Era of One Party Dominance Revision Notes | Political Science Class 12 - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

Overview

The era of one-party dominance refers to a period in Indian politics when the Indian National Congress (INC) held significant power and influence, largely uncontested by other political parties. This era, which lasted from independence in 1947 until the late 1960s and early 1970s, saw the INC enjoying electoral dominance due to its role in the independence movement and its ability to appeal to diverse constituencies across India. This dominance shaped the political landscape, policies, and governance during this period, as discussed in the chapter.

FACTS THAT MATTER

1. Post-independence leaders recognized the pivotal role of politics in democracy, aiming to address issues and pursue public interests through political means.
2. The Election Commission of India was established in January 1950 under Sukumar Sen's leadership to conduct free and fair elections, involving tasks like delineating electoral boundaries and compiling voter rolls.
3. The landmark 1952 general election was marked by competitiveness, encouraging participation, fair outcomes, and disproving skeptics who doubted holding elections in impoverished conditions.
4. Despite Congress's significant victory in the 1952 election, it didn't hold power in states like Kerala, Madras, and Orissa, attributing its nationwide dominance to its association with the freedom movement, charismatic leadership, inclusive manifesto, and role in consensus-building.
5. Founded by Dr. A.O. Hume in 1885, the Congress party evolved into a political entity, accommodating diverse social groups and ideologies, allowing various organizations and parties to coexist within its framework.
6. The coalition nature of Congress fostered factions based on ideology, personal ambition, or rivalry within the party.
7. Preceding the 1952 General Election, minor opposition parties emerged, providing token representation to maintain democratic character, check ruling party power, groom leaders, and foster mutual respect among political leaders.
8. The socialist party originated from the mass movement stage of the Indian National Congress in 1934, advocating democratic socialism and criticizing capitalism.
9. Communist groups surfaced in the early 1920s, promoting communism; the Communist Party of India emerged as a secular, modern, and authoritarian entity.
10. The Bharatiya Jana Sangh, founded in 1951 by Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, advocated one country, one culture, and one nation, endorsing the reunification of India and Pakistan into Akhand Bharat.
11. The Swatantra Party, formed in August 1959, emphasized a free economy and minimal government intervention, with leaders like C. Rajagopalachari, K.M. Munshi, N.G. Ranga, and Minoo Masani.

WORDS THAT MATTER

1. Electronic Voting Machine (EVM): Device used in elections to electronically record and count votes.
2. First Past the Post System: Electoral system where the candidate with the most votes wins, regardless of whether they secure an absolute majority.
3. Ideology-Oriented Party: Political party whose policies and decisions are driven by ideological considerations.
4. Interest-Oriented Party: Party focused on safeguarding and advancing specific interests, such as those based on caste, community, region, or tribes.
5. Charismatic Leader-Oriented Party: Party where a charismatic leader holds significant influence and is central to the party's identity and functioning.