Weekly Current Affairs (22nd to 30th September 2024) | Current Affairs: Daily, Weekly & Monthly - CLAT PDF Download

Amazon Faces Severe Drought and Record Wildfires in 2024

• In 2023, the Amazon region experienced one of its worst droughts ever, causing significant declines in water levels in major rivers like the Solimoes.
• By September 2024, the water level in the Madeira River in Porto Velho fell to just 48 cm, compared to the normal level of 332 cm.
• This drastic change led the Brazilian government to declare a state of emergency in six cities.

Impact of Drought on Biodiversity and Communities

• The drought has severely impacted both wildlife and local communities in the Amazon.
• Many communities, particularly Indigenous and riverine populations, rely on rivers for transportation.
• As rivers dry up, travel becomes difficult, cutting off access to essential supplies like food,fuel, and medicine.
• The Amazon, home to around 47 million people, heavily depends on its rivers for daily life, making this situation particularly challenging.

Record-Breaking Wildfires

• The drought has also led to a significant increase in wildfires.
• In July 2023, there were about 11,500 fires, but this number surged to 38,000 in August 2023, marking the highest level of fires in two decades.
• These wildfires have released large amounts of carbon into the atmosphere, reaching the highest levels of carbon emissions since 2005 and worsening the environmental crisis.

Causes of the Drought

• The drought is primarily attributed to climate change and the El Niño weather pattern, which reduces rainfall.
• The intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), which governs rainfall in the region, has also been a factor.
• Warmer ocean temperatures in the tropical Atlantic Ocean have pushed the ITCZ further north, resulting in decreased rainfall in the Amazon.
• The Amazon has seen more frequent and intense droughts over the years, with major droughts occurring in 2005,2010, and 2015-2016.
• In the past 25 years, there have been four severe droughts, indicating a troubling trend of increasing dry spells.

Long-Term Effects of the Drought

• This ongoing drought could have serious long-term effects.
• Drier conditions may lead to more trees dying, reducing the forest’s ability to absorb carbon and increasing the risk of wildfires.
• While the full consequences of the drought are not yet clear, it is likely to have a lasting impact on the environment and the people who depend on the Amazon for their livelihoods.

Kaziranga Sees 86% Drop in Rhino Poaching Since 2016

Significant Reduction in Rhino Poaching

• Kaziranga National Park in Assam has seen an 86% decrease in rhino poaching since 2016, as reported by Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma on World Rhino Day.
• This decline reflects the effectiveness of ongoing conservation efforts to protect the one-horned rhinoceros.

Impact of Poaching on Rhino Population

• Between 2000 and 2021, poachers killed 190 rhinos in Assam, primarily for their horns.
• Rhino horns are highly valued in illegal trade, often used in traditional medicine and as status symbols.
• Protecting the one-horned rhino is crucial for maintaining Assam's biodiversity.

Government Initiatives for Rhino Conservation

• The Indian government, under Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has prioritized the protection of the one-horned rhino.
• Since the "double-engine government" took office in 2016, it has implemented focused conservation strategies to safeguard rhinos.

Conservation Measures Implemented

• Increased Protection: New anti-poaching camps and a special protection force have been established to safeguard rhinos.
• Expanded Habitat: Efforts have been made to enlarge the rhinos' natural habitat, providing them with more space to thrive.

Kaziranga Model of Conservation

• The "Kaziranga model" of conservation is recognized globally for its success.
• Anti-poaching camps are set up every 5.82 square kilometers, with 233 camps across the park.
• These camps are staffed with dedicated personnel who work to deter poachers.

Role of Local Communities

• Local communities are actively involved in protecting rhinos, with the government engaging and acknowledging their contributions.
• This involvement has strengthened the relationship between people and wildlife conservation efforts.

Current Rhino Population

• As per the 2022 census, there are over 2,850 one-horned rhinos in Assam, with 2,613 in Kaziranga.
• This increase indicates the success of protective measures and community involvement.

About Kaziranga National Park

• Kaziranga National Park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Assam, India, known for the world’s largest population of the Indian one-horned rhinoceros.
• Covering over 430 square kilometers, the park features diverse ecosystems, including grasslands, marshlands, and forests.
• Established in 1905 to protect rhinos, the park also supports over 300 bird species and endangered animals like the Bengal tiger and Asian elephant.
• Its success in wildlife conservation is attributed to effective anti-poaching measures and community support.

Nagar Van Yojana Surpasses Target with 111 Urban Forests

• The Nagar Van Yojana (NVY) was launched by the Government of India in 2020 to increase green cover in urban areas.
• The initiative aimed to create urban forests, known as Nagar Vans, to enhance the quality of life in cities.

