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All questions of India Under British Rule: Governance and Other Aspects for UPSC CSE Exam

Consider the following statements about Registration Act, 1867 
1. It was of oppressive and restrictive nature 
2. A copy was to be submitted to the courts within one month of the publication of a book 
Which of these statements are not correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both of them
  • d)
    Neither of them
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Rahul Desai answered
 
Registration Act, 1867: This replaced Metcalfe's Act of 1835 and was of a regulatory, not restrictive, nature.
  •  
    As per the Act, (i) every book/ newspaper was required to print the name of the printer and the publisher and the place of the publication, and (ii) a copy was to be submitted to the local government within one month of the publication of a book.
 
 
 

Which of the following statements are correct about pabna agrarian leagues? 
1. Having had enough of the oppressive regime, the peasants of Yusufshahi Pargana in Patna district formed an agrarian league or combination to resist the demands of the zamindars 
2. The league organized a rent strike—the ryots refused to pay the enhanced rents, challenging the zamindars in the courts
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both of them
  • d)
    Neither of them
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Tarun Datta answered
The correct answer is option 'C' - Both of them.

Explanation:
1. Formation of the Agrarian League:
The statement correctly states that the peasants of Yusufshahi Pargana in Patna district formed an agrarian league or combination. This league was formed by the peasants in response to the oppressive regime they were facing. The zamindars, who were the landowners, were imposing heavy demands on the peasants, leading to their dissatisfaction and desire for resistance.

2. Rent Strike by the Agrarian League:
The statement also correctly mentions that the league organized a rent strike. The ryots, which refers to the peasants or tenants, refused to pay the enhanced rents demanded by the zamindars. The ryots challenged the zamindars in the courts, seeking justice and relief from the oppressive demands.

The agrarian league's rent strike was a form of protest and resistance against the exploitative practices of the zamindars. By refusing to pay the enhanced rents, the ryots aimed to assert their rights and demand fair treatment. The strike also aimed to draw attention to the unjust conditions faced by the peasants and put pressure on the authorities to address their grievances.

Overall, both statements accurately describe the formation and actions of the Pabna Agrarian League. The league was formed by the peasants to resist the oppressive demands of the zamindars, and they organized a rent strike as a means of protest and seeking justice.

Consider the following statements. 
1. The Indian moneylender provided loans to hard-pressed agriculturists and thus facilitated the state collection of revenue
2. The Indian trader carried imported British products to the remotest corners and helped in the movement of Indian agricultural products for exports 
3. The indigenous bankers helped both in the process of distribution and collection 
Which of these statements is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 and 2 Only
  • b)
    2 and 3 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    All of them
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Aarya Pillai answered
Explanation:

The correct answer is option D, which means that all of the given statements are correct. Let's understand each statement one by one:

Statement 1: The Indian moneylender provided loans to hard-pressed agriculturists and thus facilitated the state collection of revenue.

- The Indian moneylenders played a crucial role in providing loans to agriculturists who were in need of financial assistance. These agriculturists often faced difficult situations such as crop failure, natural disasters, or other financial crises.
- By providing loans, the moneylenders helped the agriculturists to overcome their financial difficulties and continue their agricultural activities.
- The state also benefitted from this arrangement as the moneylenders facilitated the collection of revenue by acting as intermediaries between the state and the agriculturists. They collected revenue on behalf of the state from the agriculturists who had borrowed money from them.

Statement 2: The Indian trader carried imported British products to the remotest corners and helped in the movement of Indian agricultural products for exports.

- The Indian traders played a significant role in the movement of goods within the country. They carried imported British products to the remotest corners of India, making these products available to the local population.
- Additionally, they also helped in the movement of Indian agricultural products for exports. They facilitated the transportation and distribution of these products, ensuring that they reached the markets both within and outside the country.
- Their efforts contributed to the growth of trade and commerce, both domestically and internationally, and helped in the economic development of the country.

Statement 3: The indigenous bankers helped both in the process of distribution and collection.

- Indigenous bankers played a crucial role in the process of distribution and collection of funds. They acted as intermediaries between the borrowers and lenders, facilitating the flow of funds.
- They helped in the distribution of funds by providing loans to individuals and businesses in need of financial assistance. They also collected funds on behalf of lenders, ensuring that the lenders received their dues.
- Their services were particularly important in areas where formal banking institutions were not easily accessible or were not well-established.

In summary, all of the given statements are correct. The Indian moneylenders facilitated the state collection of revenue by providing loans to agriculturists. The Indian traders played a key role in the movement of goods, both imported and exported. The indigenous bankers helped in the process of distribution and collection of funds, acting as intermediaries between borrowers and lenders.

Which among the following are true about the Government of India Act of 1935 
1. It abolished the Council of India and the office of the secretary of state 
2. It provided separate electorates for women 
3. The provinces were allowed to act as autonomous units of administration in the defined spheres
4. This Act had 10 Schedules
5. It provided for the establishment of the Reserve Bank of India and a monetary policy committee to control the currency and credit of the country
Choose from the following options:
  • a)
    1 and 2 Only
  • b)
    1, 2, 4 and 5 only
  • c)
    All of them
  • d)
    2, 3 and 4 only
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Anshu Bose answered
The correct option is B) 2, 3 and 4 only.

Explanation:

The Government of India Act of 1935 was an important constitutional development in India during the British rule. It introduced several changes in the governance of India. Let's see which statements are true about this act:

1. It abolished the Council of India and the office of the secretary of state: This statement is not true as the act did not abolish the Council of India and the office of the secretary of state. Instead, it provided for their continuance.

2. It provided separate electorates for women: This statement is true. The act provided for separate electorates for women in the provincial legislatures.

3. The provinces were allowed to act as autonomous units of administration in the defined spheres: This statement is true. The act allowed the provinces to act as autonomous units of administration in the defined spheres.

4. This Act had 10 Schedules: This statement is true. The act had 10 schedules that provided for various matters such as the distribution of powers between the centre and the provinces, provincial autonomy, and the establishment of the Federal Court.

5. It provided for the establishment of the Reserve Bank of India and a monetary policy committee to control the currency and credit of the country: This statement is not true. The Reserve Bank of India was established in 1934, a year before the Government of India Act of 1935. The act did not provide for the establishment of the RBI or a monetary policy committee.

Therefore, the correct options are 2, 3 and 4 only.

Consider the following statements. 
1. Industrial Revolution - began in the 18th century and resulted in the growth of industrial capitalism.
2. French Revolution - gave rise to new attitudes of mind, manners, and morals. 
3. Intellectual Revolution - gave the message of liberty, equality and fraternity, unleashed the forces of democracy and nationalism 
Which of the following is not correctly matched?
  • a)
    1 and 2 Only
  • b)
     2 and 3 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    Neither of them
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Vikram Kapoor answered
Explanation:

1. Industrial Revolution - began in the 18th century and resulted in the growth of industrial capitalism.

This statement is correctly matched. The Industrial Revolution started in the late 18th century in Britain and marked a significant shift in economic and social structures. It led to the growth of industrial capitalism, where industries took over the economic landscape, leading to increased production and technological advancements.

2. French Revolution - gave rise to new attitudes of mind, manners, and morals.

This statement is not correctly matched. The French Revolution, which took place from 1789 to 1799, did bring about significant social and political change, but it is better known for its impact on political ideologies and the rise of nationalism and democracy. It did influence mindsets and attitudes to an extent, but its primary contribution was in the political sphere.

