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Reflection of Light
Reflection of light occurs when light bounces off a surface. The angle at which light strikes a surface (incident angle) is equal to the angle at which it reflects (reflection angle). This principle is known as the law of reflection. Reflection is responsible for making objects visible, as light reflects off them and enters our eyes. Smooth surfaces like mirrors cause regular reflection, while rough surfaces cause diffused reflection.
Reflection of Light
Refraction of Light
Refraction of light is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another with a different density, like from air to water or glass. This change in speed causes the light to change direction. The degree of bending depends on the angle at which the light hits the surface and the refractive index of the two mediums.
This phenomenon is responsible for effects like the bending of a straw in water or the formation of rainbows.
Refraction from Rarer to Denser Medium
Refraction from Denser to Rarer Medium
Refraction through rectangular glass slab
When light passes through a rectangular glass slab, it undergoes refraction at both the air-to-glass and glass-to-air surfaces. As the light enters the slab, it slows down and bends towards the normal (an imaginary line perpendicular to the surface) due to the higher refractive index of glass compared to air. Upon exiting the slab, the light speeds up and bends away from the normal.
Although the light changes direction twice, the overall path of the light remains parallel to its original direction, with a slight displacement. This effect demonstrates the bending of light as it passes through different media.
Refraction through rectangular glass slab
Image formation by concave mirror
A concave mirror forms an image by reflecting light rays that converge after striking its curved surface. If the object is placed beyond the focal point, the mirror forms a real, inverted, and reduced image.
If the object is closer to the mirror than the focal point, the image is virtual, upright, and magnified. The exact nature of the image depends on the object's distance from the mirror's focal point. The concave mirror focuses light to a single point, creating clear and distinct images.
Image formation by concave mirror
Image formation by a convex mirror
A convex mirror always forms a virtual, upright, and reduced image, regardless of the object's distance. This is because the mirror's outward curvature causes light rays to diverge. The reflected rays appear to come from a single point behind the mirror, creating a virtual image.
The image formed is smaller than the actual object, making convex mirrors useful for wide-angle views, such as in car side mirrors.
Image formation by convex mirror
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Image formation by convex lens
A convex lens can form different types of images based on the object's position. If the object is beyond twice the focal length (2F), the image is real, inverted, and reduced. If it’s at 2F, the image is real, inverted, and same size. When the object is between F and 2F, the image is real, inverted, and magnified. If the object is inside F, the image is virtual, upright, and magnified. Convex lenses are used in magnifiers and eyeglasses.
Image formation by convex lens
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Image formation by concave lens
A concave lens always forms a virtual, upright, and reduced image, no matter where the object is placed. The diverging light rays from the object appear to originate from a single point behind the lens. The image is always smaller than the object and is formed on the same side as the object.
Concave lenses are commonly used in applications like eyeglasses for nearsightedness.
Image formation by concave lens
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FAQs on Important Diagrams: Ray Optics - Light: Reflection and Refraction - Science Class 10
| 1. What is the law of reflection of light? |  |
| 2. How does refraction occur through a rectangular glass slab? | |
Ans. Refraction through a rectangular glass slab occurs when light enters the slab and bends towards the normal as it passes from air to glass, and then bends away from the normal as it exits the slab from glass to air.
| 3. How is an image formed by a concave mirror? | |
Ans. An image is formed by a concave mirror when the object is placed beyond the focal point, and a real and inverted image is formed between the focus and the mirror, or when the object is placed between the focus and the mirror, a virtual and upright image is formed beyond the mirror.
| 4. What is the image formed by a convex mirror? | |
Ans. A convex mirror always forms a virtual, erect, and diminished image of an object, regardless of the object's position in front of the mirror.
| 5. How is an image formed by a convex lens? | |
Ans. An image is formed by a convex lens depending on the position of the object. If the object is placed beyond the focal point, a real and inverted image is formed between the focus and the lens. If the object is placed between the focus and the lens, a virtual and upright image is formed beyond the lens.
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