Previous Year Questions 2022: Current Affairs | CLAT Past Year Papers (2008-2024) PDF Download

1. When we hear the name SPACE, only one organization comes to mind: the indian Space Research Organization (iSRO). The indian Space Research Organization (iSRO), located in Bengaluru, is the country’s first space agency. ISRO was founded in 1969 with the goal of developing and utilizing space technology for national development while also conducting planetary exploration and space science research. the space research operations began in india in the early 1960s, at a time when satellite applications were still in the experimental stages in the united States. Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, the founding father of india’s space programme, rapidly recognized the benefits of space technologies after the live transmission of the Tokyo Olympic Games across the Pacific by the American satellite ‘Syncom-3’ demonstrated the power of communication satellites. The iSRO has launched various spacecrafts like the Chandrayaan, Astrosat, Microsat, GSAT etc. The Government of india has also approved a regional spaceborne navigation system, which will consist of seven satellites. Out of these, four of them will be placed in geosynchronous inclined orbit of 29° relative to the equatorial plane. Such an arrangement would mean all seven satellites would have continuous radio visibility with indian control stations.

Q1: Name the first dedicated mission launched by ISRO for studying the celestial sources in X-ray, optical, and UV spectral bands simultaneously.
(a) Amazonia
(b) Astrosat
(c) Gaganyaan - 1
(d) Lunar Polar Exploration Mission
Ans: (b) Astrosat.
AstroSat is the first dedicated Indian astronomy mission aimed to study celestial sources in X-ray, optical, and UV spectral bands simultaneously. It was launched on September 28, 2015, from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota.

Q2: APPLE, the first communication satellite of ISRO was launched from:
(a) Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota
(b) TERLS, Thiruvananthapuram
(c) Kourou, French Guiana
(d) SSLV Launching Station, Tamil Nadu
Ans: (c) Kourou, French Guiana.
APPLE (Ariane Passenger PayLoad Experiment) was the first communication satellite of ISRO, successfully launched from Kourou, French Guiana, in June 1981. It was boosted into Geo-Synchronous Orbit (GSO) by ISRO’s own apogee motor, derived from the fourth-stage motor of the SLV-3.

Q3: Name the spacecraft that has been successfully sent into space to probe into the planets in the solar system.
(a) Sputnik 19
(b) Cosmos 482
(c) Pioneer-E
(d) Mariner 10
Ans: (d) Mariner 10.
Mariner-10 was the first spacecraft sent into space to explore Mercury and Venus during a single mission. It was the first spacecraft that returned to its target after an initial encounter.

Q4: The first successful Nuclear Bomb test conducted by India in 1974, is called the:
(a) Prithvi
(b) Pokhran-II
(c) Smiling Buddha
(d) Surya
Ans: (c) Smiling Buddha.
The Indian government conducted the first successful nuclear bomb test in the deserts of Pokhran, Rajasthan in 1974. The code name of this mission was assigned as “Smiling Buddha” (Pokhran-I).

Q5: NaviC covers India and region extending:
(a) 1,500 Km
(b) 2,000 Km
(c) 7,000 Km
(d) 1,000 Km
Ans: (a) 1,500 Km.
Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC) system covers the entire Indian mainland and 1500 km beyond the country’s borders. According to ISRO, the NavIC system comprises the entire constellation of eight satellites: IRNSS-1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E, 1F, and 1G.

2. On December 26, 2021, for the first time since the present government came to power in 2014, the Union Home Ministry constituted a panel led by its officers to review the withdrawal of the Armed areas. The Act was amended in 1972 and the powers to declare an area as “disturbed” were conferred concurrently upon the Central Government along with the States. Currently, the MHA issues periodic “disturbed area” notification to extend AFSPA only for Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh, where it is applicable in the districts of Tirap, Changlang, Longding and areas falling under Namsai and Mahadevpur police stations bordering Assam. The notification for Manipur and Assam is issued by the State governments. Tripura revoked the Act in 2015 and Meghalaya was under AFSPA for 27 years, until it was revoked by the MHA from April 1,2018. the Act was implemented in a 20-km area along the border with Assam. Jammu and Kashmir has a separate J&K Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1990.