Purpose of Nagar Van Yojana

• The primary goal of NVY is to improve the quality of life in cities by creating more green spaces.
• Nagar Vans are intended to provide areas for relaxation, education, and environmental benefits.
• These urban forests also aim to combat climate change by improving air quality and mitigating the impacts of rising temperatures.

Financial Support and Size

• The government allocates Rs. 4 lakh per hectare for the creation and maintenance of Nagar Vans.
• Each forest will cover an area ranging from 10 to 50 hectares, depending on the city's size.
• Cities with Municipal Corporations, Municipalities, and Urban Local Bodies are eligible for the program.

Focus on Biodiversity

• NVY emphasizes biodiversity by promoting the planting of a variety of trees, including fruit-bearing, medicinal, and native species.
• This approach aims to attract wildlife and create a balanced urban ecosystem.
• The urban forests will serve as green spaces and habitats for different forms of life.

Community Participation

• Community involvement is a crucial aspect of the Nagar Van Yojana.
• Residents are encouraged to participate in tree-planting activities and educational programs.
• Each urban forest is required to have at least two-thirds of its area covered with trees, fostering a strong connection between people and their local environment.

Components of Nagar Vans

Nagar Vans will feature various components to serve different purposes, including:

• Biodiversity Parks for the protection of plant and animal species.
• Smriti Vans for planting trees in memory of loved ones.
• Butterfly Conservatories to attract and protect butterflies.
• Herbal Gardens for growing medicinal plants.
• Matri Vans, part of the “Ek Ped Ma Ke Naam” initiative, promoting tree planting in mothers' names.

Future Goals

• By 2027, the government aims to establish 1,000 Nagar Vans across India.
• This initiative is supported by the National Compensatory Afforestation Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA).
• The goal is to protect urban forests and address critical environmental issues such as air pollution and habitat loss in cities.

Anura Kumara Dissanayake Elected  Sri Lanka’s New President

Anura Kumara Dissanayake recently became the President of Sri Lanka, receiving 42.31% of the votes in the election. His victory signifies a shift from traditional political leadership, reflecting the public's frustration with the established elite during tough economic times.

Early Life and Background

• Anura was born on November 24, 1968, in Galewela, a rural part of Sri Lanka. His humble upbringing gave him a deep connection to the struggles faced by rural communities. Unlike many politicians from urban, affluent backgrounds, Anura's experiences with rural hardships significantly influenced his political perspectives and ambitions.

Political Activism and the JVP

• Anura's political journey began in the early 1990s when he joined the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP), a leftist political party in Sri Lanka known for its Marxist-Leninist roots and a history of violent uprisings. Under Anura's guidance, the JVP transitioned from radical activism to democratic participation, emphasizing peaceful reforms and governance.

Leadership and Transformation

• In 2000, Anura became a Member of Parliament (MP), and by 2014, he had assumed leadership of the JVP. His leadership was pivotal in transforming the party from its militant origins to a more mainstream political force. The JVP began addressing economic issues affecting the rural working class, such as inflation and the mismanagement of traditional political parties.

Electoral Victory and Its Importance

• Anura's election as President is historic as it marks the first time in decades that a Marxist party will lead Sri Lanka. His victory signifies the public's demand for change, particularly regarding corruption and economic reform. The JVP's anti-corruption platform and focus on aiding ordinary citizens resonated with those feeling neglected by previous administrations.

Public Concerns and Future Challenges

• Despite the positive outlook surrounding Anura's presidency, there are concerns about the JVP's ability to govern effectively. Critics question whether the party's history of militancy and strict internal discipline might hinder its adaptation to democratic governance. Striking a balance between traditional values and contemporary governance will be a crucial challenge for Anura's leadership.
• Historically, the JVP had strained relations with neighboring India, especially during the 1980s. Anura, who previously held a strongly anti-Indian stance, has since moderated his approach. As President, he aims to foster more balanced and cooperative international relations, suggesting a potential shift in Sri Lanka's foreign policy under his administration.

Indian Army Set to Receive Apache Helicopters

First AH-64E Apache Helicopters for Indian Army

• The Indian Army is set to receive its first three AH-64E Apache attack helicopters from Boeing in December 2024.
• This delivery has been delayed by over six months due to supply chain issues.
• Originally, the helicopters were expected between May and July 2024, but the schedule was revised after discussions between India and the U.S.

Apache Helicopter Specifications

• The Apache helicopters are primarily designed for desert operations and are highly effective against armored threats like tanks.
• However, they have limitations in high-altitude regions, such as mountainous terrain.
• To address this limitation, India has developed the indigenous Light Combat Helicopter (LCH) by Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd.
• The LCH is better suited for high-altitude operations and is planned for deployment in Ladakh between 2024 and 2025.

Military Developments

• In March 2024, the Indian Army formed the 451 Aviation Squadron in Jodhpur to operate the new Apache helicopters.
• This marks the Army’s second type of attack helicopter after the LCH.
• The new squadron is part of the Army’s efforts to strengthen its aviation capabilities.

