All questions of December Week 1 for Class 10 Exam

Due to this change in speed light bends and travels when passing from one medium to other medium. When the light ray passes from rarer medium to denser medium it bends towards the normal.
 Example: Light ray passing from air to glass (Air rarer medium, Glass - denser medium.

A

9:1

Factors contributing to the economic development of a country:
1. Population size:
- A larger population can lead to a larger labor force, which can drive economic growth through increased production and consumption.
- However, a very high population density can also strain resources and infrastructure, impacting economic development negatively.
2. Global situation:
- The global economic situation, such as trade agreements, political stability, and technological advancements, can greatly influence a country's economic development.
- Countries that are able to adapt to global trends and market demands often experience greater economic growth.
3. Economic priorities adopted by the country:
- The economic policies and priorities set by the government play a crucial role in determining the direction and pace of economic development.
- Policies related to investment, taxation, education, healthcare, and infrastructure development can either stimulate or hinder economic growth.
4. All of the above:
- All these factors, population size, global situation, and economic priorities, work together to shape the economic development of a country.
- For a country to achieve sustainable economic growth, it needs to consider and balance these factors effectively.
In conclusion, a country's economic development is a complex process that involves multiple factors working in tandem. By carefully managing population size, responding to global changes, and adopting appropriate economic priorities, a country can promote economic growth and improve the overall well-being of its citizens.

1

Explanation:

Democracy is a system of government in which the power is vested with the people. It is a form of government that allows citizens to participate equally in the decision-making process of the country. Here are some reasons why democracy is a good form of government:

Respects freedom and dignity of individuals:
Democracy respects the freedom and dignity of individuals. It ensures that every citizen has the right to express their views and opinions without fear of persecution. It also ensures that every citizen has equal rights and opportunities, regardless of their social status, gender, or ethnicity.

Encourages participation:
Democracy encourages citizens to participate in the decision-making process. It allows citizens to elect their representatives, who will represent their views and opinions in the parliament. It also allows citizens to participate in the decision-making process through referendums and other forms of direct democracy.

Ensures accountability:
In a democratic system, the government is accountable to the citizens. The citizens have the power to remove the government if it fails to deliver on its promises or if it fails to represent the views of the citizens.

Reduces corruption:
Democracy reduces corruption as it ensures transparency and accountability in the government. In a democratic system, the government is accountable to the citizens, and the citizens have the power to remove the government if it fails to deliver on its promises.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, democracy is a good form of government as it respects the freedom and dignity of individuals, encourages participation, ensures accountability, and reduces corruption. It is a system of government that allows citizens to participate equally in the decision-making process of the country.

**Explanation:**

**Democracy:**
Democracy is a form of government in which power is vested in the people, who either directly or through elected representatives, participate in the decision-making process of the state. It is characterized by principles such as equality, freedom, transparency, and accountability.

**Attentiveness to the needs of all people:**
In a democracy, the government is accountable to the people. It is expected to be responsive and attentive to the needs, concerns, and aspirations of all people. The primary goal of a democratic government is to promote the welfare and well-being of its citizens. Therefore, the answer to the question is option 'C' - all people.

**Importance of inclusivity:**
1. Equality: Democracy promotes equality among all individuals, irrespective of their gender, race, religion, or social status. It recognizes the equal worth and dignity of all citizens and strives to ensure that their needs are equally considered.
2. Representation: In a democracy, people elect their representatives through free and fair elections. These representatives are responsible for voicing the concerns and aspirations of their constituents. Therefore, democracy inherently includes the needs of all people by providing them with a platform for representation.
3. Participation: Democracy encourages active participation of all citizens in the decision-making process. It promotes inclusivity by allowing individuals to express their opinions, engage in public discourse, and contribute to shaping policies that affect their lives.
4. Protection of minority rights: A robust democracy ensures the protection of minority rights and prevents the marginalization or exclusion of any specific group. It recognizes the importance of diversity and works towards creating an inclusive society where everyone's needs are considered.

**Conclusion:**
In a democracy, the government is expected to be attentive to the needs of all people. Democracy promotes inclusivity, equality, representation, and active participation, ensuring that the concerns and aspirations of all citizens are taken into account. Therefore, option 'C' - all people is the correct answer.

Area of first circle = πr^2 = π(24)^2= 576π m^2

Area of second circle = πr^2 = π(7)^2 = 49π m^2

Now, we are given that,

Area of the circle = Area of first circle + Area of second circle

∴ πR^2 = 576π +49π

(where, R is the radius of the new circle)

⇒ πR^2  = 625π

⇒ R^2 = 625

⇒ R = 25

∴ Radius of the circle = 25cm Thus, diameter of the circle = 2R = 50 cm.

