All questions of Viruses and Prions for Grade 9 Exam
Virus disease do not generally spread through : -- a) Vegetative propagation
- b)Seeds
- c)Grafting
- d)Cutting
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Virus disease do not generally spread through : -
a)
Vegetative propagation
b)
Seeds
c)
Grafting
d)
Cutting
|
Geetika Shah answered |
The viral disease is caused due to infection of pathogenic virus that attacks the cells. Transmission of plant viruses is through the transfer of sap, insects, nematodes, plasmodiophorids, seed and pollen and direct plant to human transmission. However, the spread of virus does not take place through vegetative propagation. Thus, the correct answer is option B.
HIV attack :-- a)Epithelial cell
- b)Sex cell germinal cells
- c)B - lymphocytes
- d)T4 - lymphocytes
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
HIV attack :-
a)
Epithelial cell
b)
Sex cell germinal cells
c)
B - lymphocytes
d)
T4 - lymphocytes
|
|
Hitakshi Tamta answered |
HIV attack and destroy T4 - lymphocytes also known as CD4 cells, are white blood cells that fight infection and play an important role in your immune system. If too many CD4 cells are lost, your immune system will have trouble fighting off infections. Even a minor infection such as cold can be much more severe because the body has difficulty responding to new infections.
Which one of the following pair is related to viral disease : -- a)Influenza, mumps, measles
- b)Small pox & chicken pox
- c)Polio & hydrophobia
- d)All of the above
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Which one of the following pair is related to viral disease : -
a)
Influenza, mumps, measles
b)
Small pox & chicken pox
c)
Polio & hydrophobia
d)
All of the above
|
Madhavan Patel answered |
Rabies and mumps, both are viral diseases. Option ( a) is correct. Rabies virus generally attack central nervous system, thereby causing acute inflammation in brain . Mumps disease is caused by virus belong to genus Rubulavirus, and is characterised by the swelling in parotid glands.
Tobacco mosaic virus is a tubular filament of size : -
[CBSE 2003]
a)300 × 10 nm b)300 × 5 nmc)300 × 18 nmd)700 × 30 nmCorrect answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
|
Lavanya Menon answered |
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) particles are rod-like helical with 300nm length and 18 nm in diameter. It consists of 2140 protein subunits, each with a molecular mass of 17420 (158 residues), arranged on a helix. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a single-stranded RNA virus, that is the causative agent of mosaic in tobacco and other members of the Solanaceae. TMV is a helical or cylindrical virus having a capsid or protein coat and single-stranded or ss RNA as the genetic material. Thus, the correct answer is option C.
Interferons are synthesized in response to[CBSE-2001]- a)Mycoplasma
- b)Bacteria
- c)Viruses
- d)Fungi
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Interferons are synthesized in response to
[CBSE-2001]
a)
Mycoplasma
b)
Bacteria
c)
Viruses
d)
Fungi
|
Pragati Pillai answered |
**Interferons and their synthesis in response to viruses**
**Introduction:**
Interferons are a group of small proteins that play a crucial role in the immune response against viral infections. They are synthesized and released by host cells in response to viral invasion. Interferons act as signaling molecules, allowing cells to communicate with each other and coordinate their antiviral defenses.
**Synthesis of Interferons:**
Interferons are synthesized in response to viral infections by infected host cells. The synthesis of interferons is triggered by the detection of viral components or the activation of specific cellular pathways involved in antiviral defense.
**Viral Infections and Interferon Synthesis:**
When a virus infects a host cell, it releases its genetic material (either DNA or RNA) into the host cell. The viral genetic material is recognized by specific cellular sensors called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which are present in the host cell cytoplasm or on the cell surface.
**Activation of Cellular Pathways:**
The recognition of viral genetic material by PRRs activates specific cellular pathways, such as the Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway or the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR) pathway. These pathways lead to the activation of transcription factors, such as interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB).
**Transcription and Translation of Interferons:**
The activated transcription factors bind to specific DNA sequences in the promoter regions of interferon genes, leading to their transcription. The transcribed interferon mRNA is then translated into interferon protein in the cytoplasm.
**Release and Action of Interferons:**
Once synthesized, interferons are released by the infected host cell and bind to specific receptors on neighboring cells. This binding activates a signaling cascade within the recipient cells, leading to the induction of antiviral defense mechanisms. These mechanisms include the upregulation of genes involved in the inhibition of viral replication and the activation of immune cells, such as natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages, to eliminate virus-infected cells.
**Conclusion:**
In summary, interferons are synthesized in response to viral infections. The detection of viral genetic material by cellular sensors triggers specific cellular pathways, leading to the synthesis and release of interferons. These interferons then act as signaling molecules, coordinating the immune response against viral infections.
**Introduction:**
Interferons are a group of small proteins that play a crucial role in the immune response against viral infections. They are synthesized and released by host cells in response to viral invasion. Interferons act as signaling molecules, allowing cells to communicate with each other and coordinate their antiviral defenses.
**Synthesis of Interferons:**
Interferons are synthesized in response to viral infections by infected host cells. The synthesis of interferons is triggered by the detection of viral components or the activation of specific cellular pathways involved in antiviral defense.
**Viral Infections and Interferon Synthesis:**
When a virus infects a host cell, it releases its genetic material (either DNA or RNA) into the host cell. The viral genetic material is recognized by specific cellular sensors called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which are present in the host cell cytoplasm or on the cell surface.
**Activation of Cellular Pathways:**
The recognition of viral genetic material by PRRs activates specific cellular pathways, such as the Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway or the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR) pathway. These pathways lead to the activation of transcription factors, such as interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB).
**Transcription and Translation of Interferons:**
The activated transcription factors bind to specific DNA sequences in the promoter regions of interferon genes, leading to their transcription. The transcribed interferon mRNA is then translated into interferon protein in the cytoplasm.
