All questions of The Skeletal System for Grade 9 Exam

Understanding Tetany
Tetany is a medical condition characterized by muscle spasms and cramps, often resulting from low calcium ion concentrations in the blood, known as hypocalcemia.
Causes of Tetany
- Low Calcium Levels: Calcium is crucial for muscle contraction and nerve function. Insufficient calcium leads to increased excitability of neurons, causing involuntary muscle contractions.
- Vitamin D Deficiency: Vitamin D plays a vital role in calcium absorption; its deficiency can contribute to low calcium levels.
- Parathyroid Dysfunction: The parathyroid glands regulate calcium levels. If they are underactive (hypoparathyroidism), it can lead to low calcium and, consequently, tetany.
Symptoms of Tetany
- Muscle Spasms: Painful contractions, usually starting in the hands and feet.
- Numbness and Tingling: Often experienced around the mouth and in the extremities.
- Severe Cases: Can lead to convulsions or respiratory difficulties if the muscles involved in breathing are affected.
Comparison with Other Disorders
- Muscular Dystrophy: A genetic disorder affecting muscle strength and function, not directly linked to calcium levels.
- Gout: A form of arthritis caused by uric acid crystallization, unrelated to calcium ion concentrations.
- Osteoporosis: A condition characterized by weakened bones due to calcium loss, but it does not cause immediate muscle spasms like tetany.
Conclusion
Tetany is distinctly caused by low calcium ion concentrations, differentiating it from other disorders mentioned. Proper management involves addressing the underlying causes, often through calcium and vitamin D supplementation. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effective treatment and prevention.