Democracy is a form of government in which power is vested in the people through free and fair elections. It is considered the best form of government because of several reasons, as explained below:

Improves the quality of decision making:
Democracy encourages open debate, discussion, and dialogue among people with different opinions and backgrounds. It allows everyone to participate in the decision-making process, thus ensuring that the decisions made are in the best interest of the people. In a democratic system, the government is accountable to the people, and it is expected to make decisions that benefit the majority of the citizens.

Allows citizens to do whatever they like:
This statement is false. Democracy does not allow citizens to do whatever they like. In a democratic system, citizens have the freedom to express their opinions, beliefs, and ideas without fear of persecution. However, this freedom is not absolute, and it is subject to certain limitations, such as respect for the rights of others, the rule of law, and public order.

Why is option A correct?
Option A is correct because it acknowledges that democracy improves the quality of decision making, but it refutes the claim that it allows citizens to do whatever they like. Democracy is not a license to do whatever one wants, but rather a system that promotes the common good and protects individual rights.

**Elimination of the Idea of Political Inequality in Democracies**

Democracies have made significant progress in eliminating the idea of political inequality. While it may not be completely eradicated, democracies strive to create a political system that treats all individuals as equal, regardless of their social or economic status. This is achieved through various mechanisms such as equal voting rights, representative institutions, and the rule of law.

**Equal Voting Rights:**

One of the fundamental principles of democracy is the concept of equal voting rights. In a democratic society, every citizen has the right to vote and elect their representatives. This ensures that each individual's voice is heard and that their vote carries equal weight. Regardless of their social or economic background, every citizen has an equal opportunity to participate in the political process and influence decision-making.

**Representative Institutions:**

Democracies establish representative institutions such as parliaments and local governments to ensure that the diverse voices and interests of the population are represented. Through regular elections, individuals from different backgrounds and perspectives are elected as representatives. These representatives have the responsibility to address the concerns and interests of their constituents, regardless of their social or economic status. By ensuring diverse representation, democracies aim to eliminate political inequality and provide a platform for marginalized sections to have their voices heard.

**The Rule of Law:**

Another crucial aspect of democracy is the rule of law. In a democratic society, the law applies equally to all individuals, regardless of their social or economic background. This principle ensures that everyone is subject to the same set of laws and regulations, and no one is above or below the law. By upholding the rule of law, democracies aim to eliminate the idea of political inequality, as the law treats all individuals equally.

**Challenges and Progress:**

While democracies have made significant progress in eliminating the idea of political inequality, challenges still exist. Socio-economic disparities, discrimination, and unequal access to resources can influence political participation and representation. However, democracies continually strive to address these challenges and create a more inclusive and equitable political system.

In conclusion, democracies have successfully eliminated the idea of political inequality to a significant extent. Through equal voting rights, representative institutions, and the rule of law, democracies aim to treat all individuals as equal citizens, regardless of their social or economic status. While challenges persist, democracies continuously work towards building a more inclusive and equitable society.

Πr×r+πr×r=πr×r
8.8+6.6=r.r
r=10

Whenever possible and necessary, citizens should be able to participate in decision making, that affects them all. Therefore, the most basic outcome of democracy should be that it produces a government that is accountable to the citizens, and responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens. 

The diagonal of the square is equal to the diameter of the circle, which is 16 cm. Since the diagonal of a square forms a right triangle with the sides of the square, we can use the Pythagorean theorem to find the length of the sides of the square. Let's denote the length of each side of the square as s.

By the Pythagorean theorem, we have:
s^2 + s^2 = 16^2
2s^2 = 256
s^2 = 128

Therefore, the area of the square is s^2 = 128 cm^2.

So, the answer is b) 128 cm^2.

In a semicircle, the height of the triangle would be its radius = r
and the base would be its diameter = 2r
area of triangle =1/2 x b x h
1/2 x r x 2r
r^2

Explanation:

**Atmospheric Refraction: Why Stars Appear Higher in the Sky**

When we observe the night sky, we often notice that stars appear to be higher in the sky than they actually are. This phenomenon can be explained by the concept of atmospheric refraction.

**Definition of Atmospheric Refraction:**

Atmospheric refraction is the bending of light as it passes through the Earth's atmosphere. When light enters the Earth's atmosphere from space, it encounters different layers of air with varying densities. This causes the light to change direction slightly, leading to the apparent displacement of celestial objects like stars.

**Causes of Atmospheric Refraction:**

There are several factors that contribute to atmospheric refraction, such as:

1. **Variation in Air Density:** The Earth's atmosphere is composed of air molecules that are not evenly distributed. The density of air decreases as we move higher up in the atmosphere. This variation in air density causes light to bend as it passes through different layers of the atmosphere.