**Release and Action of Interferons:**
Once synthesized, interferons are released by the infected host cell and bind to specific receptors on neighboring cells. This binding activates a signaling cascade within the recipient cells, leading to the induction of antiviral defense mechanisms. These mechanisms include the upregulation of genes involved in the inhibition of viral replication and the activation of immune cells, such as natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages, to eliminate virus-infected cells.
**Conclusion:**
In summary, interferons are synthesized in response to viral infections. The detection of viral genetic material by cellular sensors triggers specific cellular pathways, leading to the synthesis and release of interferons. These interferons then act as signaling molecules, coordinating the immune response against viral infections.
The rabies virus contain : -- a)S.S. RNA
- b)D.S. RNA
- c)S.S. DNA
- d)D.S. DNA
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
The rabies virus contain : -
a)
S.S. RNA
b)
D.S. RNA
c)
S.S. DNA
d)
D.S. DNA
|
Jayant Mishra answered |
Rabies virus is a neurotropic virus that causes rabies in humans and animals. The rabies virus has a cylindrical morphology and is the type species of the Lyssavirus genus of the Rhabdoviridae family. These viruses are enveloped and have a single stranded RNA genome with negative-sense.
Which part of a virus enters into its host : -- a)envelope
- b)capsid
- c)Nucleic acid
- d)All together
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Which part of a virus enters into its host : -
a)
envelope
b)
capsid
c)
Nucleic acid
d)
All together
|
Anjana Sharma answered |
The nucleic acid of bacteriophages enters the host cell naked, leaving the capsid outside the cell. Plant and animal viruses can enter through endocytosis, in which the cell membrane surrounds and engulfs the entire virus.
Nucleic acid HIV : -- a)ss RNA
- b)ds RNA
- c)ss DNA
- d)ds DNA
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Nucleic acid HIV : -
a)
ss RNA
b)
ds RNA
c)
ss DNA
d)
ds DNA
|
Riya Banerjee answered |
The HIV or human immunodeficiency virus is a lentivirus (a sub-group of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection i.e., AIDS. It is composed of two copies of positive single-stranded RNA that codes for the virus's genes.
Thus, the correct answer is option A.
Thus, the correct answer is option A.
AIDS is due to : -- a)Deficiency of T4 –lymphocytes
- b)High blood pressure
- c)Deficiency of Riboflavin
- d)Bacterial Infection
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
AIDS is due to : -
a)
Deficiency of T4 –lymphocytes
b)
High blood pressure
c)
Deficiency of Riboflavin
d)
Bacterial Infection
|
Aravind Kapoor answered |
The red ribbon is a symbol for solidarity with HIV-positive people and those living with AIDS. Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Bacteriophage is similar to a fungus & bacterium in having :-- a)RNA as the genetic material
- b)DNA as the genetic material
- c)Cell wall
- d)Similar in reproduction
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Bacteriophage is similar to a fungus & bacterium in having :-
a)
RNA as the genetic material
b)
DNA as the genetic material
c)
Cell wall
d)
Similar in reproduction
|
|
Hyteller answered |
DNA as genetic material, that's the only common thing we can spot among bacteriophage, fungi as well as bacteria
Phage particles are used as -
(a) Radiation detector
(b) Scavengers
(c) Model in genetic research- a)Only b & c
- b)Only a & c
- c)Only c
- d)All a, b, c
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Phage particles are used as -
(a) Radiation detector
(b) Scavengers
(c) Model in genetic research
(a) Radiation detector
(b) Scavengers
(c) Model in genetic research
a)
Only b & c
b)
Only a & c
c)
Only c
d)
All a, b, c
|
Mansi Chopra answered |
Phase particles in copper-based alloys could potentially initiate stress corrosion cracking when the particles undergo selective dissolution or induce galvanic corrosion.
Which statement is correct for bacterial transduction : - [CBSE 2002]- a)Transfer of some genes from one bacteria to another bacteria through virus
- b)Transfer of genes from one bacteria to another bacteria by conjugation
- c)Bacteria obtained is DNA directly
- d)Bacteria obtained DNA from other external source
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Which statement is correct for bacterial transduction : -
[CBSE 2002]
a)
Transfer of some genes from one bacteria to another bacteria through virus
b)
Transfer of genes from one bacteria to another bacteria by conjugation
c)
Bacteria obtained is DNA directly
d)
Bacteria obtained DNA from other external source
|
Pooja Shah answered |
In transduction, genetic material of one bacterial cell goes to other bacterial cell by agency of bacteriophages or phages (viruses, infecting bacteria). Transduction was first of all reported in Salmonella typhimurium by Zinder and Lederberg (1952). Transduction is used for gene mapping and analysis in bacteria and also for strain construction.
All given statements stand true with respect to Lichens, except
- a)Absence of lichens in any area indicates that the area is highly polluted with SO2.
- b)The algal component of lichen is known as mycobiont and the fungal component as phycobiont
- c)Body of lichens is made up of phycobionts only.
- d)Mycobiont partner of lichens is always heterotrophic.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
All given statements stand true with respect to Lichens, except
a)
Absence of lichens in any area indicates that the area is highly polluted with SO2.
b)
The algal component of lichen is known as mycobiont and the fungal component as phycobiont
c)
Body of lichens is made up of phycobionts only.
d)
Mycobiont partner of lichens is always heterotrophic.
|
|
Anisha Saha answered |
Explanation:
Mycobiont partner of lichens is always heterotrophic:
- This statement is false because the mycobiont partner of lichens is actually a fungus, which is generally considered to be heterotrophic.
- The mycobiont provides structure and protection to the lichen, while the phycobiont (algal partner) provides photosynthetic products to the fungus.
- The relationship between the mycobiont and phycobiont is mutualistic, as both partners benefit from the association.