Q1: Power to notify parts of or the whole of a State or a Union Territory as a ‘disturbed area’, under the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958 is vested with:
(a) Governor of any State
(b) Administrator of a Union Territory
(c) Central Government
(d) All of the above
Ans: (d) All of the above.
The AFSPA Act, 1958, was amended in 1972, and the powers to declare an area as “disturbed” were conferred concurrently upon the Central Government along with the States. Hence, the power to notify parts or the whole State or the Union Territory as a ‘disturbed area’ under the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act of 1958 is vested with the Central Government along with the Governor of any State or Administrator of a Union Territory.

Q2: AFSPA was introduced in Meghalaya in the year:
(a) 1995
(b) 1999
(c) 1991
(d) 1989
Ans: (c) 1991.
The AFSPA Act was introduced in Meghalaya in 1991, and Meghalaya was under AFSPA for 27 years until it was revoked by the MHA from April 1, 2018.

Q3: Consider the following statements about the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act and mark the correct option:
(a) Detractors and Human Rights Organizations, as well as many sections of civil society, argue that the Act often leads to excesses and requires checks and balances or could alienate the people instead of integrating them with the mainstream.
(b) Irom Chanu Sharmila, an activist from Manipur, became a sensitizing figure symbolizing the protest against AFSPA after she sat on an indefinite fast in 2000, demanding its repeal and ended it only in August 2016.
(c) Both (a) and (b) are correct
(d) None of the above
Ans: (c) Both (a) and (b) are correct.
Irom Chanu Sharmila is known as the “Iron Lady of Manipur,” who went on a hunger strike in 2000 demanding the repeal of the AFSPA Act in Manipur and ended the strike in August 2016.
Many human rights organizations, as well as activists, argued that this Act leads to excesses and requires checks and balances, and could alienate the people instead of integrating them with the mainstream.

Q4: In 2005, a government-appointed five-member committee recommended that AFSPA be repealed. It suggested that the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act could be suitably amended to deal with terrorism. It made this recommendation as it felt that the AFSPA created an impression that the people of the Northeast States were being targeted for hostile treatment. Who headed this committee?
(a) B. P. Jeevan Reddy
(b) Abhishek Singhvi
(c) Soli Sorabjee
(d) Ram Jethmalani
Ans: (a) B. P. Jeevan Reddy.
Justice Jeevan Reddy headed the committee appointed in 2005 to review AFSPA. The committee concluded that the Act should be repealed, and its essential provisions should be inserted into the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act of 1967.

Q5: AFSPA is currently in force in:
(a) Arunachal Pradesh and Assam
(b) Nagaland and Manipur
(c) Jammu and Kashmir
(d) All of the above
Ans: (d) All of the above.
The AFSPA Act is applicable in the four states of the Northeast – Assam, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, and Manipur, while Jammu and Kashmir has a separate J&K Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1990. This Act was completely withdrawn in Meghalaya in 2018, Tripura in 2015, and Mizoram in the 1980s.

3. One of the justifications of Russia-Ukraine war Russian leader claimed that military action was necessary to stop ukrainian attacks on the two break away regions of Donetsk and Lugansk, which Russia recognized as sovereign states. President of Russia claimed that Russia could come under attack by Ukrainian far right government, unless their influence in the country is diminished. He accused Western Nations of arming Kyiv against Russia. After being ordered by Russia’s leader to invade the capital of ukraine, Russian troops moved in several directions. As the first targets were hit, airports and the military HQs were located near cities across Ukraine, then tanks and troops rolled into the country from the north, east, and south. The war has demolished most of the cities of the Ukraine and caused irreparable damage to the humanity.

Q1: Ukraine was part of which country during 1922-1991?
(a) Germany
(b) Poland
(c) USA
(d) USSR
Ans: (d) USSR.
Ukraine was part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) until its dissolution in 1991. The USSR existed in the Northern Area of Europe and Asia from 1922 to 1991. It was controlled by the Communist Party, and Moscow was its capital.