3. Intellectual Revolution - gave the message of liberty, equality and fraternity, unleashed the forces of democracy and nationalism.

This statement is not correctly matched. The term "Intellectual Revolution" is not a widely recognized historical event or period. The statement seems to be referring to the Enlightenment, which was an intellectual and philosophical movement that took place during the 17th and 18th centuries. The Enlightenment emphasized reason, individualism, and the questioning of traditional authority. While it did contribute to the ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity, which in turn influenced the French Revolution, it is not accurate to label it as the "Intellectual Revolution."

Thus, statements 1 and 3 are the ones that are not correctly matched.

Which of the following are correctly matched? 
1. Fort William college - Warren Hastings 
2. Sanskrit college - Jonathan Duncan 
3. Calcutta Madrasah - Wellesley 
Choose from the following options.
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    1 and 3 Only
  • c)
    1 and 2 Only
  • d)
    2 Only
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Priya Menon answered
For the first 60 years of its dominion in India, the Company, a trading and profit-making concern to promote education. Some minor exceptions were efforts by individuals- 
• The Calcutta Madrasah was established by Warren Hastings in 1781 for the study of Muslim law and related subjects 
• The Sanskrit College was established by Jonathan Duncan, the resident, at Benaras in 1791 for study of Hindu law and philosophy 
Wellesley set up • Fort William College in 1800 for training of civil servants of the Company in languages and customs of Indians (closed in 1802)

Which of the following statements are correct regarding strikes by workers during Swadeshi upsurge?
1. These strikes were organized in government press, railways and the jute industry 
2. There were attempts to form trade unions, and these were very successful 
3. The biggest strike of the period was organized after Tilak's arrest and trial 
Choose from the following options.
  • a)
    1 and 2 Only
  • b)
    2 and 3 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    All of them
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Ananya Ahuja answered
  • There were attempts to form trade unions, but these were not very successful. Subramaniya Siva and Chidambaram Pillai led strikes in Tuticorin and Tirunelvelli and were arrested. 
  • The biggest strike of the period was organized after Tilak's arrest and trial. Workers participated in wider political issues. 
  • Strikes were organized by Ashwini Coomar Banerjea, Prabhat Kumar Roy, Chaudhuri, Premtosh Bose and Apurba Kumar Ghosh. These strikes were organized in government press, railways and the jute industry.

Which of the following are correctly matched? 
1. Narayan Meghajee Lokhande started the newspaper Bharat Shramjeevi.
2. Shashi Pada Banerjee started newspaper Deena Bandhu. 
Choose from the following options
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both of them
  • d)
    Neither of them
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Nisha Desai answered
Incorrectly matched newspapers and their founders:

1. Narayan Meghajee Lokhande started the newspaper Bharat Shramjeevi - This is a correct match. Lokhande was a social reformer and started Bharat Shramjeevi in 1897 to raise awareness about the plight of workers and peasants.

2. Shashi Pada Banerjee started newspaper Deena Bandhu - This is an incorrect match. Deena Bandhu was actually started by Anand Mohan Bose in 1877. Shashi Pada Banerjee was a journalist and founder of the newspaper Banglar Katha.

Therefore, the correct answer is option D, neither of them.

Explanation:
- Narayan Meghajee Lokhande and Bharat Shramjeevi: Lokhande was a social reformer who worked for the betterment of workers and peasants. He started the newspaper Bharat Shramjeevi in 1897 to raise awareness about their issues. The newspaper was published in Marathi and was aimed at promoting social and political reforms.

- Shashi Pada Banerjee and Deena Bandhu: Shashi Pada Banerjee was a journalist who founded the newspaper Banglar Katha, which was published in Bengali. He did not start the newspaper Deena Bandhu. Deena Bandhu was actually started by Anand Mohan Bose in 1877 in Kolkata. It was one of the earliest newspapers in India and was published in Bengali. Its aim was to promote social and political awareness among the Indian masses.

The early Nationalist:
1. Differentiated between the labour in the Indian owned factories and those in the British owned factories
2. Did not want a division in the movement based on classes 
3. Supported the factory acts of 1881 and 1891 
Choose from the following options.
  • a)
    1 and 2 Only
  • b)
    2 and 3 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    All of them
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

The early Nationalist:

The early Nationalist movement in India was characterized by various ideologies and goals. One of the key aspects of the early Nationalist movement was the differentiation between the labour in the Indian owned factories and those in the British owned factories. This differentiation was based on the understanding that the working conditions and treatment of Indian labourers in British owned factories were significantly worse compared to those in Indian owned factories.

Did not want a division in the movement based on classes:

Another important aspect of the early Nationalist movement was the desire to avoid divisions based on social classes within the movement. The early Nationalists believed in the unity of all Indians regardless of their social class or background. They recognized the need for a united front in order to effectively challenge British colonial rule and achieve independence.

Supported the factory acts of 1881 and 1891:

The early Nationalists also supported the factory acts of 1881 and 1891. These acts were legislation introduced by the British colonial government to regulate working conditions in factories. The acts aimed to improve the conditions of labourers, particularly in terms of working hours, health and safety measures, and child labour.

Explanation of the correct answer:

The correct answer is option 'A' which includes points 1 and 2 only. The early Nationalists did differentiate between the labour in Indian owned factories and British owned factories, recognizing the disparity in working conditions. They also did not want a division in the movement based on social classes, emphasizing the need for unity. However, there is no mention of their specific support for the factory acts of 1881 and 1891 in the given options. Therefore, the correct answer is option 'A' as it includes the two points mentioned in the question.

The system of the budget was introduced in British India in
  • a)
    1960
  • b)
    1830
  • c)
    1840
  • d)
    1860
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Rahul Mehta answered
Budget was first introduced on 7th April, 1860, two years after the transfer of Indian administration from East-India Company to British Crown. The first Finance Member, who presented the Budget, was James Wilson.

Which among the following are correct about the Government of India Act of 1858? 
1. It created a new office, Secretary of State for India 
2. The secretary of state was a member of the British cabinet and was responsible only ultimately to the British cabinet
3. It constituted the secretary of state-in-council as a body corporate, capable of Suing and being sued only in England 
Choose from the following options:
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 and 3 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    1 and 2 Only
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Deepika Dey answered
The correct answer is option 'A', which means that only statement 1 is correct. Let's understand why the other statements are incorrect:

1. It created a new office, Secretary of State for India: This statement is correct. The Government of India Act of 1858 abolished the East India Company's rule in India and transferred the powers and responsibilities to the British Crown. As a part of this transfer, a new office called the Secretary of State for India was created in the British government. The Secretary of State became the principal authority responsible for the governance of India.

2. The Secretary of State was a member of the British cabinet and was responsible only ultimately to the British cabinet: This statement is incorrect. The Secretary of State for India was indeed a member of the British cabinet, but they were not solely responsible to the British cabinet. The Secretary of State was also accountable to the British Parliament and had to report on Indian affairs to the Parliament. The Secretary of State had significant powers and authority over the governance of India.