Abundance of lichens in any area indicates that the area is highly polluted with SO2:
- This statement is true as lichens are known to be sensitive to air pollution, particularly sulfur dioxide.
- High levels of SO2 in the air can inhibit the growth of lichens, so the presence of abundant lichens in an area with low levels of pollution indicates a healthier environment.
- Lichens are often used as bioindicators of air quality due to their sensitivity to pollutants.
Body of lichens is made up of phycobionts only:
- This statement is false because the body of lichens is actually a symbiotic structure composed of both fungal (mycobiont) and algal (phycobiont) components.
- The mycobiont provides the structure and protection, while the phycobiont provides the photosynthetic capabilities necessary for the lichen to survive.
- The combination of these two partners allows lichens to thrive in a variety of environments.
The algal component of lichen is known as mycobiont and fungal component as phycobiont:
- This statement is false as it incorrectly labels the fungal and algal components of lichens.
- The algal component of lichen is known as the phycobiont, while the fungal component is known as the mycobiont.
- The mycobiont and phycobiont work together in a symbiotic relationship to form the unique structure of lichens.
Mycobiont partner of lichens is always heterotrophic:
- This statement is false because the mycobiont partner of lichens is actually a fungus, which is generally considered to be heterotrophic.
- The mycobiont provides structure and protection to the lichen, while the phycobiont (algal partner) provides photosynthetic products to the fungus.
- The relationship between the mycobiont and phycobiont is mutualistic, as both partners benefit from the association.
Abundance of lichens in any area indicates that the area is highly polluted with SO2:
- This statement is true as lichens are known to be sensitive to air pollution, particularly sulfur dioxide.
- High levels of SO2 in the air can inhibit the growth of lichens, so the presence of abundant lichens in an area with low levels of pollution indicates a healthier environment.
- Lichens are often used as bioindicators of air quality due to their sensitivity to pollutants.
Body of lichens is made up of phycobionts only:
- This statement is false because the body of lichens is actually a symbiotic structure composed of both fungal (mycobiont) and algal (phycobiont) components.
- The mycobiont provides the structure and protection, while the phycobiont provides the photosynthetic capabilities necessary for the lichen to survive.
- The combination of these two partners allows lichens to thrive in a variety of environments.
The algal component of lichen is known as mycobiont and fungal component as phycobiont:
- This statement is false as it incorrectly labels the fungal and algal components of lichens.
- The algal component of lichen is known as the phycobiont, while the fungal component is known as the mycobiont.
- The mycobiont and phycobiont work together in a symbiotic relationship to form the unique structure of lichens.
Which resistant proteins are formed in an eukaryotic cell due to virus infection : -- a)Antigens
- b)Antibodies
- c)Interferons
- d)Auxin
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Which resistant proteins are formed in an eukaryotic cell due to virus infection : -
a)
Antigens
b)
Antibodies
c)
Interferons
d)
Auxin
|
Rajdeep Saini answered |
Interferons (IFNs) are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several viruses. In a typical scenario, a virus-infected cell will release interferons causing nearby cells to heighten their anti-viral defenses.
Interferons are synthesized in response to [CBSE 2001]- a)Mycoplasma
- b)Bacteria
- c)Viruses
- d)Fungi
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Interferons are synthesized in response to
[CBSE 2001]
a)
Mycoplasma
b)
Bacteria
c)
Viruses
d)
Fungi
|
Lyrics Master answered |
Https://edurev.page.link/5SgK2rG46Hvi62Hh7
Which of the following pathogenic diseases could have symptoms like mosaic formation, leaf rolling and curling, yellowing and vein clearing, dwarfing, and stunted growth?- a)Viroid
- b)Viral
- c)Caused by prions
- d)Fungal
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following pathogenic diseases could have symptoms like mosaic formation, leaf rolling and curling, yellowing and vein clearing, dwarfing, and stunted growth?
a)
Viroid
b)
Viral
c)
Caused by prions
d)
Fungal
|
Mahi Menon answered |
Understanding Viral Diseases in Plants
Viral infections in plants often lead to a range of symptoms that can significantly affect their health and growth. The symptoms you mentioned—mosaic formation, leaf rolling and curling, yellowing and vein clearing, dwarfing, and stunted growth—are characteristic of viral infections. Here's a detailed explanation:
Common Symptoms of Viral Infections:
- Mosaic Formation: This symptom appears as a patchy discoloration on leaves, resulting from uneven chlorophyll distribution caused by viral replication.
- Leaf Rolling and Curling: Viruses can disrupt normal cellular function, leading to abnormal growth patterns in leaves, resulting in curling or rolling.
- Yellowing and Vein Clearing: Viruses often interfere with the plant's ability to produce chlorophyll, causing yellowing. Vein clearing occurs when the virus affects the vascular tissues, leading to less chlorophyll around the veins.
- Dwarfing and Stunted Growth: Viral infections can impair the overall growth of the plant by affecting hormone balance and nutrient uptake, leading to reduced size and vigor.
Why Other Options are Less Likely:
- Viroids: These are smaller infectious agents that primarily affect plants but do not typically cause the wide range of symptoms seen in viral infections.
- Prions: These are misfolded proteins associated with diseases in animals, particularly in the nervous system, and are not known to infect plants.
- Fungal Infections: While they can cause some similar symptoms like stunted growth, they usually present different signs such as mold or fungal structures.
In conclusion, the symptoms listed are most indicative of a viral disease, making option 'B' the correct answer. Understanding these symptoms is crucial for diagnosing and managing plant health effectively.
Viral infections in plants often lead to a range of symptoms that can significantly affect their health and growth. The symptoms you mentioned—mosaic formation, leaf rolling and curling, yellowing and vein clearing, dwarfing, and stunted growth—are characteristic of viral infections. Here's a detailed explanation:
Common Symptoms of Viral Infections:
- Mosaic Formation: This symptom appears as a patchy discoloration on leaves, resulting from uneven chlorophyll distribution caused by viral replication.