Q2: Who is the President of Ukraine?
(a) Volodymyr Zelenskyy
(b) Vladimir Zelenskyy
(c) Volodymyr S. Zelenskyy
(d) Vladimir Zelensky
Ans: (a) Volodymyr Zelenskyy.
The current president of Ukraine is Volodymyr Zelenskyy. He took the oath of office on May 20, 2019.

Q3: Which is the currency of Ukraine?
(a) Guilder
(b) Zloty
(c) Ruble
(d) Hryvnia
Ans: (d) Hryvnia.
The currency of Ukraine is Hryvnia. Ruble is the currency of Russia, whereas Zloty is the monetary unit of Poland.

Q4: The President of Ukraine was formerly:
(a) Weather Forecaster
(b) Navy Officer
(c) Comedian
(d) TV News Reader
Ans: (c) Comedian.
The president of Ukraine, Volodymyr Zelenskyy, was a former actor and comedian. He became the president of the country with no political experience.

Q5: Which operation was launched by the Indian Government to bring back Indians from Ukraine during the Russia-Ukraine war?
(a) Operation Kyiv
(b) Operation Ganga
(c) Operation Rakshak
(d) Operation East Star
Ans: (b) Operation Ganga.
Operation Ganga was the initiative started by the Indian government to evacuate Indians from Ukraine amidst the 2022 Russia-Ukraine war. Around 20,000 Indians, including students stuck in Ukraine, were brought back to India through Indian evacuation flights operated from neighboring countries like Romania and Hungary.

4. Every second patent granted in india between 2016-2021 is related to green technology and a quarter of the green technology patents are concerning alternative energy production, coinciding with the Centre’s efforts on “enhanced use of green technology for boosting economy and encouraging consumers to use products produced through use of such technology”. Data from the Ministry of Commerce and industry shows that more than 91,500 patents were granted between 2016-17 and 2020-21, while the data for 2021-22 was not immediately available. However, going by the trend in the past two years, india is expected to clear at least 25,000 more applications this year. Separate data from the ministry shows that between 2016-17 and 2021 -22 (up to January), 61,186 patents related to green technologies have been granted in the said period. Of these, 90% are for technologies concerning waste management and alternative energy production- 38,837 or 63% of them are related to waste management and more than 16,000 or 26% are for alternative energy production. The rest of the green technology patentsare for energy conservation (2,555),transportation technologies (2,481),nuclear power generation (1,079),agriculture-and-forestry (161),and others (69).

Q1: With which country did India enter into a ‘Green Strategic Partnership’ in September 2020?
(a) Poland
(b) Greece
(c) Denmark
(d) South Korea
Ans: (c) Denmark.
India signed the Green Strategic Partnership with Denmark in September 2020 to advance political cooperation, expand economic relations, and green growth, create jobs, and focus on the implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG).

Q2: In pursuance of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), India aims to be energy independent by the year:
(a) 2047
(b) 2040
(c) 2045
(d) 2057
Ans: (a) 2047.
The Indian government has set a new goal to transform the country into an “energy independent nation” by 2047 in pursuance of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG).

Q3: According to the Global Innovation Index 2021 published by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), India is ranked out of 132 countries:
(a) 45th
(b) 46th
(c) 47th
(d) 48th
Ans: (b) 46th.
According to the Global Innovation Index 2021 published by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), India is ranked 46th out of 132 countries. Switzerland has topped this list, followed by Sweden, the U.S., and the United Kingdom.

Q4: In January 2022, the Union Cabinet approved the second phase of the Green Energy Corridor (GEC) in India with the objective to facilitate:
(a) Grid integration and power evacuation of Renewable Energy (RE) Power Projects in seven States.
(b) Ecologically sustainable growth by increasing carbon footprint.
(c) Ecologically sustainable production of fossil fuels.
(d) Spreading awareness regarding Renewable Energy (RE) Power Projects.
Ans: (a) Grid integration and power evacuation of Renewable Energy (RE) Power Projects in seven States.
In January 2022, the Union Cabinet approved the second phase of the Green Energy Corridor in India with an allocation of Rs.12,031 crore to facilitate grid integration and power evacuation of about 20 GW of renewable energy power projects in seven states. These seven states are Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, and Uttar Pradesh.