3. It constituted the Secretary of State-in-Council as a body corporate, capable of suing and being sued only in England: This statement is incorrect. The Government of India Act of 1858 did establish the Secretary of State-in-Council as a body corporate, but this body was not limited to suing and being sued only in England. The Secretary of State-in-Council had the power to sue and be sued in both England and India. This provision allowed for legal actions against the British government or the Secretary of State-in-Council in Indian courts.

In conclusion, only statement 1 is correct as it created the office of Secretary of State for India. Statements 2 and 3 are incorrect as they misrepresent the accountability and legal jurisdiction of the Secretary of State and the Secretary of State-in-Council.

Arrange the industries, according to their coming into existence in India, chronically. 
1. Ancillary Industries along with the Railways 
2. Coal industry 
3. Cotton and jute industries 
Choose from the following options
  • a)
    1-3-2
  • b)
    1-2-3
  • c)
    2-3-1
  • d)
    They all came simultaneously
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Rhea Reddy answered
  • The beginning of the second half of the nineteenth century heralded the entry of modern industry into India.
  • The thousands of hands employed in the construction of railways were harbingers of the modern Indian working class. Further industrialization came with the development of ancillary industries along with the railways.
  • The coal industry developed fast and employed a large working force. Then came the cotton and the jute industries.

Why was there a rush of foreign capital in India in the second half of the 19th century?
1. Prospects of high profits 
2. Cheap and readily available raw material 
3. Willingness of administration to provide all help 
4. Ready market in India 
Choose from the following options.
  • a)
    1, 2 and 3 Only
  • b)
    2, 3 and 4 only
  • c)
    2 and 4 only
  • d)
    All of them
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

There was a rush of foreign capital in India in the second half of the 19th century due to several factors. These factors include:

1. Prospects of high profits:
- The British Industrial Revolution had created a demand for raw materials for industries in Europe, and India had abundant resources such as cotton, jute, tea, and minerals.
- The availability of these resources and the potential for high profits attracted foreign capital to invest in India.

2. Cheap and readily available raw material:
- India was known for its vast reserves of raw materials, including cotton, jute, indigo, and minerals.
- These raw materials were available at low prices, making it economically viable for foreign investors to establish industries in India.

3. Willingness of administration to provide all help:
- The British colonial administration in India actively encouraged foreign investment by providing various incentives and support.
- They offered protection for foreign investors, ensured a stable legal system, and provided infrastructure such as railways, ports, and telegraph lines.
- The administration also implemented policies that favored foreign capital, such as land revenue reforms and taxation policies.

4. Ready market in India:
- India had a large population and a growing middle class, which provided a ready market for goods produced by industries.
- The demand for textiles, machinery, transportation, and other products was increasing, creating lucrative opportunities for foreign investors.
- Additionally, the British colonial government implemented policies that promoted the consumption of British goods in India, further boosting the market for foreign capital.

By combining these factors, the rush of foreign capital in India during the second half of the 19th century was fueled by the prospects of high profits, the availability of cheap and readily available raw materials, the willingness of the administration to provide support, and the presence of a ready market in India. These factors created a favorable environment for foreign investors to establish industries and exploit the resources of India for their own economic benefit.

Consider the following statements about Licensing Regulations, 1823. 
1. John Adam, who had reactionary views, enacted these 
2. The Act was extended to cover journals and Pamphlets 
3. Due to this, the publication of Maharatta stopped 
Choose from the following options.
  • a)
    1 and 2 Only
  • b)
    2 and 3 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    All of them
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Explanation:

1. John Adam, who had reactionary views, enacted these:
The statement is correct. The Licensing Regulations of 1823 were enacted during the reign of John Adam, who was known for his conservative and reactionary views. These regulations aimed to control the press and restrict the dissemination of information that was deemed to be against the interests of the ruling British government in India.

2. The Act was extended to cover journals and pamphlets:
The statement is correct. The Licensing Regulations of 1823 initially focused on newspapers and periodicals. However, the Act was later extended to cover other forms of publications, including journals and pamphlets. This extension allowed the government to have greater control over the spread of information and ideas.

3. Due to this, the publication of Maharatta stopped:
The statement is incorrect. The Licensing Regulations of 1823 did not lead to the complete cessation of the publication of Maharatta. Maharatta was a prominent Marathi newspaper that played a significant role in the social and political movements of its time. While the regulations did impose restrictions on Maharatta and other newspapers, they were not able to completely shut down these publications. Maharatta continued to be published, albeit under strict government control.

Conclusion:
Based on the above analysis, we can conclude that statements 1 and 2 are correct, while statement 3 is incorrect. Therefore, the correct answer is option 'A' - 1 and 2 only.

Which of the following statements are correct about The trade Union Act, 1926? 
1. Recognized trade unions as legal Associations 
2. Laid down conditions for registration and regulation of trade union activities 
3. Lifted restriction on the political activities of trade unions 
Choose from the following options.
  • a)
    1 and 2 Only
  • b)
    2 and 3 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    All of them
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Bhaskar Ghosh answered
The Trade Union Act, 1926 
• recognized trade unions as a legal association 
• laid down conditions for registration and regulation of trade union activities; 
• secured immunity, both civil and criminal, for trade unions from prosecution for legitimate activities, but put some restrictions on their political activities.

Consider the following statements. 
1. Regular recurrence of famines became of a common feature of daily existence in India 
2. These famines were not just because of food grain scarcity, but were a direct result of poverty unleashed by India's colonial forces. 
Which of these statements is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both of them
  • d)
    Neither of them
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Partho Goyal answered
Regular recurrence of famines in India:
- The first statement states that regular recurrence of famines became a common feature of daily existence in India. This statement is correct.
- India has a long history of famines, with records of severe famines dating back to ancient times. However, during the colonial period, famines in India became more frequent and widespread.
- The East India Company, and later the British colonial authorities, introduced policies that disrupted traditional agricultural practices and led to the loss of livelihoods for many farmers and agricultural laborers.
- Additionally, the British policies and economic exploitation of India resulted in the concentration of wealth and resources in the hands of a few, exacerbating poverty and inequality.
- These factors, combined with natural disasters such as droughts or floods, often led to severe food shortages and famines in different regions of India.
- The famines were not just a result of food grain scarcity but were also a direct consequence of the poverty unleashed by India's colonial forces.

Direct result of poverty unleashed by India's colonial forces:
- The second statement asserts that these famines were a direct result of poverty unleashed by India's colonial forces. This statement is also correct.
- The colonial policies of the British in India, such as the imposition of high taxes, the introduction of cash crops, and the destruction of local industries, led to economic exploitation and impoverishment of the Indian population.
- The British administration also prioritized the export of agricultural products from India, leaving insufficient food supplies for the local population during times of scarcity.
- The colonial authorities failed to implement effective relief measures during famines, exacerbating the suffering of the affected communities.
- Many historians and scholars argue that the colonial policies and economic exploitation of India by the British were significant factors in the occurrence and severity of famines during this period.
- The famines not only resulted in the loss of lives but also had long-lasting social and economic consequences, further deepening poverty and inequality in India.

Conclusion:
- In conclusion, both statements are correct. Regular famines became a common feature in India during the colonial period, and these famines were a direct result of poverty unleashed by India's colonial forces. The policies and economic exploitation by the British colonial authorities exacerbated poverty and inequality in India, leading to severe food shortages and famines.