- Leaf Rolling and Curling: Viruses can disrupt normal cellular function, leading to abnormal growth patterns in leaves, resulting in curling or rolling.
- Yellowing and Vein Clearing: Viruses often interfere with the plant's ability to produce chlorophyll, causing yellowing. Vein clearing occurs when the virus affects the vascular tissues, leading to less chlorophyll around the veins.
- Dwarfing and Stunted Growth: Viral infections can impair the overall growth of the plant by affecting hormone balance and nutrient uptake, leading to reduced size and vigor.
Why Other Options are Less Likely:
- Viroids: These are smaller infectious agents that primarily affect plants but do not typically cause the wide range of symptoms seen in viral infections.
- Prions: These are misfolded proteins associated with diseases in animals, particularly in the nervous system, and are not known to infect plants.
- Fungal Infections: While they can cause some similar symptoms like stunted growth, they usually present different signs such as mold or fungal structures.
In conclusion, the symptoms listed are most indicative of a viral disease, making option 'B' the correct answer. Understanding these symptoms is crucial for diagnosing and managing plant health effectively.
Identify the incorrect statement -- a)Some acellular organisms like viruses and viroids as well as the lichens are not included in the five kingdom system of classification
- b)The algal component is known as phycobiont and fungal component as mycobiont,
- c)The most notable diseases caused by prions are bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
- d)In Lichens , Algae provide shelter and absorb mineral nutrients and water for its partner.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Identify the incorrect statement -
a)
Some acellular organisms like viruses and viroids as well as the lichens are not included in the five kingdom system of classification
b)
The algal component is known as phycobiont and fungal component as mycobiont,
c)
The most notable diseases caused by prions are bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
d)
In Lichens , Algae provide shelter and absorb mineral nutrients and water for its partner.
|
Lead Academy answered |
Statement (D) in incorrect as Algae prepare food for fungi and fungi provide shelter and absorb mineral nutrients and water for its partner.
A mixture of viruses, bacteria & mycoplasma are boiled in a test tube at 100°C for some time which of these would survive : -- a)Virus
- b)Bacteria
- c)Mycoplasma
- d)All
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
A mixture of viruses, bacteria & mycoplasma are boiled in a test tube at 100°C for some time which of these would survive : -
a)
Virus
b)
Bacteria
c)
Mycoplasma
d)
All
|
Ayush Chauhan answered |
A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms. Viruses can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea.
Transduction in bacteria carried out by : -- a)Bacterio phage
- b)B.G.A.
- c)Mycoplasma
- d)Rickettssiae
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Transduction in bacteria carried out by : -
a)
Bacterio phage
b)
B.G.A.
c)
Mycoplasma
d)
Rickettssiae
|
Prasenjit Dasgupta answered |
Transduction. Transduction, a process of genetic recombination in bacteria in which genes from a host cell (a bacterium) are incorporated into the genome of a bacterial virus (bacteriophage) and then carried to another host cell when the bacteriophage initiates another cycle of infection.
Enzyme synthesis does not occur in : -- a)Fungi
- b)Viruses
- c)Proteins
- d)Bacteria
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Enzyme synthesis does not occur in : -
a)
Fungi
b)
Viruses
c)
Proteins
d)
Bacteria
|
Naina Menon answered |
They cannot synthesize proteins, because they lack ribosomes and must use the ribosomes of their host cells to translate viral messenger RNA into viral proteins. ... Some viruses are also enclosed by an envelope of fat and protein molecules. In its infective form, outside the cell, a virus particle is called a virion.
Match the column-I with column-II & choose the correct answer option : -
- a)
- b)
- c)
- d)
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Match the column-I with column-II & choose the correct answer option : -
a)
b)
c)
d)
|
Om Desai answered |
Mad cow" disease is an infectious disease caused by prions that affect the brains of cattle. The actual name of the disease is bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), a name that refers to the changes seen in brain tissue of affected cows.
Several pathogens, including viruses, viroids, and phytoplasma, cause serious diseases in chrysanthemums. So far, ten species including Chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd) and Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) are members of the genus Pospiviroid.
Mycoplasma is a genus of the bacteria which infects plants, animals and humans causing diseases. Some of the common diseases in plants caused by Mycoplasma are citrus greening, sandal spike and grassy shoot in sugarcane plant. In citrus greening, the fruits are small and green in colour. In sandal spike, there is a reduction in leaf size and formation of rosette spike. In the grassy shoot, there is an overgrowth of leaves and there is no growth of cane.
Rice tungro disease is caused by the combination of two viruses, which are transmitted by leafhoppers. It causes leaf discoloration, stunted growth, reduced tiller numbers and sterile or partly filled grains. Tungro infects cultivated rice, some wild rice relatives and other grassy weeds commonly found in rice paddies.
Several pathogens, including viruses, viroids, and phytoplasma, cause serious diseases in chrysanthemums. So far, ten species including Chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd) and Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) are members of the genus Pospiviroid.
Mycoplasma is a genus of the bacteria which infects plants, animals and humans causing diseases. Some of the common diseases in plants caused by Mycoplasma are citrus greening, sandal spike and grassy shoot in sugarcane plant. In citrus greening, the fruits are small and green in colour. In sandal spike, there is a reduction in leaf size and formation of rosette spike. In the grassy shoot, there is an overgrowth of leaves and there is no growth of cane.
Rice tungro disease is caused by the combination of two viruses, which are transmitted by leafhoppers. It causes leaf discoloration, stunted growth, reduced tiller numbers and sterile or partly filled grains. Tungro infects cultivated rice, some wild rice relatives and other grassy weeds commonly found in rice paddies.