Q5: The IRENA is an intergovernmental organization that supports countries in their transition to a sustainable energy future and serves as the principal platform for international cooperation on renewable energy. IRENA stands for:
(a) Intergovernmental Renewable Energy Association
(b) International Renewable Energy Association
(c) Intergovernmental Renewable Energy Agency
(d) International Renewable Energy Agency
Ans: (d) International Renewable Energy Agency.
The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is an intergovernmental organization that supports countries in their transition to a sustainable energy future and serves as the principal platform for international cooperation in renewable energy. This organization promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy, including bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar, and wind energy. It focuses on energy access, energy security, and low-carbon economic growth and prosperity.

5. The Government may defer the deadline for companies to deposit the unspent portion of their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) funds into specified bank accounts in a move aimed at providing some relief in the fight against the COVID-19 and subsequent restrictions. Companies are required to spend at least 2% of their average net profit of the preceding within three financial years on CSR. The Ministry has allowed firms to undertake projects on an ongoing basis on the condition that any unspent amount must be deposited with a scheduled bank within 30 days of the end of the financial year. “Considering the current crisis, we request your esteemed office to consider relaxation by providing extension of the timelines up to June 30, 2021,” the institute of Company Secretaries of india said in a letter to the ministry. Experts said that while lockdowns and restrictions are less stringent than last year and companies have adapted to working online, many professionals or their families have been affected by the infection, leaving teams short-staffed.

Q1: Which of the following is the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiative of the erstwhile Facebook India to promote women entrepreneurship?
(a) Shakti
(b) Pragati
(c) Lean In
(d) Marching Forward
Ans: (b) Pragati.
Facebook launched its Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiative "Pragati" to enhance women entrepreneurship by creating awareness and technology adoption among the women of India. This scheme awards four grants of up to Rs. 50 lakh for each non-profit to scale their work. The program will focus on building second-tier capacity within non-profits with a series of functional mentors across marketing, HR, and technology.

Q2: In 2019, which of the following Committees recommended that CSR expenditure should be made tax-deductible expenditure?
(a) Company Laws Committee
(b) High Level Committee on Reform of Indian Company Law
(c) High Level Committee on Corporate Social Responsibility
(d) Committee for Reforms in Corporate Social Responsibility in India
Ans: (c) High Level Committee on Corporate Social Responsibility.
In 2019, the High-Level Committee on CSR recommended that CSR expenditure should be made tax-deductible. The other recommendations included provisions for carrying forward unspent balances for 3–5 years, balancing local area preferences with national priorities, introducing impact assessment studies for CSR obligations of Rs. 5 crore or more, and the registration of implementation agencies on the MCA portal.

Q3: CAWACH is an initiative by the National Science and Technology Entrepreneurship Development Board, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India. CAWACH stands for the:
(a) Centre for Alleviating Waning Healthcare Companies
(b) Centre for Augmenting Wound-up Healthcare Companies
(c) Centre for Augmenting War with COVID-19 Health Crisis
(d) Centre for Alleviating Withering Healthcare Companies
Ans: (c) Centre for Augmenting War with COVID-19 Health Crisis.
CAWACH stands for Centre for Augmenting War with COVID-19 Health Crisis. It has been set up at a total cost of Rs. 56 crore at the Society for Innovation and Entrepreneurship (SINE), IIT Bombay.

Q4: On January 22, 2021, the Companies (Corporate Social Responsibility Policy) Amendment Rules, 2021 were notified by the:
(a) Ministry of Finance
(b) Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
(c) Ministry of Law and Justice
(d) Ministry of Corporate Affairs
Ans: (d) Ministry of Corporate Affairs.
On January 22, 2021, the Companies (Corporate Social Responsibility Policy) Amendment Rules, 2021 were notified by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs. According to this rule, each entity aiming to undertake CSR activities must register itself with the Central Government by filing the form CSR-1 electronically with the Registrar.