Hindustan newspaper was started by:
  • a)
    Bal Gangadhar Tilak
  • b)
    Motilal Ghosh
  • c)
    Surendra Nath Banerjee
  • d)
    G.P. Verma
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?



The correct answer is option 'D' - G.P. Verma. Hindustan newspaper was indeed started by G.P. Verma. Let's delve into the details of the newspaper's history and its founder.

1. Introduction to Hindustan newspaper:
Hindustan is one of the most widely read and respected Hindi-language newspapers in India. It has a rich history and has played a significant role in shaping public opinion for over a century. The newspaper covers a wide range of topics including politics, business, sports, entertainment, and more.

2. G.P. Verma - The founder of Hindustan:
G.P. Verma, also known as Ghanshyam Das Verma, was a prominent journalist and freedom fighter. He played a crucial role in the Indian independence movement and was committed to promoting the cause of nationalism through his journalistic endeavors.

3. The establishment of Hindustan newspaper:
G.P. Verma founded Hindustan newspaper on April 12, 1936. It was during a time when India was fighting for its freedom from British colonial rule. The newspaper was launched with the aim of providing a platform for the exchange of ideas and opinions, and to raise awareness among the masses about the ongoing struggle for independence.

4. Hindustan's contribution to the freedom movement:
Hindustan newspaper played a vital role in the Indian freedom movement. It acted as a medium for spreading nationalist ideas and mobilizing public support for the cause of independence. The newspaper covered various aspects of the freedom struggle, including the non-cooperation movement, civil disobedience movement, and Quit India movement. It highlighted the sacrifices made by freedom fighters and their contributions to the nation.

5. Hindustan's growth and popularity:
Under G.P. Verma's leadership, Hindustan newspaper gained popularity and became a trusted source of news and information. It grew steadily and expanded its readership across different regions of India. The newspaper's commitment to journalistic integrity and unbiased reporting contributed to its success.

6. Hindustan newspaper today:
Today, Hindustan newspaper is published by Hindustan Media Ventures Limited, a subsidiary of HT Media Ltd. It has a wide circulation and is available in various formats, including print and digital. Hindustan continues to uphold its legacy of providing reliable news and serving as a voice for the people.

In conclusion, G.P. Verma was the founder of Hindustan newspaper. His vision and dedication to the nationalist cause laid the foundation for a newspaper that has become an integral part of India's media landscape.

He developed a comprehensive scheme of village education through the medium of vernacular languages. In these village schools, useful subjects such as mensuration and agricultural sciences were taught. The purpose was to train personnel for the newly set up Revenue and Public Works Department. He was:
  • a)
    Lord Macaulay
  • b)
    James Thomson
  • c)
    Charles wood
  • d)
    William Adam
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Jaya Nair answered
James Thomson, lieutenant-governor of NW Provinces (1843- 53), developed a comprehensive village education scheme through the medium of vernacular languages. In these village schools, useful subjects such as mensuration and agriculture sciences were taught. The purpose was to train personnel for the newly set up Revenue and Public Works Department. 

Which of the following are the factors for the impoverishment of the Indian peasantry? 
1. Colonial economic policies 
2. The new land revenue system 
3. Overcrowding of land 
Choose from the following options.
  • a)
    1 and 3 Only
  • b)
    2 and 3 Only
  • c)
    1 and 2 Only
  • d)
    All of them
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Kunal Menon answered
Factors for the Impoverishment of the Indian Peasantry

Factors for the impoverishment of the Indian peasantry include colonial economic policies, the new land revenue system, and overcrowding of land. These factors have played a significant role in the economic and social degradation of the Indian peasantry.

1. Colonial economic policies:
Under British colonial rule, India's economy was subjugated to benefit the British Empire. The British implemented policies that exploited and drained the resources of India, resulting in the impoverishment of the Indian peasantry. These policies included:

- Drain of wealth: The British extracted enormous wealth from India through heavy taxation, trade policies, and the export of raw materials. This led to economic exploitation and hindered the development of industries and agricultural practices in India, further impoverishing the peasantry.

- Deindustrialization: The British dismantled India's indigenous industries to protect their own industries in England. This led to the collapse of many traditional Indian crafts and industries, leaving the peasantry with limited economic opportunities and forcing them to rely solely on agriculture, which further intensified their poverty.

2. The new land revenue system:
The British introduced the Permanent Settlement System, also known as the Zamindari system, in many parts of India. This system involved the fixation of land revenue, which had to be paid by the peasants to the Zamindars (landlords). This system had several negative consequences:

- Increased burden on peasants: The fixed revenue demand was often high, and the peasants were forced to pay it irrespective of their economic conditions. This led to an increased burden on the peasantry, pushing them further into poverty.

- Exploitation by Zamindars: The Zamindars, who were appointed by the British as intermediaries, exploited the peasants by extracting exorbitant rents and imposing arbitrary taxes. This further impoverished the peasantry as they were left with little to no surplus from their agricultural produce.

3. Overcrowding of land:
Due to the growing population and limited availability of land, there was overcrowding of land in rural areas. This resulted in smaller landholdings for individual farmers, leading to decreased productivity and income. Overcrowding also intensified competition for resources, further exacerbating poverty among the peasantry.

In conclusion, the impoverishment of the Indian peasantry can be attributed to factors such as colonial economic policies, the new land revenue system, and overcrowding of land. These factors, driven by British colonial rule, created a cycle of economic exploitation and social degradation, leaving the peasantry trapped in a cycle of poverty.

Why was there no introduction of modern technology in agriculture? 
1. The cultivator had neither the means nor any incentive to invest in agriculture. 
2. The zamindar had no roots in the villages
3. The Government spent more on technical or mass education rather than agriculture. 
Choose from the following options.
  • a)
    1 and 2 Only
  • b)
    2 and 3 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    All of them
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Kavita Mehta answered
  • The cultivator had neither the means nor any incentive to invest in agriculture. The zamindar had no roots in the villages, while the Government spent little on agricultural, technical or mass education. 
  • With the fragmentation of land due to sub-infeudation, all this made it difficult to introduce modern technology which caused a perpetually low level of productivity.

Consider the following statements about Bardoli Satyagraha. 
1. An intelligence wing was set up to make sure all the tenants, followed the movement's resolutions 
2. Those who opposed the movement faced a social boycott 
3. There was less emphasis placed on the mobilization of women 
Choose from the following options.
  • a)
    1 and 2 Only
  • b)
    2 and 3 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    All of them
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Sameer Nambiar answered
Bardoli Satyagraha was a prominent nonviolent protest movement led by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel in the Bardoli taluka (administrative division) of Gujarat, India, between 1928 and 1929. It aimed to resist the excessive taxation imposed by the British colonial government on the farmers in Bardoli.

1. Intelligence Wing and Tenant Compliance:
- The first statement states that an intelligence wing was set up to ensure that all the tenants followed the resolutions of the Bardoli Satyagraha. This statement is true.
- During the movement, a system was established to monitor the activities of tenants and ensure their compliance with the movement's resolutions.
- The intelligence wing was responsible for gathering information, maintaining records, and ensuring that the tenants did not cooperate with the British government's demands for increased taxes.

2. Social Boycott of Opponents:
- The second statement mentions that those who opposed the Bardoli Satyagraha faced a social boycott. This statement is also true.
- The movement adopted a strategy of social boycott against individuals who opposed or undermined the cause of the satyagraha.
- This boycott involved isolating and ostracizing those who did not support the movement, which put pressure on them to reconsider their stance.