During viral infection the protein formed in host cells to resist is -- a)Interferon
- b)Antitoxin
- c)Antibody
- d)Histone
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
During viral infection the protein formed in host cells to resist is -
a)
Interferon
b)
Antitoxin
c)
Antibody
d)
Histone
|
|
Jayant Mishra answered |
Interferons (IFNs) are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several viruses. In a typical scenario, a virus-infected cell will release interferons causing nearby cells to heighten their anti-viral defenses.
In which of the following DNA is not present : -- a)Bacteriophage
- b)TMV mosaic virus
- c)Mitochondria
- d)Chloroplast
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
In which of the following DNA is not present : -
a)
Bacteriophage
b)
TMV mosaic virus
c)
Mitochondria
d)
Chloroplast
|
|
Geetika Shah answered |
TMV has RNA as genetic material. The capsid of the TMV virus is made up of proteins. These are devoid of DNA. Mitochondria and chloroplast have their own DNA. Bacteriophages may have DNA or RNA as genetic material.
So, the correct answer is option B.
So, the correct answer is option B.
The literal meaning of virus is a : -- a)Poison
- b)Venome
- c)Secretion
- d)All
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
The literal meaning of virus is a : -
a)
Poison
b)
Venome
c)
Secretion
d)
All
|
|
Preeti Iyer answered |
Virus, an infectious agent of small size and simple composition that can multiply only in living cells of animals, plants, or bacteria. The name is from a Latin word meaning “slimy liquid” or “poison.”
Which of the following is not correctly paired ?- a)Inert Crystals - Virus
- b)Free RNA - Viroids
- c)Normal protein - Prions
- d)Symbionts - Lichen
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following is not correctly paired ?
a)
Inert Crystals - Virus
b)
Free RNA - Viroids
c)
Normal protein - Prions
d)
Symbionts - Lichen
|
Pooja Desai answered |
Understanding Inert Crystals and Viruses
Inert crystals, like viruses, are non-living entities. Viruses are composed of genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat, and they require a host to replicate.
Free RNA and Viroids
Viroids are small, infectious RNA molecules that lack a protein coat. They are known to cause diseases in plants and consist solely of free RNA.
Normal Protein and Prions
Prions are misfolded proteins that can induce other normal proteins to misfold, leading to neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, this pairing is incorrect because a normal protein does not exhibit prion characteristics under normal conditions.
Symbionts and Lichens
Lichens are symbiotic associations between fungi and photosynthetic partners, typically algae or cyanobacteria. This pairing is correct as it reflects the mutualistic relationship present in lichens.
Conclusion
Thus, the correct answer is option 'C' because normal proteins do not behave like prions until they undergo misfolding. This distinction is crucial in understanding prion diseases, which are distinct from regular protein functions.
Inert crystals, like viruses, are non-living entities. Viruses are composed of genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat, and they require a host to replicate.
Free RNA and Viroids
Viroids are small, infectious RNA molecules that lack a protein coat. They are known to cause diseases in plants and consist solely of free RNA.
Normal Protein and Prions
Prions are misfolded proteins that can induce other normal proteins to misfold, leading to neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, this pairing is incorrect because a normal protein does not exhibit prion characteristics under normal conditions.
Symbionts and Lichens
Lichens are symbiotic associations between fungi and photosynthetic partners, typically algae or cyanobacteria. This pairing is correct as it reflects the mutualistic relationship present in lichens.
Conclusion
Thus, the correct answer is option 'C' because normal proteins do not behave like prions until they undergo misfolding. This distinction is crucial in understanding prion diseases, which are distinct from regular protein functions.
Viral envelope (which is out side the protein coat) is composed of : -- a)Protein
- b)Lipid
- c)Lipo protein
- d)Mucilage
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Viral envelope (which is out side the protein coat) is composed of : -
a)
Protein
b)
Lipid
c)
Lipo protein
d)
Mucilage
|
|
Prasenjit Dasgupta answered |
Virus particles contain the viral genome packaged in a protein coat called the capsid. For some viruses, the capsid is surrounded by lipid bilayer that contains viral proteins, usually including the proteins that enable the virus to bind to the host cells.
The smallest disease causing agent is : -- a)Virion
- b)Viriod
- c)Prion
- d)Mycoplasma
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
The smallest disease causing agent is : -
a)
Virion
b)
Viriod
c)
Prion
d)
Mycoplasma
|
Manoj Sengupta answered |
1 Prions and Virods. The smallest known infectious agents, prions are composed of a single protein and viroids are a simple circle of ribonucleic acid (RNA).
2 Viruses. Viruses are simple particles – as few as two genes inside protein shells – that must infect a host cell to grow and reproduce.
3 Bacteria.
4 Fungi.
5 Parasites.
Which of the following is true for a virus : -- a)That a virus does not possess D.S. DNA
- b)That a virus doest not possess membrane of lipo-proteins
- c)That a virus does not synthesize enzyme
- d)That a virus does not possess any enzyme
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following is true for a virus : -
a)
That a virus does not possess D.S. DNA
b)
That a virus doest not possess membrane of lipo-proteins
c)
That a virus does not synthesize enzyme
d)
That a virus does not possess any enzyme
|
Arpita Nambiar answered |
Viruses do not synthesize enzymes rather they have enzymes, some enzymes are carried within the capsid, some are carried on the viral envelope and some are only produced in the infected cell.
Select the correct statement -- a)Viriods are similar in size to viruses
- b)Lichens are examples of parasitism.
- c)Prions are different in size to viruses
- d)Prions are similar in size to viruses
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Select the correct statement -
a)
Viriods are similar in size to viruses
b)
Lichens are examples of parasitism.
c)
Prions are different in size to viruses
d)
Prions are similar in size to viruses
|
Nishtha Shah answered |
Understanding Prions and Viruses
Prions and viruses are both pathogenic entities, but they differ in many aspects, including their structure, replication methods, and the diseases they cause. However, when it comes to size, they are indeed similar.
