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Understanding Feeding Standards and Measures of Feed Energy

  • Feeding standards are essentially tables that outline the nutritional value of feed and the food requirements of animals for different purposes like growth, fattening, and lactation.
  • These standards also provide essential data for designing various nutrition experiments, especially those that necessitate a basic ration rich in all nutrients except the one under study.
  • It is crucial to express the nutritive value of rations in common terms, such as energy of nutrients, to facilitate comparison and analysis for different purposes.

Expressing Nutritive Value of Feeds

  • Various methods have been employed to express the nutritive value of feeds, including energy, total digestible nutrients, and digestible proteins.
  • For instance, Armsby in America and Kellner in Germany introduced standards that converted food constituents into energy or starch equivalents.
  • While all food constituents can be represented in terms of energy, it is essential to ensure an adequate protein supply for maintenance and production purposes.

Importance of Digestible Proteins and Total Digestible Nutrients

  • Expressing food and food requirements in terms of 'Digestible Proteins' and 'Total Digestible Nutrients' is crucial for effective nutritional assessment.
  • Any standard chosen should ensure that the food supplies both the total amount of energy and a minimum required protein level for maintenance and production needs.

Types of Feeding Standards

  • Armsby's energy standard
  • Kellner's starch values or starch equivalents
  • Standards based on total digestible nutrients and digestible proteins

Question for Feeding Standards and Measures of Feed Energy
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Which method is used to express the nutritive value of feeds?
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Food Energy Measures

  • Total Digestible Nutrients
  • Digestible Energy
  • Metabolizable Energy
  • Physiological Fuel Values
  • Net Energy
  • Starch Values

Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN):

  • TDN represents the actual value of food after deducting losses in feces, urine, combustible gases, and heat elimination.
  • Determining the digestibility of nutrients is crucial to understanding the true value of food.
  • TDN helps in comparing different feeds by eliminating fecal losses, making them comparable.
  • The digestion coefficients for common feeding stuffs are readily available.

Relationship between TDN and Net Energy:

  • 1 pound of TDN in maize equals 1 Therm net energy.
  • 1 pound of TDN in good hay equals 0.75 Therm net energy.
  • 1 pound of TDN in poor roughage equals 0.5 Therm net energy.
  • Poor quality roughages have lower energy values due to poor digestibility.

Measuring Food Energy:

  • Gross Energy
  • Digested Energy
  • Metabolizable Energy
  • Fecal Energy
  • Energy of Urine and Combustible Gases
  • Heat Loss
  • Net Energy

Relationship between Various Measures of Food Energy:

  • The different measures of food energy are expressed in calories, kilocalories, or therms, depending on the unit of measurement.
  • Relationships between different measures such as Gross Energy, Digested Energy, Metabolizable Energy, and Net Energy are essential for understanding the energy values of food.

Digestible Energy:

  • Digestible energy is the energy obtained after subtracting the energy lost during digestion.
  • It can be calculated in two main ways:
    (i) By determining the gross calories in the food and feces and then calculating the digested energy.
    (ii) By using the caloric factors of digested nutrients - carbohydrates (4.1), proteins (5.65), and fat (9.4).
  • No specific feeding standard has been established based on digested energy.

Metabolizable Energy:

  • Metabolizable energy accounts for losses occurring in urine and combustible gases.
  • It is considered a more accurate measure than digested energy but doesn't include heat losses from the animal's body.
  • Measuring metabolizable energy requires specialized techniques and equipment, limiting its availability for many feeds.

Physiological Fuel Values:

  • Physiological fuel values are similar to metabolizable energy for humans but may not be suitable for other species due to varying digestive and metabolic conditions.

Net Energy:

  • Net energy is the energy that is entirely useful to the body, accounting for all metabolic losses.
  • It is a more precise measure of energy conversion, considering the energy used in producing meat, milk, eggs, or work.
  • Net energy values are not ideal for colder climates and are based on data obtained in warm environments.
  • While theoretically superior in accounting for all losses, determining net energy values is expensive and challenging, limiting their availability to only a few feeds.

Question for Feeding Standards and Measures of Feed Energy
Try yourself:
What is the purpose of Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) in comparing different feeds?
View Solution

The document Feeding Standards and Measures of Feed Energy | Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science Optional for UPSC is a part of the UPSC Course Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science Optional for UPSC.
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FAQs on Feeding Standards and Measures of Feed Energy - Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science Optional for UPSC

1. What are the different measures of feed energy used in feeding standards?
Ans. The different measures of feed energy used in feeding standards are Digestible Energy, Metabolizable Energy, Physiological Fuel Values, and Net Energy.
2. What is Digestible Energy and how is it related to feed energy?
Ans. Digestible Energy is the gross energy of feed minus the energy lost in the feces. It represents the energy available to the animal after digestion and absorption.
3. How is Metabolizable Energy calculated and why is it important in feed energy measurement?
Ans. Metabolizable Energy is the gross energy of feed minus the energy lost in urine and gases. It represents the energy available to the animal after digestion, absorption, and metabolic processes. It is important in feed energy measurement as it provides a more accurate estimate of the energy available to the animal for maintenance, growth, and production.
4. What are Physiological Fuel Values and how do they differ from other measures of feed energy?
Ans. Physiological Fuel Values are estimates of the energy value of feeds based on their chemical composition and digestibility. They differ from other measures of feed energy as they take into account the efficiency of utilization of energy by the animal.
5. How is Net Energy calculated and why is it considered the most accurate measure of feed energy?
Ans. Net Energy is the energy available to the animal for maintenance, growth, and production after accounting for energy lost in feces, urine, gases, and heat increment. It is considered the most accurate measure of feed energy as it provides a direct estimate of the energy available for productive purposes.
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