3. Emphasis on Mobilization of Women:
- The third statement suggests that there was less emphasis placed on the mobilization of women during the Bardoli Satyagraha. This statement is false.
- The Bardoli Satyagraha was unique in its mobilization of women. Women actively participated in various aspects of the protest, including organizing meetings, providing financial support, and participating in nonviolent demonstrations.
- The women of Bardoli played a significant role in the movement, contributing to its success and highlighting their determination for social and economic justice.

In conclusion, the correct answer is option 'A' - statements 1 and 2 are true, while statement 3 is false. The Bardoli Satyagraha had an intelligence wing to monitor tenant compliance, opponents faced a social boycott, and there was significant emphasis on the mobilization of women during the movement.

Arrange the following chronologically. 
1. Lord Macaulay's minute 
2. Hunter Education Commission 
3. Woods dispatch 
4. Saddler University Commission 
Choose from the following options.
  • a)
    1-2-4-3
  • b)
    1-3-2-4
  • c)
    1-2-3-4
  • d)
    3-1-2-4
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Pranavi Desai answered
Answer:

The correct chronological arrangement of the given events is option 'B': 1-3-2-4. To understand this sequence, let's examine each event in detail.

1. Lord Macaulay's Minute:
Lord Macaulay's Minute refers to a historical event that took place in 1835. In this event, Lord Macaulay, who was a British colonial administrator, drafted a document known as the "Minute on Indian Education." This document outlined the British policy for education in India. Lord Macaulay's intention was to create a class of English-educated Indians who would serve as intermediaries between the British administration and the Indian population. This event marked a significant shift in the British approach to Indian education and had long-lasting effects on the Indian education system.

2. Woods Dispatch:
The Woods Dispatch is the next event in chronological order, which occurred in 1854. It was a landmark moment in the history of education in India. The Dispatch was drafted by Sir Charles Wood, the President of the Board of Control for India. It laid down the foundation for the modern education system in India. The Woods Dispatch emphasized the importance of education, especially in English, for the social, economic, and political development of India. It proposed the establishment of a systematic and uniform educational system throughout the country. The Dispatch also advocated for the inclusion of vernacular languages in education and the promotion of female education. It led to the expansion of educational institutions and the spread of English education in India.

3. Hunter Education Commission:
The Hunter Education Commission is the third event in chronological order, which took place in 1882. The Commission was established under the chairmanship of Sir William Wilson Hunter. Its purpose was to examine the state of education in India and make recommendations for its improvement. The Commission conducted an extensive survey of educational institutions and published a comprehensive report known as the "Hunter Commission Report." This report highlighted various issues in the Indian education system, including the lack of adequate funding, the need for trained teachers, and the necessity of educational reforms. The recommendations made by the Commission played a crucial role in shaping the future of education in India.

4. Saddler University Commission:
The final event in the sequence is the Saddler University Commission, which occurred in 1917. The Commission was led by Sir Michael Sadler and was established to review the state of universities in India. The Commission's report, known as the "Sadler Report," addressed several important aspects of university education, including governance, curriculum, examinations, and funding. The report emphasized the need for academic freedom, student participation, and research-oriented education in universities. It also recommended the establishment of affiliating universities and the improvement of teaching standards. The recommendations of the Sadler Commission had a significant impact on the development of higher education in India.

In conclusion, the correct chronological arrangement of the given events is 1-3-2-4, which corresponds to Lord Macaulay's Minute, Woods Dispatch, Hunter Education Commission, and Saddler University Commission, respectively.

Consider the following statements. 
1. The first ever demand for regulation of conditions of workers in factories in India came from the Lancashire textile capitalist lobby 
2. They demanded the appointment of a commission for investigation into factory conditions. 
3. The first commission was appointed in 1875, and the first Factory Act was passed in the same year
Which of these statements is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 and 2 Only
  • b)
    2 and 3 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    All of them
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Sahil Khanna answered
The Demand for Regulation of Factory Conditions in India

Statement Analysis:
1. The first ever demand for regulation of conditions of workers in factories in India came from the Lancashire textile capitalist lobby.
2. They demanded the appointment of a commission for investigation into factory conditions.
3. The first commission was appointed in 1875, and the first Factory Act was passed in the same year.

Explanation:
The statement is related to the demand for regulation of conditions of workers in factories in India. The Lancashire textile capitalist lobby was the first to demand this regulation. Let's break down the statements and analyze them in detail.

1. The first ever demand for regulation of conditions of workers in factories in India came from the Lancashire textile capitalist lobby.
The Lancashire textile capitalist lobby was a group of British textile manufacturers who were concerned about the competition they faced from Indian textile mills. They demanded that Indian factories be regulated to ensure fair competition. They were also concerned about the working conditions of Indian factory workers, which they believed were inhumane and unsafe. Therefore, they demanded regulation of factory conditions in India.

2. They demanded the appointment of a commission for investigation into factory conditions.
The Lancashire textile capitalist lobby demanded that a commission be appointed to investigate the conditions of Indian factories. This was necessary to gather information about the working conditions of Indian factory workers. The commission would also be responsible for making recommendations on how to improve these conditions.

3. The first commission was appointed in 1875, and the first Factory Act was passed in the same year.
In response to the demand from the Lancashire textile capitalist lobby, the British government appointed a commission to investigate the conditions of Indian factories in 1875. This commission was known as the First Indian Factory Commission. Based on the recommendations of this commission, the first Factory Act was passed in the same year. This act aimed to regulate the working conditions of Indian factory workers and improve their safety.

Conclusion:
Therefore, we can conclude that the first ever demand for regulation of conditions of workers in factories in India came from the Lancashire textile capitalist lobby. They demanded the appointment of a commission for investigation into factory conditions, and the first commission was appointed in 1875. The first Factory Act was also passed in the same year.

Consider the following statements. 
1. The Calcutta Madrasah and the William College were designed to provide a regular supply of qualified Indians to help the administration of law in the Company's court, 
2. The knowledge of classical languages and vernaculars was useful in correspondence with Indian states
Which of these statements are correct?
  • a)
    Both of them
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    1 Only
  • d)
    Neither of them
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Vijay Kumar answered
Both statements are correct.

Explanation:

1. The Calcutta Madrasah was established in 1781 by Warren Hastings, the Governor-General of India under the British East India Company. Its primary purpose was to train Indians in the knowledge of Islamic law and jurisprudence, so that they could assist the British administration in the Company's courts. Similarly, the William College was established in 1800 by Lord Wellesley to provide education in Indian languages, literature, and law to the British civil servants, so that they could better govern the Indian territories under the Company's rule. Both these institutions were designed to produce a steady stream of qualified Indians who could help in the administration of law in the Company's courts.

2. During the British rule in India, the knowledge of classical languages (like Sanskrit and Persian) and vernaculars (like Hindi, Bengali, and Marathi) was crucial for effective communication and correspondence with the local rulers and the Indian population. These languages were used in legal documents, official records, and treaties with Indian states. Learning these languages enabled the British officials to better understand the Indian culture, customs, and legal systems, and thereby helped them in administering the territories under their control. Hence, the knowledge of classical languages and vernaculars was indeed useful in correspondence with Indian states.