Comparison of Sizes
- Prions: These are misfolded proteins that can induce other proteins to misfold, leading to neurodegenerative diseases. They are typically in the range of 10 to 100 nanometers in size.
- Viruses: Viruses are much more complex structures that include genetic material (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat. They range from about 20 to 300 nanometers.
Given that both prions and viruses fall within a similar size range, it can be said that they are comparable in size. Thus, the assertion that "Prions are similar in size to viruses" is accurate.
Reasons for the Correctness of Option D
- Size Overlap: Both prions and viruses measure in nanometers, making them comparable in size.
- Pathogenic Nature: While they behave differently biologically, their size allows them to interact with cellular structures similarly, which is crucial for their pathogenicity.
- Misconceptions: Often, prions are misunderstood due to their protein nature, but their size similarity to viruses is a key point of consideration in microbiology.
In conclusion, option 'D' accurately reflects the relationship in size between prions and viruses, reinforcing the idea that while they are fundamentally different entities, they share similarities in their dimensions.
Prions and viruses are both pathogenic entities, but they differ in many aspects, including their structure, replication methods, and the diseases they cause. However, when it comes to size, they are indeed similar.
Comparison of Sizes
- Prions: These are misfolded proteins that can induce other proteins to misfold, leading to neurodegenerative diseases. They are typically in the range of 10 to 100 nanometers in size.
- Viruses: Viruses are much more complex structures that include genetic material (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat. They range from about 20 to 300 nanometers.
Given that both prions and viruses fall within a similar size range, it can be said that they are comparable in size. Thus, the assertion that "Prions are similar in size to viruses" is accurate.
Reasons for the Correctness of Option D
- Size Overlap: Both prions and viruses measure in nanometers, making them comparable in size.
- Pathogenic Nature: While they behave differently biologically, their size allows them to interact with cellular structures similarly, which is crucial for their pathogenicity.
- Misconceptions: Often, prions are misunderstood due to their protein nature, but their size similarity to viruses is a key point of consideration in microbiology.
In conclusion, option 'D' accurately reflects the relationship in size between prions and viruses, reinforcing the idea that while they are fundamentally different entities, they share similarities in their dimensions.
Stanley got the nobel prize for : -- a)Discovering virus
- b)Crystallizing virus
- c)Name phages
- d)Discovering antibiotic
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Stanley got the nobel prize for : -
a)
Discovering virus
b)
Crystallizing virus
c)
Name phages
d)
Discovering antibiotic
|
|
Arun Khanna answered |
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946 was divided, one half awarded to James Batcheller Sumner "for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized", the other half jointly to John Howard Northrop and Wendell Meredith Stanley "for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form."
The site where the protein coat (capsid) is synthesized is : -- a)Plasma membrane of the host
- b)Mitochondria of the host
- c)Ribosome of the host
- d)RNA of the virus
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
The site where the protein coat (capsid) is synthesized is : -
a)
Plasma membrane of the host
b)
Mitochondria of the host
c)
Ribosome of the host
d)
RNA of the virus
|
Nandini Iyer answered |
A complete virus particle is called a virion. The main function of the virion is to deliver its DNA or RNA genome into the host cell so that the genome can be expressed (transcribed and translated) by the host cell. The viral genome, often with associated basic proteins, is packaged inside a symmetric protein.
Bacteriophage is similar to a fungus & bacterium in having : - - a)RNA as the genetic material
- b)DNA as the genetic material
- c)Cell wall
- d)Similar in reproduction
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Bacteriophage is similar to a fungus & bacterium in having : -
a)
RNA as the genetic material
b)
DNA as the genetic material
c)
Cell wall
d)
Similar in reproduction
|
|
Pooja Mehta answered |
Bacteriophages are small, virus-like organisms that infect bacteria. They are comprised of a protein capsule around an RNA or DNA genome. ... Lysogenic phages do not immediately lyse the host cell. These phages are known as temperate phages.
Infective unit of virus is called : -- a)Nucleoid
- b)Virion
- c)Nucleo protein
- d)Capsid
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Infective unit of virus is called : -
a)
Nucleoid
b)
Virion
c)
Nucleo protein
d)
Capsid
|
|
Ashish Chaudhary answered |
Infective unit of a virus is called Virion.
Explanation:
A virion is the complete, infective form of a virus outside a host cell. It is the basic unit of a virus that is capable of infecting a host cell and causing an infection. The term "virion" is derived from the word "virus" and is commonly used in virology to refer to the infectious viral particle.
Structure of a Virion:
A virion consists of several components that are essential for its infectivity. These components include:
1. Capsid: The capsid is the protein coat that encloses the genetic material of the virus. It provides protection to the viral genetic material and also plays a role in the attachment of the virus to host cells.
2. Nucleic Acid: The nucleic acid is the genetic material of the virus, which can be either DNA or RNA. It carries the instructions for the replication and assembly of new virions inside host cells.
3. Envelope (optional): Some viruses have an outer envelope that surrounds their capsid. The envelope is derived from the host cell membrane and contains viral proteins that are important for attachment and entry into host cells.
4. Spikes (optional): Spikes are viral proteins that protrude from the surface of the virion. They are involved in the attachment of the virus to specific receptors on the surface of host cells.
Function and Importance of Virion:
The virion is the infectious form of the virus and plays a crucial role in the transmission and spread of viral infections. It is responsible for attaching to host cells, entering them, and releasing its genetic material into the host cell. Once inside the host cell, the viral genetic material takes over the cellular machinery to replicate and produce new virions.
Virions are also important in the diagnosis and detection of viral infections. They can be isolated from clinical samples, such as blood or respiratory secretions, and their presence can be confirmed using various laboratory techniques, including electron microscopy and molecular assays.
