State Theories and Public Policy Formulation | Public Administration Optional for UPSC (Notes) PDF Download

Theories of State and Public Policy Formulation in Such States

Theories of State and public policy formulation provide insights into the different types of states and how policies are developed within them. There are four major theories of the State:

Pluralistic Theory of State

According to this liberal theory, the State acts as a neutral referee, arbitrating between societal issues when necessary. It assumes that individuals know what is best for themselves and have entered into a social contract with others to protect their interests. The State's role is to enforce this social contract and punish those who violate it. Public policies formulated under this theory are believed to be altruistic, universal, and benevolent.

• Neo-Pluralistic State Theory: This newer theory acknowledges that the State is not entirely insulated from external influences and can be swayed by powerful interest groups, such as corporations. Public policy formulated in such a State may be influenced by these groups and may not always align with the majority's will.

Marxist Theory of State

Marx argued that the State is an institution created to serve the interests of the bourgeoisie (wealthy/upper-middle class) and perpetuate their power. While the State may appear to protect the interests of the proletariat (working class/poor), it actually serves the bourgeoisie. Public policies in such a State are coercive towards the proletariat and favor the dominant bourgeoisie.

• Neo-Marxist or New-Marxist Theory of State: This theory, proposed by Gramsci, suggests that the bourgeoisie not only uses the State but also other institutions like education and religion to maintain their dominance. Public policy formulation in such a State aims to perpetuate bourgeois interests by influencing religion, culture, education, etc.
• Contemporary Marxist Theory of State: Scholars like Miliband and Poulantzas expanded on Marx's two-class model and argued that even within the bourgeoisie, there are different levels of power. They contend that the State formulates policies that serve the interests of the business class while also providing some benefits to the poor and vulnerable, albeit under the control of the business class. Miliband is known as an instrumentalist, emphasizing the State as an instrument of the business class. Poulantzas highlights the State's role as a product of the societal power balance, influencing public policy based on the competing interests. Poulantzas is referred to as a structuralist.

Leviathan State

The Leviathan State is characterized by its immense power and authority. It plays a dominant role in society, both in response to societal demands (demand side) and through its proactive initiatives (supply side). Public policy in this type of State covers various domains, including developmental and non-developmental areas. Citizens have the opportunity to voice their views (demand side), while the State independently formulates public policies that it deems beneficial for the people (supply side).

Patriarchal State

This feminist perspective believes that the State is exploitative towards women and reinforces male values and interests.
There are two approaches within the Patriarchal State:

•  Radical Feminism: This approach advocates for radical and revolutionary change, rejecting gradual reform. It calls for direct confrontation with the State to demand women's rights.
• Liberal Feminism: This view supports gradual reform and acknowledges the traditional gender roles where the private sphere is considered for females and the public sphere for males. However, it advocates for step-by-step measures to address gender imbalances in both spheres.

Typologies of State / Role of State & Public Policy Formulation in Them

Moving on to the practical aspect of the State, we can identify different typologies or roles of the State and their implications for public policy formulation:

• Minimalist State: This State believes in a laissez-faire approach, where the State's role is primarily regulatory, with minimal involvement in development activities. Public policy in this context is focused on regulation and facilitation, reflecting the principles of the New Right philosophy.
• Developmental State: In this type of State, private actors are allowed in the public domain, but the State takes a proactive role in driving development. Public policy in a developmental State is detailed and provides a clear explanation of various issues.
• Social Democratic State: The emphasis in this State is on equity rather than just the economy. Democratic methods are employed to achieve social equity, and public policy reflects this social orientation.
• Collectivized State: Here, the private sector is largely marginalized, and economic planning and development are centralized in the hands of the State. Public policy in a collectivized State follows the principles of central planning and enforces the ideologies of the State.
• Totalitarian State: In this type of State, all aspects of society, including education, culture, religion, etc., are centralized and controlled by the State. Public policy covers every aspect of society, and the State assumes all functions.

Conclusion

In conclusion, understanding the theories of the State and the different typologies of State roles provides valuable insights into how public policies are formulated and implemented. These theories and typologies help analyze the dynamics between the State, various societal groups, and the resulting policies that shape the governance of a nation.