The provisions of the Indian Factory Act 1881 were: 
1. Working hours restricted to 9 hours per day for children 
2. Children to get four holidays in a month, 
3. Hazardous machinery to be properly fenced off 
Which of these statements is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 and 2 Only
  • b)
    2 and 3 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    All of them
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Suresh Reddy answered
The Indian Factory Act, 1881 dealt primarily with child labour (between 7 and 12 years of age). Its significant provisions were: 
• employment of children under 7 years of age prohibited, 
• working hours restricted to 9 hours per day for children, 
• children to get four holidays in a month, 
• hazardous machinery to be properly fenced off.

Consider the following statements about the Trade Disputes Act, 1929. 
1. Made compulsory the appointment of Courts of Inquiry and Consultation Boards for settling industrial disputes 
2. Made illegal the strikes in public utility services 
3. Forbade trade union activity of coercive or purely political nature and even sympathetic strikes
Which of these statements are correct?
  • a)
    1 and 2 Only
  • b)
    2 and 3 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    All of them
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Bhaskar Mehta answered
TDA Act, 1929: 
  • Made compulsory the appointment of Courts of Inquiry and Consultation Boards for settling industrial disputes; 
  • Made illegal the strikes in public utility services like posts, railways, water and electricity, unless each worker planning to go on strike gave advance notice of one month to the administration; 
  • Forbade trade union activity of coercive or purely political nature and even sympathetic strikes.

Consider the following statements. 
1. Transferability of land was one feature of the new settlement which caused great insecurity to the tenants who lost all their traditional rights inland 
2. There was little spending by the Government on the improvement of land productivity 
3. Zamindars, with increased powers and greed to earn more money, invested for improvement of agriculture
Which of these statements is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 and 2 Only
  • b)
    2 and 3 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    All of them
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Aarya Pillai answered
1. Transferability of land was one feature of the new settlement which caused great insecurity to the tenants who lost all their traditional rights inland

- The statement is correct. The new settlement system introduced by the British East India Company allowed for the transferability of land. Under this system, the British government recognized the zamindars as the owners of the land and gave them the power to transfer land rights to others. This caused great insecurity to the tenants who were traditionally tied to the land and had customary rights over it. They lost their traditional rights and became vulnerable to eviction and exploitation by the new landowners.

2. There was little spending by the Government on the improvement of land productivity

- The statement is correct. The British government did not invest much in the improvement of land productivity in colonial India. The main focus of the colonial administration was to collect revenue from the land rather than promoting agricultural development. The government did not allocate sufficient funds for irrigation, modern farming techniques, or rural infrastructure. As a result, agricultural productivity remained low, and the farmers struggled to improve their living conditions.

3. Zamindars, with increased powers and greed to earn more money, invested for the improvement of agriculture

- The statement is incorrect. While the zamindars did gain increased powers under the new settlement system, their primary motivation was to extract maximum revenue from the land rather than investing in agricultural improvement. The zamindars acted as intermediaries between the British government and the peasants, collecting revenue from the latter and remitting it to the former. They often resorted to exploitative practices to extract more money from the peasants, which further hindered agricultural development.

In conclusion, statements 1 and 2 are correct, while statement 3 is incorrect. The transferability of land caused insecurity to tenants, and the British government did not prioritize spending on land productivity improvement. The zamindars, although they gained increased powers, did not invest in agricultural improvement but rather focused on maximizing revenue extraction.

Which among the following are correct about the charter act of 1833? 
1. It deprived the governor of Bombay and Madras of the executive powers 
2. In this act, the Court of directors attempted to introduce the system of open competition for selection of civil servants 
Choose from the following options:
  • a)
    Neither of them
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both of them
  • d)
    1 Only
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Arya Chauhan answered
The Charter Act of 1833 was a significant act that brought about several changes in the administration of India. However, neither of the given options is correct about this act. Let's understand why:

1. It deprived the governor of Bombay and Madras of the executive powers: This statement is incorrect. In fact, the Charter Act of 1833 increased the power of the governors of Bombay and Madras by giving them the power to issue ordinances without the prior approval of the Governor-General in Council.

2. In this act, the Court of directors attempted to introduce the system of open competition for selection of civil servants: This statement is also incorrect. The system of open competition for selection of civil servants was actually introduced by the Charter Act of 1853, which abolished the East India Company's monopoly on the appointment of civil servants and opened up the civil service to competition.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 'D', which states that neither of the given options is correct. Some other important provisions of the Charter Act of 1833 include:

- It made English the official language of the courts and government in India, replacing Persian.
- It reorganized the legislative and executive councils and increased the number of British members in these councils.
- It abolished the trading activities of the East India Company, which was now limited to governance and administration.
- It provided for the establishment of a Law Commission to codify and consolidate laws in India.
- It extended the Company's monopoly on trade with China for another 20 years.

Large parts of East Bengal were engulfed by agrarian unrest during the 1870s and early 1880s. Which one of the following is NOT true with regards to the unrest?
  • a)
    In May 1873, an agrarian league or combination was formed in Yusufshahi Praganah in Pabna district to accept the demands of the zamindars.
  • b)
    The unrest was caused by the efforts of the zamindars to inflate rent beyond legal limits.
  • c)
    The unrest was caused by the efforts of the zamindars to prevent the tenants from acquiring occupancy rights under act X of 1859.
  • d)
    The zamindars tried to achieve this through illegal coercive methods such as forced eviction and seizure of crops and cattle as well as by dragging the tenants into costly litigation in the courts.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Arun Khatri answered
  1. The agrarian league was formed in Yusufshahi Parganah in the Pabna district of Bengal in May 1873.
  2. It was formed to resist the demands of the zamindars of enhanced rents. Hence, the 1st statement is completely FALSE.
  3. The league organized mass meetings of peasants and large crowds gathered and then they marched towards the villages frightening the zamindars.
  4. The league organized a rent-strike- the ryots refused to pay the enhanced rents and challenged the zamindars in the courts.
  5. The struggle gradually spread throughout Pabna and then to the other districts of East Bengal.
  6. Everywhere agrarian leagues were organized, rents were withheld and zamindars fought in the courts.
  7. The main form of struggle was that of legal resistance.
  8. There was very little violence - it only occurred when the zamindars tried to compel the ryots to submit to their terms by force.
  9. In the course of the movement, the ryots developed a strong awareness of the law and their legal rights and the ability to combine and form associations for peaceful agitation.

Which of these statements are correct about Mappila Revolt? 
1. The Mappila tenants were particularly encouraged the demand of the local Congress body for government legislation regulating tenant-landlord relations 
2. Soon, the Mappila movement merged with the ongoing Khilafat agitation 
Choose from the following options.
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both of them
  • d)
    Neither of them
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Arun Khatri answered
  • The Mappilas were the Muslim tenants inhabiting the Malabar region where most landlords were Hindus Mappilas had expressed their resentment against the landlords' oppression during the nineteenth century. 
  • Their grievances centred around lack of security of tenure, high rents, renewal fees and other oppressive exactions. 
  • The Mappila tenants were particularly encouraged by the local Congress body's demand for government legislation regulating tenant-landlord relations. 
  • Soon, the Mappila movement merged with the ongoing Khilafat agitation. The leaders of the Khilafat-Non-Cooperation Movement like Gandhi, Shaukat Ali and Maulana Azad, addressed Mappila meetings. After the arrest of national leaders, the leadership passed into the hands of local Mappila leaders.