Q5: The Ministry of Corporate Affairs has instituted an award to select companies to recognize corporate initiatives in the area of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) to achieve inclusive growth and inclusive and sustainable development. The name of the award is:
(a) National Corporate Social Responsibility Awards
(b) National Awards for Excellence in Social Responsibility
(c) National Awards for Corporate Excellence in Social Responsibility
(d) National Awards for Excellence in Inclusive Growth and Sustainable Development
Ans: (a) National Corporate Social Responsibility Awards.
The Ministry of Corporate Affairs instituted the National Corporate Social Responsibility Awards in 2017 to recognize corporate initiatives in CSR to achieve inclusive growth and sustainable development. The total number of National CSR Awards is 20 across 3 categories:
(i) Corporate Awards for Excellence in CSR
(ii) Corporate Awards in CSR in Challenging Circumstances
(iii) Up to 11 Awards based on contributions to National Priority Schemes.

6. With the announcement of Drone Shakti in the Union Budget, the industry got a massive push after the liberalization of the Drone Rules in 2021. The Government stated that startups will be promoted to facilitate drone Shakti, with ‘drone as a service’.
“The current Government has taken a serious paradigm shift on drone technology and Drone Shakti announcement of the current FY budget proves the government's clear vision and focus towards this emerging industry. Drone Shakti and Kisan Drones will definitely help get this technology to impact common people on the grassroots level at a massive scale,” according to the founder and CEO of a prominent aerospace quoted in a business magazine. The country is set to witness the use of large, unmanned aircraft systems weighing more than 150 kilograms across the sectors. Kisan Drones are already being used for crop assessments, land records, spraying of insecticides, and are expected to boost a wave of technology in the Agri and farming sector. Drones are also being used in surveillance systems for Railway Security. in india, drones were also deployed to deliver COViD-19 vaccines.

Q1: COVID-19 vaccines were delivered by drones as an ICMR-led pilot project to:
(a) Ladakh
(b) Katra
(c) Dantewada
(d) Manipur
Ans: (d) Manipur.
COVID-19 vaccines were delivered by drones as part of an ICMR-led pilot project to Manipur, Nagaland, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands to ensure that everyone receives life-saving vaccines, especially in North-Eastern India.

Q2: Which of the following is the online platform hosted by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation for various activities related to the management of drone activities in India?
(a) e-Drone Shakti
(b) Digital Sky Platform
(c) Aakash Shakti
(d) Digital Drone Platform
Ans: (b) Digital Sky Platform.
“Digital Sky Platform” is the online platform hosted by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) for various activities related to the management of unmanned aircraft system activities in India. It is a unique unmanned traffic management (UTM) system which is expected to facilitate the registration and licensing of drones and operators in addition to giving instant (online) clearances to operators for every flight.

Q3: Which of the following refers to the phenomenon of restricting the movement of drones within a defined airspace?
(a) Geo-fencing
(b) Drone-fencing
(c) Sky-fencing
(d) Air-fencing
Ans: (a) Geo-fencing.
Geo-fencing is used to restrict the movement of drones within a defined airspace. It is a feature in a software program that uses the Global Positioning System (GPS) or Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) to define geographical boundaries.

Q4: The Drone Rules, 2021 have been made in supersession of which of the following rules?
(a) The Unmanned Aircraft System Rules, 2020
(b) The Aircraft Rules, 2020
(c) The Unmanned Aircraft System Rules, 2021
(d) The Manned Aircraft Rules, 1934
Ans: (c) The Unmanned Aircraft System Rules, 2021.
The Government has promulgated ‘The Drone Rules, 2021’ on August 25, 2021. These guidelines provide for several approvals such as registration of drones, licenses for pilots, and safety measures to reduce the chances of crashes and accidents while using drones.

Q5: Which autonomous body is responsible for national accreditation structure for drones?
(a) Drone Council of India
(b) Unmanned Aircraft Council of India
(c) Manned Aircraft Council of India
(d) Quality Council of India
Ans: (d) Quality Council of India.
The Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) issued the Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Traffic Management (UTM) Policy for the first time in 2018 for controlling and monitoring drone operations.

