says she can’t read with Atticus anymore, Atticus tells her they can still do so long as she doesn’t tell the teacher.
• When Atticus sees the kids playing the Radley game, he doesn’t tell them to stop, but he makes his disapproval clear.
• Atticus catches Jem and Dill trying to give a note to Boo Radley, and uses lawyer tricks to get Jem to admit what they were doing.
• On the night of Maycomb’s first snowfall in years, Atticus wakes up his kids because Miss Maudie’s house is on fire.
• Before the flames get too bad, Atticus saves Miss Maudie’s most prized possession, a rocking chair.
• When it’s clear the house is lost, Atticus stands back and lets the firefighters do their job, and tells his kids that they don’t need to worry about their own house yet but they should stay out of the way by the Radley Place.
• When the fire is out and they return to their house, Atticus at first thinks the kids disobeyed him because of Scout’s new blanket, but soon figures out that it must have been Boo.
• Scout asks Atticus about the Tom Robinson case, and Atticus explains his position to her.
• At Christmas, Atticus takes Scout home from Aunt Alexandra’s in disgrace after she fights with her cousin Francis.
• Atticus talks to Uncle Jack about the Robinson case, knowing that Scout is listening from around the corner.
• Atticus refuses to teach his kids how to use their new air rifles, but only tells them not to shoot at mockingbirds.
• The kids are ashamed when Atticus refuses to join in on the football game that a town church is having for a fundraiser.
• Calpurnia calls Atticus to tell him about the mad dog in their street, and he brings Sheriff Tate over to kill the dog.
• It’s a difficult shot, so Tate insists that Atticus take it, even though he protests.
• Atticus kills the dog with one bullet.
• When Jem takes out his anger at mean Mrs. Dubose by destroying her camellias, Atticus not only makes him go back and apologize, he also makes him do as Mrs. Dubose wishes and read to her every afternoon.
• After Mrs. Dubose dies, Atticus tells the kids that she was a morphine addict trying to get clean before she died, and talks about her courage.
• Atticus returns from the state capital to explain to the kids why Aunt Alexandra has come to live with them.
• Aunt Alexandra tries to get Atticus to talk to the kids about their family pride, but all he can do is make Scout cry so he gives up on it, and makes Aunt Alexandra drop it too.
• Scout asks Atticus what rape is, and he tells her.
• Atticus makes Scout obey her Aunt Alexandra, even though her views on what Scout should and shouldn’t do are different from his.
• Atticus defends Calpurnia when Aunt Alexandra wants to get rid of her.
• When the kids find Dill under Scout’s bed, Atticus talks to his family and arranges for him to stay.
• One night a group of men come to talk to Atticus about their fears concerning the Tom Robinson case.
• The next night, Atticus camps out in front of the jail where Tom is being held.
• When the kids turn up, Atticus is afraid for their safety, but ultimately he is relieved that they kept the situation from turning ugly.
• Atticus goes to court to defend Tom Robinson.
• Atticus gets Tate to give him the facts that he needs, manages not to laugh at the absurd (though dangerous) Bob Ewell, reluctantly attacks Mayella in order to try to save his client, and lets Tom tell his story in his own words.
• In his closing remarks, he not only talks about the case itself, but about the wider racial prejudice that is the main reason the case wasn’t dismissed for lack of evidence before it ever came to trial.
• After the guilty verdict, Atticus leaves the courtroom alone, and the African-Americans in the balcony stand up to honor him.
• After the trial, Atticus is bitter, but he hopes to win the case on appeal.
• Bob Ewell is also bitter, threatening Atticus in public and spitting in his face.
• Atticus tells the kids that the only person on the jury willing to acquit Tom was a relative of the Mr. Cunningham Scout had faced down in the lynch mob.
• One day Atticus comes home in the middle of one of Aunt Alexandra’s tea parties with bad news: Tom has been shot and killed while trying to escape from prison.
• Atticus takes Calpurnia and goes to break the news to Helen Robinson, Tom’s wife.
• Atticus is too tired (or so he says) to attend Scout’s Halloween pageant.
• When Jem is carried in unconscious, Atticus first tends to him, then calls Heck Tate.
• Atticus at first wants Jem to undergo legal proceedings for stabbing Ewell because he doesn’t want it to seem like he’s covering anything up, but Heck Tate convinces him that whatever happened, taking the case to court would mean publicity for Boo, which would be a sin.
• Atticus worries that Scout won’t understand, but she does.
• After Scout walks Boo home, Atticus reads to her at her request until she falls asleep.
• Atticus stays with the sleeping Jem all night, until he wakes up in the morning.