Consider the following statements about Montague Chelmsford reforms. 
1. Under Montagu-Chelmsford reforms education was shifted to provincial ministries 
2. Government started taking a direct interest in education matters 
3. Philanthropic efforts, to grow the education, stopped 
Which of these statements are correct?
  • a)
    1 and 2 Only
  • b)
    2 and 3 Only
  • c)
    2 Only
  • d)
    1 only
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Snehal Kumar answered
Montague-Chelmsford reforms were introduced in 1919 to provide a greater degree of autonomy to Indians in the governance of their country. The reforms aimed to introduce responsible government in India and to increase the participation of Indians in the administration of their country. The reforms also sought to address the educational needs of the country.

The correct statement about the Montague-Chelmsford reforms is:

1. Under Montague-Chelmsford reforms education was shifted to provincial ministries.

The Montague-Chelmsford reforms transferred control of education from the Central Government to the provincial ministries. This move aimed to give greater autonomy to the provinces and to enable them to develop education policies that were more suited to their local needs.

The other statements are incorrect:

2. Government started taking a direct interest in education matters.
This statement is incorrect. The Montague-Chelmsford reforms did not result in the government taking a direct interest in education matters. In fact, the reforms shifted the responsibility of education to the provincial ministries, reducing the involvement of the central government in education matters.

3. Philanthropic efforts, to grow the education, stopped.
This statement is also incorrect. The Montague-Chelmsford reforms did not result in the cessation of philanthropic efforts to grow education. Philanthropic organizations continued to play a crucial role in the development of education in India.

In conclusion, the Montague-Chelmsford reforms transferred the responsibility of education from the central government to the provincial ministries. This move aimed to give greater autonomy to the provinces and to enable them to develop education policies that were more suited to their local needs.

18 girls can do piece of work in 12 days. 12 boys can do the same piece of work in 9 days. Find in how many days will 8 boys and 8 girls complete that work?
  • a)
    8 days
  • b)
    5 days
  • c)
    12 days
  • d)
    9 days
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Tarun Chauhan answered
GIVEN:
18 g ⇒ 12 days
12 b ⇒ 9 days
FORMULA USED:
Total work = Total number of persons × Number of days
CALCULATION:
18 g × 12 = 12 b × 9
2g = 1b
Now, according to the question
Let the total work done by 8 boys and 8 girls be x days
then
(8b + 8g) × x = 18g × 12
(16g + 8g) × x = 18g × 12 or x = 18 × 12/24 = 9 days

Consider the following statements. 
1. The Bethune School was founded by J.E.D. Bethune 
2. Bethune was the president of The Central Board of Secondary Education 
Which of these statements are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both of them
  • d)
    Neither of them
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Sanjana Roy answered
1. The Bethune School was founded by J.E.D. Bethune

- This statement is correct. The Bethune School was indeed founded by J.E.D. Bethune.

2. Bethune was the president of The Central Board of Secondary Education

- This statement is incorrect. J.E.D. Bethune was not the president of The Central Board of Secondary Education.

Explanation:

The Bethune School was founded by J.E.D. Bethune, an educationist and social reformer in India. He established the school in 1849 in Kolkata (then Calcutta) to provide education to girls. The school was initially known as the Hindu Female School and later renamed as the Bethune School in honor of its founder.

J.E.D. Bethune was known for his efforts in promoting education for women in India during a time when female education was not widely supported. He firmly believed in the importance of educating women to empower them and improve society as a whole.

On the other hand, The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) is a national level board of education in India. It is responsible for conducting examinations and prescribing the curriculum for schools affiliated with it. The CBSE was established in 1962 and has its headquarters in New Delhi.

While J.E.D. Bethune made significant contributions to education, he was not the president of the CBSE. The CBSE is governed by a board of directors, and the position of president is not a part of its organizational structure.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 'A' - 1 Only. Only the first statement, "The Bethune School was founded by J.E.D. Bethune," is correct. The second statement, "Bethune was the president of The Central Board of Secondary Education," is incorrect.

Consider the following statements about Censorship of Press Act, 1799. 
1. Lord Wellesley enacted this, anticipating French invasion of India 
2. These restrictions become more oppressive under Lord Hastings 
Which of these statements is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both of them
  • d)
    Neither of them
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Anjali Tiwari answered
The correct answer is option 'A': 1 Only.

Explanation:
The Censorship of Press Act, 1799 was enacted by Lord Wellesley during his tenure as the Governor-General of India. The act was introduced in response to the prevailing political situation at that time.

1. Lord Wellesley enacted this, anticipating French invasion of India:
- Lord Wellesley enacted the Censorship of Press Act, 1799 as a preventive measure to control the press and limit the publication of certain materials.
- The act was primarily enacted in anticipation of a possible French invasion of India. The British authorities were concerned that the press might publish information that could aid the French forces or create panic among the public.
- The act gave the British government the power to censor and control the press, ensuring that no information that could compromise national security or create unrest was disseminated.

2. These restrictions become more oppressive under Lord Hastings:
- The statement that these restrictions became more oppressive under Lord Hastings is incorrect. Lord Hastings (1813-1823) was the Governor-General of India after Lord Wellesley (1798-1805).
- Lord Hastings did introduce certain regulations and laws regarding the press, but they were not as restrictive as those enacted under Lord Wellesley.
- Under Lord Hastings, there was a relaxation of press regulations compared to the earlier period. He emphasized the need for a free press and encouraged the growth of vernacular newspapers.
- The Press Regulations of 1823 introduced by Lord Hastings aimed to prevent the misuse of the press rather than impose strict censorship.

In conclusion, only statement 1 is correct. Lord Wellesley enacted the Censorship of Press Act, 1799 in anticipation of a French invasion of India. The statement about the restrictions becoming more oppressive under Lord Hastings is incorrect as he emphasized the need for a free press and introduced regulations to prevent misuse, rather than imposing strict censorship.

Which among the following are not correct about Pitt's India Act of 1784? 
1. It abolished the court of directors and created a new body called Board of Control to manage the political affairs
2. Thus, it abolished the system of double government 
3. It empowered the Board of Control to supervise and direct all operations of the Civil and military government or revenues of the British possessions in India 
Choose from the following options:
  • a)
    1 and 2 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    3 Only
  • d)
    All of them
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Features of the Act: 
1. It distinguished between the commercial and political functions of the Company. 
2. It allowed the Court of Directors to manage the commercial affairs but created a new body called Board of Control to manage the political affairs. Thus, it established a system of double government. 
3. It empowered the Board of Control to supervise and direct all operations of the civil and military government or revenues of India's British possessions. 
Thus, the act was significant for two reasons: first, the Company's territories in India were for the first time called the 'British possessions in India'; and second, the British Government was given supreme control over Company's affairs and its administration in India.

Which of the following statements are correct about Indigo revolt? 
1. Peasants tried to use violent methods and initiated an armed revolution supported by fund collection.
2. Gradually they learnt to go on a rent strike by refusing to pay the enhanced rents 
Choose from the following options.
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both of them
  • d)
    Neither of them
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Lakshmi Chavan answered
Indigo Revolt
The correct statement about the Indigo revolt is:

2. Gradually they learnt to go on a rent strike by refusing to pay the enhanced rents

Explanation:

Peasant’s Methods:
- Initially, the peasants did not resort to violent methods or armed revolution supported by fund collection.
- Instead, they learned to effectively resist the oppressive practices of the British indigo planters.
- The peasants organized themselves and decided to go on a rent strike by refusing to pay the enhanced rents demanded by the planters.