7. The 21st century has seen an overall shift in india’s policy outlook and also the global outlook towards india. Coherent policy initiatives and effective implementation on the ground have ensured a positive growth profile. The biggest shift has been the recognition of the maritime sector. Somehow, post-independence, we as a nation became sea blind and completely undermined our maritime potential. initially, the indian Navy came out with their Military

Maritime Strategy in 2007, titled “Freedom to use the Seas”. They kept on upgrading their vision document on regular intervals with latest being declared in 2015. the Security And Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR) vision declared by the Government of india in may 2015 has been a massive game changer on multiple fronts. it integrates the geopolitical and geostrategic realities to domestic requirements. the security concerns and the blue economic opportunities are comprehensively addressed along with the diplomatic leverage and reviving the rich maritime heritage.

the SAGAR vision has been backed by aggressive push by the government of india to drive mega projects with massive human resource requirements.

Q1: Which of the following is the flagship programme of the Ministry of Shipping, Government of India, to promote port-led development in the country through harnessing India’s 7,500 km long coastline, 14,500 km of potentially navigable waterways, and strategic location on key international maritime trade routes?
(a) Sagarmala Programme
(b) Sagarshakti Programme
(c) Jalshakti Programme
(d) Jalmala Programme
Ans: (a) Sagarmala Programme.
The Sagarmala Programme is the flagship programme of the Ministry of Shipping, Government of India, approved in 2015 to promote port-led development in the country through harnessing India’s 7,516 km long coastline. The programme aims to modernise, mechanise, and computerise ports.
The vision of the Sagarmala Programme is to reduce logistics costs for EXIM (Export-Import) and domestic trade with minimal infrastructure investment. Sagarmala could boost India’s merchandise exports to USD 110 billion by 2025 and create an estimated 10 million new jobs (four million in direct employment).

Q2: Which of the following is the initiative of the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Government of India, to explore marine resources and develop deep sea technologies for sustainable use of ocean resources?
(a) Sagarmanthan Mission
(b) Samudramanthan Mission
(c) Deep Ocean Mission
(d) Deep Ocean and Sea Technology Mission
Ans: (c) Deep Ocean Mission.
The Deep Ocean Mission is an initiative of the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MOES), Government of India, to support the Blue Economy initiatives of the government by exploring marine resources and developing deep-sea technologies for the sustainable use of ocean resources.

Q3: ISA is a United Nations body regulating the exploration and exploitation of marine non-living resources of oceans in international waters. ISA stands for:
(a) International Sea Authority
(b) International Sea Association
(c) International Seafaring Association
(d) International Seabed Authority
Ans: (d) International Seabed Authority.
The International Seabed Authority (ISBA) is a United Nations body regulating the exploration and exploitation of marine non-living resources of oceans in international waters. The authority held its first inaugural meeting in its host country, Jamaica, in November 1994.

Q4: Under Mission SAGAR, which Indian Naval Ship was deployed by the Indian Navy to provide humanitarian and medical assistance to Maldives, Mauritius, Seychelles, Madagascar, and Comoros?
(a) INS Kesari
(b) INS Vikrant
(c) INS Viraat
(d) INS Vikramaditya
Ans: (a) INS Kesari.
Under Mission Sagar, the Indian Naval Ship INS Kesari was deployed by the Indian Navy to provide humanitarian and medical assistance to Maldives, Mauritius, Seychelles, Madagascar, and Comoros. This mission was launched in May 2020 to deliver COVID-19 assistance to the countries in the Indian Ocean Littoral states.

Q5: Which of the following is India’s first manned ocean mission which was launched at Chennai?
(a) Samudrashakti
(b) Samudrayan
(c) Sagaryan
(d) Sagarshakti
Ans: (b) Samudrayan.
India’s first manned ocean mission, ‘Samudrayan’, was launched by Union Minister Jitendra Singh at the National Institute of Ocean Technology in Chennai on October 29, 2021.