Conclusion:
In summary, the infective unit of a virus is called a virion. It is composed of a capsid, nucleic acid, and may have an envelope and spikes. Virions are responsible for the transmission, attachment, and entry of the virus into host cells, and they play a crucial role in the spread and pathogenesis of viral infections.
Explanation:
A virion is the complete, infective form of a virus outside a host cell. It is the basic unit of a virus that is capable of infecting a host cell and causing an infection. The term "virion" is derived from the word "virus" and is commonly used in virology to refer to the infectious viral particle.
Structure of a Virion:
A virion consists of several components that are essential for its infectivity. These components include:
1. Capsid: The capsid is the protein coat that encloses the genetic material of the virus. It provides protection to the viral genetic material and also plays a role in the attachment of the virus to host cells.
2. Nucleic Acid: The nucleic acid is the genetic material of the virus, which can be either DNA or RNA. It carries the instructions for the replication and assembly of new virions inside host cells.
3. Envelope (optional): Some viruses have an outer envelope that surrounds their capsid. The envelope is derived from the host cell membrane and contains viral proteins that are important for attachment and entry into host cells.
4. Spikes (optional): Spikes are viral proteins that protrude from the surface of the virion. They are involved in the attachment of the virus to specific receptors on the surface of host cells.
Function and Importance of Virion:
The virion is the infectious form of the virus and plays a crucial role in the transmission and spread of viral infections. It is responsible for attaching to host cells, entering them, and releasing its genetic material into the host cell. Once inside the host cell, the viral genetic material takes over the cellular machinery to replicate and produce new virions.
Virions are also important in the diagnosis and detection of viral infections. They can be isolated from clinical samples, such as blood or respiratory secretions, and their presence can be confirmed using various laboratory techniques, including electron microscopy and molecular assays.
Conclusion:
In summary, the infective unit of a virus is called a virion. It is composed of a capsid, nucleic acid, and may have an envelope and spikes. Virions are responsible for the transmission, attachment, and entry of the virus into host cells, and they play a crucial role in the spread and pathogenesis of viral infections.
PSTV have : -- a)Single stranded RNA not enclosed by protein coat
- b)D.S. DNA enclosed by portein coat
- c)Double stranded RNA enclosed by protein coat
- d)S.S. DNA not enclosed by protein coat
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
PSTV have : -
a)
Single stranded RNA not enclosed by protein coat
b)
D.S. DNA enclosed by portein coat
c)
Double stranded RNA enclosed by protein coat
d)
S.S. DNA not enclosed by protein coat
|
Samridhi Kaur answered |
PSTV is potato spindle tuber viroid. It is to be identified as a small, single-stranded circular RNA molecule. It does not enclose in a protein coat.
Mostly viroids show these characters.
Ganga water does not undergo decay due to the presence of : -- a)Minerals
- b)Antibiotics
- c)Alage
- d)Phages
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Ganga water does not undergo decay due to the presence of : -
a)
Minerals
b)
Antibiotics
c)
Alage
d)
Phages
|
|
Rajat Patel answered |
A bacteriophage also known informally as a phage (/feɪdʒ/), is a virus that infects and replicates within bacteria and archaea. The term was derived from "bacteria" and the Greek φαγεῖν (phagein), "to devour".
T.M.V contains : -- a)Single stranded RNA
- b)D.S. RNA
- c)D.S. DNA
- d)S.S. DNA
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
T.M.V contains : -
a)
Single stranded RNA
b)
D.S. RNA
c)
D.S. DNA
d)
S.S. DNA
|
|
Gaurav Kumar answered |
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus. TMV is composed of RNA and protein. Tobacco mosaic virus has a rod-like appearance. Its capsid is made of coat protein and one molecule of genomic single strand RNA, 6400 bases long.
Which of the following is absent in virus : -- a)Mutation
- b)Replication
- c)Production of energy
- d)All
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following is absent in virus : -
a)
Mutation
b)
Replication
c)
Production of energy
d)
All
|
Hansa Sharma answered |
A virus is a small infectious agent, that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms. Viruses can infect all types of life forms, from plants and animals to micro-organisms, including bacteria and archae. Viruses can undergo replication by lytic and lysogenic cycles. The feature of viruses to perform viral genetic change in their own genome is a process of virus mutation. Viral proteins can be synthesized in host cells by using host machinery. Energy production and liberation process is absent in viruses, as this process is not required by viruses. Thus, option C is correct.
Virus are placed in : -- a)Prokaryota
- b)Eukaryota
- c)Akaryota
- d)Thallophyta
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Virus are placed in : -
a)
Prokaryota
b)
Eukaryota
c)
Akaryota
d)
Thallophyta
|
|
Madhavan Patel answered |
Virus is a microscopic particle that can infect the cells of a biological organism. Akaryota Viruses can only replicate themselves by infecting a host cell and therefore cannot reproduce on their own.
Which of the following is devoid of protein coat and entirely composed of RNA only : -- a)TMV
- b)Pox - virus
- c)PSTV
- d)Calimo virus
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following is devoid of protein coat and entirely composed of RNA only : -
a)
TMV
b)
Pox - virus
c)
PSTV
d)
Calimo virus
|
|
Manoj Sengupta answered |
Viroids are the one which are devoid of protein coat and consist only RNA. PSTV (potato spindle tuber viroids) is caused by viroids. Rest are examples of viral disease.