Procurement Agreements

• India signed an $800 million deal with Boeing in 2020 to purchase six Apache helicopters.
• The agreement also includes training for six Indian pilots and 24 technicians in the United States.
• The Army had previously expressed interest in acquiring more Apaches, with a proposal for an additional 11 helicopters currently under consideration.

Strategic Insights

• A review led by the Chief of Defence Staff identified a need for 39 heavy attack helicopters across the Indian armed forces.
• In response, the Defence Acquisition Council approved the procurement of 156 Light Combat Helicopters (LCH) for an estimated total cost of ₹45,000 crore.
• This move highlights India’s focus on expanding its attack helicopter fleet to meet strategic needs.

Current Operational Fleet

• Along with the LCH, the Indian Army operates 75 Rudra helicopters, which are armed versions of the Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH).
• These helicopters, along with the Apaches and LCHs, will significantly enhance the Army’s ability to conduct operations across various terrains, boosting its combat capabilities.

Bihar Government Approves Culling of Nilgai and Wild Boars

• Bihar government has sanctioned the culling of Nilgai (blue bulls) and wild boars to mitigate severe crop damage these animals cause, aimed at assisting farmers facing substantial losses.
• Impact on Agriculture: Farmers report significant crop destruction by Nilgai and wild boars, leading to major financial setbacks. The culling decision seeks to safeguard agricultural output and farmer livelihoods.
• Where will the Culling Happen? The culling will commence in five districts experiencing the most severe crop damage:
• East Champaran, Vaishali, Buxar, Siwan, and Samastipur. Targeting these areas aims to alleviate agricultural impact.
• How will the Culling Be Carried Out? Culling will adhere to strict guidelines, coordinated by officials including the Superintendent of Police and District Agriculture Officer to ensure proper and safe execution.
• Financial Support for Affected Farmers: The Agriculture Department will fund the culling process, while the Forest Department will compensate farmers for crop losses at ₹50,000 per hectare damaged. This support aims to relieve financial strain on affected farmers.
• Estimated Animal Population: Approximately 300,000 Nilgai and 67,000 wild boars are estimated in the affected regions. The culling aims to reduce these populations to manageable levels, restoring balance and protecting regional agriculture.

CAG of India, Murmu Elected as  ASOSAI 2024-2027 Chairman

Girish Chandra Murmu, the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India, has been appointed as the chair of the Asian Organisation of Supreme Audit Institutions (ASOSAI) for the 2024-2027 term. This is important because it places India in a key position in leading public auditing across Asia.

What is ASOSAI?

ASOSAI is a group of 48 Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs) from across Asia. It focuses on improving how governments audit public spending and ensures transparency and accountability. The 16th ASOSAI Assembly gathered over 200 delegates from 42 countries, including heads of 22 SAIs, to discuss cooperation and better governance practices.

Key Meetings and Discussions

• ASOSAI Grant Committee reviewed funds for projects.
• Strategic Planning Discussions to ensure ASOSAI’s goals for 2022-2027 are on track.
• Capacity Development Initiatives to help member countries improve their auditing skills.

New Working Groups

• State-Owned Enterprises Audits led by SAI Malaysia
• IT Audit and Data Analytics led by SAI India
• Regional and Municipal Audits led by SAI Russia

Governance and Future Plans

• A mid-term review of the Strategic Plan 2022-2027.
• The outcomes of the Bangkok Declaration 2021, which focuses on making auditing more effective.
• New collaborations and regulatory reforms were introduced to improve how audits are done.

These developments in ASOSAI show a strong commitment to improving public governance across Asia by making audits more transparent and reliable. This helps ensure that governments are held accountable for how they spend public money.

About the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG)

• The CAG of India was established in 1860 and operates under Article 148 of the Indian Constitution.
• The CAG’s main job is to audit government spending at both the central and state levels to ensure accountability.
• The President of India appoints the CAG for a six-year term.
• The CAG's reports are submitted to the Parliament and state legislatures.
• The CAG plays a crucial role in ensuring that public money is used properly.

About Girish Chandra Murmu

• G.C. Murmu was born on November 21, 1959, in Betnoti village, located in the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha.
• He comes from a Santal family.
• He has a Master’s degree in Political Science from Utkal University and an MBA from the University of Birmingham.
• Murmu served as the 14th Comptroller and Auditor General of India.
• He was also the external auditor for the Inter-Parliamentary Union.

Karnataka Government Rejects Kasturirangan Committee Report

• Established in 2012 to aid in formulating a National Wildlife Action Plan.
• Focused on identifying ecologically sensitive areas in the Western Ghats and proposing measures for biodiversity protection.
• Emphasized the involvement of local communities in environmental management to balance development and conservation.
• Provoked discussions on land use and environmental policies in India, particularly regarding sustainable wildlife and ecosystem management.

