Ochrotoxicosis in Animals | Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science Optional for UPSC PDF Download

Introduction to Ochratoxin 

• Ochratoxin, a mycotoxin, is produced by two filamentous fungi, Penicillium and Aspergillus. 
• It is known to be toxic to both animals and humans. 
• In humans, it can lead to a severe kidney disease called Balkan endemic nephropathy. 

• It can have acute or chronic effects on animals, resulting in production losses. - Ochratoxin is reported to be carcinogenic in both humans and animals. 

• The primary toxin is ochratoxin A (OA). 
• In Canada, ochratoxin has been found in grains like wheat, barley, and maize, with higher occurrences in feed grains than in food grains. 
• In India, ochratoxin A has been reported in some common herbal medicines collected from Bihar. 

• Ochratoxicosis has been reported in various animals and fish species, including chicken, duck, turkey, rat, sheep, swine, and rainbow trout. It is also harmful to humans. 

• There is a strong correlation between the feed and OA residues in the kidneys, liver, adipose tissues, blood, and other tissues of pigs. 
• In ruminants, OA residues are generally not found as rumen microbial enzymes can break down OA into a non-toxic form. 

• Symptoms include anorexia, weight loss, vomiting, elevated rectal temperature, conjunctivitis, tonsillitis, excessive thirst, passage of blood clots, rectal mucus discharge, dehydration, prostration, and death within two weeks after toxin exposure. 

• Poultry may experience a significant decrease in egg production and feed consumption due to ochratoxicosis.By understanding the impact of ochratoxicosis on animals and the various associated symptoms and effects, we can take steps to prevent and manage this serious condition effectively.

Prevention and Control Measures for Mycotoxin Contamination in Cereals

Prevention through Moisture Content Control: 

• Cereals should be stored at a moisture content below 15% to inhibit the growth of fungi.

Irradiation Methods: 

• Gamma and electron beam irradiation can effectively eliminate ochratoxin A (OA) spores from fungi like Aspergillus alutaceus.

Use of Phosphine: 

• Phosphine proves to be effective in preventing fungal growth of Aspergillus vesicolor.

Antimicrobial Agents for Cereals with pH 5-6: 

• In cereals such as sorghum with pH values ranging from 5 to 6, antimicrobial agents like methylparaben or potassium sorbate are highly efficient in inhibiting growth.

 Detoxification Techniques: 

• Treatment methods for OA-contaminated barley include the use of 5% NHg, heating grain at 105°C with 0.5% NaOH, and autoclaving, which not only detoxify several mycotoxins, including OA but also inhibit fungal growth.

Binding Agents for Reducing OA Absorption: 

• Various binding agents like sodium/calcium, alufhito silicate, bentonite, charcoal, and cholestyramine are known to reduce the absorption of OA.

Control of OA Production: 

• Boric acid and propionic acid are effective in controlling the production of OA.

Prevention of Ochratoxin Toxicity in Laying Hens: 

• Ochratoxin toxicity in laying hens can be prevented by supplementing their diet with ascorbic acid at a dosage of 300 mg/kg.
• By implementing these prevention and control measures, the contamination of cereals with mycotoxins can be effectively managed, ensuring food safety and quality.