"Antibiotic" name proposed by : -- a)A. flamming
- b)Waksman
- c)Brein
- d)B.M. Duggar
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
"Antibiotic" name proposed by : -
a)
A. flamming
b)
Waksman
c)
Brein
d)
B.M. Duggar
|
Anirudh Gupta answered |
In fact, Waksman himself coined the term “antibiotics” for these drugs that displayed anti-bacterial effects. Waksman is credited with being an author or co-author on over 400 publications and has been honored in several ways, including lending his name to 1: Waksman Foundation for Microbiology (Rutgers University)
Viroids have : -- a)DS RNA enclosed by protein coat
- b)DS DNA not enclosed by protein coat
- c)SS RNA enclosed by protein coat
- d)SS RNA not enclosed by protein coat
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Viroids have : -
a)
DS RNA enclosed by protein coat
b)
DS DNA not enclosed by protein coat
c)
SS RNA enclosed by protein coat
d)
SS RNA not enclosed by protein coat
|
|
Anirudh Gupta answered |
Viruses are simple, a cellular obligate host parasite contains one or more either double or single stranded DNA or RNA molecules enclosed in a protein coat. Viroids are sub viral particles. Viroids are single stranded RNA stretches without capsid, having a few hundred nucleotide length.
Which character favour nonliving nature of virus : -- a)Absence RNA
- b)Absence of nuclous
- c)Abiotic state
- d)Ability of reversible crystallization
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Which character favour nonliving nature of virus : -
a)
Absence RNA
b)
Absence of nuclous
c)
Abiotic state
d)
Ability of reversible crystallization
|
Amrita Basak answered |
1. Viruses are infectious agents with both living and nonliving characteristics. 2. Living characteristics of viruses include the ability to reproduce – but only in living host cells – and the ability to mutate.
Which of the following is correct for a virus : -- a)They have only one type of nuleic acid
- b)They replicate inside animal cell only
- c)They are living
- d)They are bigger from bacteria and they killed them
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following is correct for a virus : -
a)
They have only one type of nuleic acid
b)
They replicate inside animal cell only
c)
They are living
d)
They are bigger from bacteria and they killed them
|
Maheshwar Malik answered |
The nucleic acid may be single or double-stranded. The entire infectious virus particle is called a virion consists of the nucleic acid and an outer shell of protein. The simplest viruses contain only enough RNA or DNA to encode four proteins.
The virus without nucleic acid is called : -- a)Prion
- b)Virion
- c)Viroid
- d)Venom
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
The virus without nucleic acid is called : -
a)
Prion
b)
Virion
c)
Viroid
d)
Venom
|
Aaditya Ghoshal answered |
Prions. Prions, so-called because they are proteinaceous, are infectious particles, smaller than viruses, that contain no nucleic acids (neither DNA nor RNA).
Caulimo virus have : -- a)D.S. RNA
- b)S.S. RNA
- c)D.S. DNA
- d)S.S. DNA
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Caulimo virus have : -
a)
D.S. RNA
b)
S.S. RNA
c)
D.S. DNA
d)
S.S. DNA
|
|
Anirudh Gupta answered |
Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) is a member of the genus Caulimovirus, one of the six genera in the Caulimoviridae family, which are pararetroviruses that infect plants. Pararetroviruses replicate through reverse transcription just like retroviruses, but the viral particles contain DNA instead of RNA.
Cyptogram of TMV is : -- a)R/2 : 2/5 : E/E : X/S
- b)R/1 : 2/5 : E/E : S/A
- c)R/1 : 1/8 : S/S : S/AP
- d)R/1 : 2/7 : E/E : S/A
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Cyptogram of TMV is : -
a)
R/2 : 2/5 : E/E : X/S
b)
R/1 : 2/5 : E/E : S/A
c)
R/1 : 1/8 : S/S : S/AP
d)
R/1 : 2/7 : E/E : S/A
|
Bhavana Chavan answered |
Ans.
The viruses have been named by a system of nomenclature as designated by International Committee of Virus Nomenclature. It consists of two parts. The first part is the common name of the virus and the second part consists of a coded information of it. Cryptogram of TMV : R/1 : 2/5 : E/E : S/X.
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), also known as tobamovirus, is a rod-shaped virus with ribonucleic acid (RNA ) surrounded by a coat of protein that causes mosaic-like symptoms in plants. ... TMV is spread through small wounds caused by handling, insects, or broken leaf hairs that result from leaves rubbing together.
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), also known as tobamovirus, is a rod-shaped virus with ribonucleic acid (RNA ) surrounded by a coat of protein that causes mosaic-like symptoms in plants. ... TMV is spread through small wounds caused by handling, insects, or broken leaf hairs that result from leaves rubbing together.
Caulifllower mosaic virus contains : - [CBSE 2001]- a)ss RNA
- b)ds RNA
- c)ds DNA
- d)ss DNA
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Caulifllower mosaic virus contains : -
[CBSE 2001]
a)
ss RNA
b)
ds RNA
c)
ds DNA
d)
ss DNA
|
Akshay Shah answered |
This chapter describes the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV). CaMV is the member of the caulimoviruses that are the only plant viruses known to contain double-stranded DNA. Viral particles accumulate in cytoplasmic inclusion bodies, spread throughout the plant, and can be found in most cells at high copy number.
Smallest plant virus is : -- a)TMV
- b)Citrus tristeza virus
- c)Tobacco necrosis satellite virus
- d)Smallpox virus
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Smallest plant virus is : -
a)
TMV
b)
Citrus tristeza virus
c)
Tobacco necrosis satellite virus
d)
Smallpox virus
|
|
Nandini Iyer answered |
Unlike TMV, which has a long helical capsid, STMV has a spherical capsid. Satellite tobacco necrosis virus (STNV), the first plant satellite virus, was discovered as a virus-like particle abundantly present in cultured medium of tobacco necrosis virus (TNV), a host virus.
Longest plant virus is : -- a)f × 174
- b)TMV
- c)Citrus tristeza
- d)T1 phage
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Longest plant virus is : -
a)
f × 174
b)
TMV
c)
Citrus tristeza
d)
T1 phage
|
|
Nandini Iyer answered |
Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is limited to phloem-associated cells in citrus trees. It is the largest and most complex member of the Closteroviridae family, which contains viruses with mono-, bi-, and tripartite genomes (1, 5, 11, 12, 20).
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