India-Russia Relations | UPSC Mains: International Relations PDF Download

Context

• Prime Minister Narendra Modi and President Vladimir Putin had a telephone conversation which focused on bilateral cooperation and regional/global issues.
• Both leaders reviewed the progress made in bilateral cooperation.

Exchange of Views and Updates

• Prime Minister Modi and President Putin exchanged views on regional and global issues. The specific issues discussed were not mentioned.
• President Putin informed Prime Minister Modi about recent developments in Russia. Details of these developments were not provided.

• During the conversation, the situation in Ukraine was discussed.
• Prime Minister Modi reiterated his call for dialogue and diplomacy in addressing the situation.

• Both leaders agreed to remain in touch.
• They expressed their commitment to continue efforts in strengthening the Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership between India and Russia.

About Russia

• Russia is a vast country located in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia.
• It is the largest country in the world, spanning across eleven time zones.

• Russia shares borders with multiple countries, including China, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Ukraine, and Finland.
• It has diverse geographical features, including the Ural Mountains, Siberian plains, and the vast Siberian taiga.
• Russia is also home to several major rivers, such as the Volga, Lena, and Amur.

• Russia has a rich history that spans over a thousand years.
• It was ruled by tsars until the Russian Revolution in 1917, which led to the establishment of the Soviet Union.
• The Soviet Union played a significant role in global politics during the Cold War era.

• Russia is a federal semi-presidential republic.
• The President of Russia is the head of state, while the Prime Minister is the head of government.
• The political landscape is dominated by the ruling party, United Russia.

• Russia has a mixed economy with a diverse range of industries.
• It is one of the world's leading producers of natural resources, including oil, gas, and minerals.
• Other major industries include manufacturing, aerospace, defense, and technology.

• Russian culture is renowned for its literature, arts, ballet, classical music, and architecture.
• Prominent Russian authors such as Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoevsky have made significant contributions to world literature.
• The country is also known for its iconic landmarks, such as the Red Square and the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg.

• Russia is an influential player in global affairs and holds a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council.
• It has maintained historical alliances with countries like India, and their relationship is based on a Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership.
• Russia's foreign policy priorities include safeguarding its national interests and maintaining geopolitical influence.

• Russia faces various challenges, including economic diversification, demographic changes, and geopolitical tensions.
• However, it also has significant opportunities for growth, particularly in areas such as technology, innovation, and energy sectors.
• The diplomatic relationship between India and Russia is characterized by a long-standing history of friendship and cooperation.
• The foundation of the bilateral ties between the two countries was laid during the Cold War era and has evolved into a Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership.

• India and Russia have enjoyed close ties since the Soviet era.
• The Indo-Soviet Treaty of Peace, Friendship, and Cooperation signed in 1971 formed the basis for the bilateral relationship.
• The Soviet Union supported India during significant events such as the Indo-Pak wars and played a crucial role in India's defense and development.

• Defense cooperation is a cornerstone of the India-Russia relationship.
• Russia has been a key supplier of defense equipment to India, including aircraft, tanks, submarines, and missiles.
• The two countries engage in joint military exercises and share intelligence and counterterrorism cooperation.

• Economic cooperation between India and Russia covers various sectors, including energy, pharmaceuticals, infrastructure, and information technology.
• Bilateral trade has been growing steadily, with both countries aiming to reach a target of $30 billion by 2025.
• Investment opportunities and joint ventures are actively pursued to enhance economic ties.

• India and Russia have a history of collaboration in the space sector.
• The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has launched several satellites using Russian launch vehicles.
• Russia has also been a reliable partner in India's nuclear energy program, including the construction of nuclear power plants.

• Cultural exchanges play an important role in strengthening India-Russia ties.
• Both countries have cultural centers that promote language, arts, and cultural activities.
• Tourism between India and Russia has been increasing, allowing people-to-people contacts and fostering greater understanding.

• India and Russia cooperate closely on various global forums, including the United Nations, BRICS, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.
• Both countries share similar views on major international issues, such as multilateralism, counterterrorism, and the need for a multipolar world order.

• The Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership has witnessed further strengthening in recent years with regular high-level visits and exchanges.
• Areas of future cooperation include high technology, innovation, pharmaceuticals, and joint manufacturing.
• Efforts are being made to diversify the bilateral relationship beyond defense and energy sectors.