Political Opposition

• Strong resistance from politicians and local representatives in districts like Shivamogga, Dakshina Kannada, and Udupi.
• Concerns that implementing the report's recommendations could jeopardize local livelihoods.
• Local communities fear restrictions may impede essential activities like farming and construction.

Government Response

• The Karnataka Cabinet, under Law and Parliamentary Affairs Minister H.K. Patil, dismissed the report, influenced by political pressure.
• The previous BJP-led government, headed by Chief Minister Basavaraj Bommai, also opposed the report.
• This continuity reflects a bipartisan resistance to the report's recommendations.

Future Implications

By rejecting the Kasturirangan report, the government now faces challenges in ensuring the protection of the Western Ghats. The decision underscores the difficulty of balancing environmental conservation with the needs of local communities and highlights the complexities of implementing environmental policies amid strong local opposition.

India Becomes Third Largest Ethanol Producer and Consumer

• India has recently become the third-largest producer and consumer of ethanol globally.
• This achievement is a result of significant policy changes by the Indian government aimed at promoting biofuels and enhancing energy sustainability.

Government Initiatives

• The government has introduced various programs to boost ethanol production, including financial assistance for sugarcane farmers and manufacturers.
• These initiatives aim to increase the availability of ethanol for blending with fuels, reduce dependence on fossil fuels, and support farmers in rural areas.

Industry Conference

• In September 2024, the India Sugar & Bio-Energy Conference was organized by the Indian Sugar & Bio-Energy Manufacturers Association (ISMA).
• The conference brought together policymakers, industry leaders, and stakeholders to discuss the future of the sugar and bio-energy sectors.

Conference Theme

• The theme of the conference,“Harmonising Sweet Sustainability: Navigating India’s Path to a Green Economy,” emphasizes the development of sustainable practices in the sugar and bio-energy industries.
• The goal is to promote collaboration and innovation in finding environmentally friendly solutions.

Growth Opportunities

• Through the discussions at the conference and supportive government policies, participants aim to identify new growth opportunities in ethanol production, enhance supply chains, and promote sustainable farming practices.
• These efforts align with India’s goals for a green economy.

Understanding Ethanol

• Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol, is a renewable biofuel derived from plants.
• It is used in various applications, including beverages and as a solvent.
• Despite being a fuel, ethanol has less energy content than gasoline, providing only about 67% of the energy when burned.
• The process of fermentation, where yeast converts sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide, is key to its production.
• Ethanol has a long history as a fuel, dating back to the 19th century, and can also be made from waste materials such as agricultural byproducts and organic waste.

‘Most Dangerous Bird in the World’ Faces Extinction Threat

What is a Cassowary?

• The cassowary is a large, flightless bird found in the rainforests of New Guinea and northern Australia. It is known for its bright blue neck, black feathers, red wattles, and a helmet-like structure called a casque on its head.

Ecological Importance

• Cassowaries are important for the environment because they spread seeds through their droppings, which helps maintain plant diversity in rainforests.
• Studies show that they can adjust their eating habits, which allows them to survive even in areas where habitats are fragmented.

Types of Cassowaries

• Southern Cassowary (Casuarius casuarius): The largest, living in lowland rainforests and eucalyptus forests.
• Northern Cassowary (Casuarius unappendiculatus): Found in coastal swamps and lowland rainforests in New Guinea.
• Dwarf Cassowary: The smallest, living in mountainous regions at high altitudes.

Threats to the Cassowary

• Habitat loss: Deforestation and land development have destroyed much of their natural environment.
• Hunting: Hunting has reduced their numbers, made worse by competition from invasive species.

Behaviour and Myths

• Cassowaries are known for being potentially dangerous because of their strong legs and sharp claws.
• While they have attacked humans, experts believe they are not as deadly as people think.
• Other birds, like ostriches and emus, are considered more dangerous.
• In fact, human activities pose a bigger threat to cassowaries than the birds do to humans.

Conservation Efforts

• World Cassowary Day is celebrated on September 26 to raise awareness about the need to protect them.
• Conservation efforts focus on saving their habitats and reducing hunting.
• Losing cassowaries could harm the health of rainforests in Australia and New Guinea.

More About the Cassowary

• The cassowary is a large bird that cannot fly and comes from New Guinea and nearby islands.
• It is known for its bright blue skin and a helmet-like structure on its head called a casque.
• Cassowaries can weigh as much as 130 pounds and grow up to 6 feet tall.
• Even though they are big, they can run at speeds of up to 30 miles per hour and jump over 5 feet high.
• These birds usually live alone and mainly eat fruits, which helps spread seeds in their environment.
• They have strong legs and can kick hard, which can make them dangerous if they feel threatened.
• The name of their genus, Casuarius, means “horned head.”