2. **Change in Refractive Index:** The refractive index of air changes with altitude, temperature, and pressure. Refractive index is a measure of how much light bends when it passes from one medium to another. As the refractive index of air changes with different atmospheric conditions, the path of light is altered, leading to the apparent displacement of celestial objects.

3. **Angle of Incidence:** The angle at which light enters the Earth's atmosphere also affects the degree of atmospheric refraction. When light enters the atmosphere at a low angle, it passes through a larger portion of the atmosphere, resulting in a greater bending of light. This is why stars near the horizon appear to be more elevated than they actually are.

**Effects of Atmospheric Refraction on Stars:**

The phenomenon of atmospheric refraction causes stars to appear higher in the sky than their true position. This is because the light coming from the stars bends as it passes through the Earth's atmosphere. The degree of bending depends on the density of air, refractive index, and angle of incidence.

As a result, stars near the horizon experience more atmospheric refraction compared to stars directly overhead. The bending of light makes the stars appear higher in the sky, creating an illusion of their elevated positions.

**Conclusion:**

In conclusion, stars appear higher in the sky than they actually are due to the phenomenon of atmospheric refraction. The bending of light as it passes through the Earth's atmosphere causes the apparent displacement of celestial objects. This effect is influenced by factors such as variation in air density, change in refractive index, and the angle of incidence. Understanding atmospheric refraction helps us explain the observed positions of stars and other celestial objects in the night sky.

Let a number of sides is n.

Democracy is a system of government in which power is vested in the people, who exercise it directly or through elected representatives. It is based on several key ideas that form its foundation. These ideas include freedom, negotiation, and deliberation.

a) Freedom:
Democracy is inherently linked to the concept of freedom. It upholds the principles of individual liberty, allowing citizens to exercise their rights and express their opinions without fear of persecution. Freedom of speech, assembly, and the press are fundamental elements of democratic societies. Citizens have the right to voice their concerns, criticize the government, and participate in decision-making processes. This freedom ensures that individuals have the opportunity to shape the policies and laws that govern them.

b) Negotiation:
Negotiation is an essential component of democracy. In a democratic society, different individuals and groups hold diverse opinions and interests. To reconcile these differences and arrive at consensus, negotiation plays a crucial role. Through negotiation, individuals and groups can engage in dialogue, compromise, and find common ground. This process allows for the peaceful resolution of conflicts and the formulation of policies that consider the perspectives of various stakeholders.

c) Deliberation:
Deliberation is another key concept underlying democracy. It involves thoughtful and reasoned discussion among citizens and their representatives regarding public issues. Deliberation encourages the exchange of ideas, the exploration of different viewpoints, and the evaluation of potential solutions. It fosters informed decision-making and the consideration of the public interest. Deliberative processes, such as public hearings, debates, and consultations, provide opportunities for citizens to participate actively in shaping policies and laws.

d) Both negotiation and deliberation:
The correct answer to the question is option D, which states that democracy is based on both negotiation and deliberation. Negotiation allows for the resolution of conflicts and the accommodation of diverse interests, while deliberation enables informed decision-making and the inclusion of multiple perspectives. Together, these processes ensure that democracy operates as a system that respects individual freedom, allows for peaceful negotiation, and encourages thoughtful deliberation. By combining these elements, democracy seeks to create a society that is just, inclusive, and responsive to the needs and aspirations of its citizens.

In conclusion, democracy is based on the ideas of freedom, negotiation, and deliberation. These principles are essential for ensuring active citizen participation, protecting individual rights, and promoting the common good. Democracy allows for the peaceful resolution of conflicts, the accommodation of diverse interests, and the creation of policies that reflect the will of the people.

Common Features of Countries Following Democracies:

Promotion of Equality to Citizens:
- One of the key features common to all countries following democracies is the promotion of equality among all citizens.
- In a democratic system, every individual is considered equal before the law and has the same rights and opportunities.
- This ensures that no one is discriminated against based on factors such as race, gender, religion, or social status.

Promotion of Dignity of an Individual:
- Another important aspect of democracies is the promotion of the dignity of every individual.
- This includes respecting the fundamental rights and freedoms of all citizens, such as the right to freedom of speech, expression, and assembly.
- Upholding the dignity of individuals also involves protecting them from any form of abuse or oppression, ensuring that they are treated with respect and fairness.

Both a and b:
- Therefore, the correct answer to the question is option 'C' - both the promotion of equality to citizens and the promotion of individual dignity are common features of countries following democracies.
- These principles are essential for a democratic society to function effectively and uphold the values of justice, liberty, and equality for all its citizens.