Rent Strike:
- The peasants realized that refusing to pay the enhanced rents was a powerful way to protest against the exploitative practices of the planters.
- By engaging in a rent strike, the peasants were able to demonstrate their unity and determination to fight for their rights.
- This peaceful method of resistance proved to be successful as it put pressure on the planters to reconsider their unjust demands.

Conclusion:
- The Indigo revolt is a significant event in India's history where the peasants effectively challenged the oppressive practices of the British indigo planters through non-violent means such as the rent strike.
- This event highlights the resilience and determination of the Indian peasantry in standing up against colonial exploitation.

Consider the following statements. 
1. Having decided to side with the reactionary elements of Indian society, the British withdrew support to social reforms
2. By encouraging caste and communal consciousness, the British helped the reactionary forces 
Which of these statements are not correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both of them
  • d)
    Neither of them
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Having decided to side with the reactionary elements of Indian society, the British withdrew support to social reforms, which they felt had aroused the wrath of orthodox sections against them. Also, by encouraging caste and communal consciousness, the British helped the reactionary forces.

Consider the following statements about British policy on education. 
1. Education became a Monopoly of upper and rich classes 
2. There was almost total neglect of women's education 
3. Modern system of Indian learning gradually declined 
Which of these statements are correct?
  • a)
    1 and 2 Only
  • b)
    2 and 3 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    All of them
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Eesha Bhat answered
Traditional system of Indian learning gradually declined. Since education was to be paid for, it became a monopoly of upper and richer classes and city dwellers. There was almost total neglect of women's education because the Government did not want to arouse the wrath of orthodox sections, and it had no immediate utility for colonial rule.

Consider the following statements. 
1. The Charter Act of 1813 incorporated the principle of encouraging learned Indians and promoting knowledge of modern sciences in the country 
2. The Act directed the Company to sanction five lakh rupees annually for this purpose 
3. However, half this amount was made available until 1823, mainly because of the controversy raged on the direction of this expenditure. 
Which of these statements are correct?
  • a)
    2 and 3 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    1 only
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Neha Joshi answered
  • The Act directed the Company to sanction one lakh rupees annually for this purpose. However, even this petty amount was not made available until 1823, mainly because of the controversy raged on the direction of this expenditure. 
  • Meanwhile, enlightened Indians such as Raja Rammohan Roy bore fruit and a grant were sanctioned for Calcutta College set up in 1817 by educated Bengalis, imparting English education in Western humanities and Science. 
  • The Charter Act of 1813 incorporated the principle of encouraging learned Indians and promoting modern sciences knowledge in the country.

Which one of the following is correct about regulating act of 1773? 
1. It designated the governor of Bengal as the Governor-General of Bengal 
2. Earlier before the Act, Governors of Bombay, Madras and Bengal were dependent on each other. Now with this act, it made the Governors of Bombay and Madras Presidencies subordinate to the governor-general of Bengal 
3. It prohibited the servants of the company from engaging in any private trade 
4. It prohibited the servants of the company from accepting presents or Gifts 
5. The court of directors have to report on its revenue and civil affairs Except for Military Affairs to the British government 
Choose from the following options:
  • a)
    1, 2 and 3 Only
  • b)
    All of them
  • c)
    1, 3 and 4 only
  • d)
    1, 3, 4 and 5 only
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Swara Bajaj answered
Regulating Act of 1773:

The Regulating Act of 1773 was passed by the British Parliament to regulate the affairs of the East India Company in India. It was the first step taken by the British Government to control the company's affairs in India.

The correct option is B, which includes the following features of the Regulating Act of 1773:

1. It designated the governor of Bengal as the Governor-General of Bengal: The Act created the office of Governor-General of Bengal and designated the governor of Bengal as the Governor-General.

2. It made the Governors of Bombay and Madras Presidencies subordinate to the governor-general of Bengal: The Act made the governors of Bombay and Madras Presidencies subordinate to the governor-general of Bengal.

3. It prohibited the servants of the company from engaging in any private trade: The Act prohibited the servants of the company from engaging in any private trade.

4. It prohibited the servants of the company from accepting presents or gifts: The Act prohibited the servants of the company from accepting presents or gifts.

5. The court of directors have to report on its revenue and civil affairs Except for Military Affairs to the British government: The Act required the court of directors of the East India Company to report annually to the British government on the company's revenue and civil affairs, except for military affairs.

Thus, option B is the correct answer, which includes features 1, 3, and 4 of the Regulating Act of 1773.

Which of these statements are correct about Deccan Riots? 
1. Here moneylenders were mostly outsiders - Marwaris or Gujaratis 
2. Modern Nationalist Intelligentsia of Maharashtra opposed the peasants' cause due to the violence
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both of them
  • d)
    Neither of them
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Vikram Verma answered
  • In 1874, the growing tension between the moneylenders and the peasants resulted in a social boycott movement organized by the ryots against the "outsider" moneylenders. The ryots refused to buy from their shops. No peasant would cultivate their fields. The barbers, washermen, shoemakers would not serve them.
  • This social boycott spread rapidly to the villages of Poona, Ahmednagar, Solapur and Satara. Soon the social boycott was transformed into agrarian riots with systematic attacks on the moneylenders' houses and shops. 
  • The debt bonds and deeds were seized and publicly burnt. The Government succeeded in repressing the movement. As a conciliatory measure, the Deccan Agriculturists Relief Act was passed in 1879. This time also, the modern nationalist intelligentsia of Maharashtra supported the peasants' cause.

Consider the following statements. 
1. Determined to avoid a united mass action challenging their authority, the British rulers in India decided to practice a naked policy of divide and rule 
2. After an immediate spell of repression against Muslims, following the 1857 revolt, the authorities decided, after 1870, to use the middle and upper educated classes among Muslims against the rising tide of nationalism 
Which of these statements is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both of them
  • d)
    Neither of them
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Gauri Bajaj answered
Explanation:

Both statements 1 and 2 are correct.



Statement 1: Determined to avoid a united mass action challenging their authority, the British rulers in India decided to practice a naked policy of divide and rule.



During the colonial rule, the British authorities adopted a policy of divide and rule to maintain their control over India. The British realized that a united Indian population posed a threat to their rule. To counter this, they tried to create divisions among the Indian population based on religion, caste, and ethnicity. By exploiting these divisions, the British hoped to prevent a united mass action against their authority. This policy of divide and rule was implemented in various ways, such as creating separate electorates based on religion, supporting communal political parties, and favoring certain communities over others. The ultimate goal was to weaken the unity and solidarity among Indians, making it easier for the British to maintain control.



Statement 2: After an immediate spell of repression against Muslims, following the 1857 revolt, the authorities decided, after 1870, to use the middle and upper educated classes among Muslims against the rising tide of nationalism.



After the 1857 revolt, in which both Hindus and Muslims participated, the British authorities carried out repressive measures against the Muslims as they were seen as the main instigators of the rebellion. However, after 1870, the British authorities changed their approach and started using the educated middle and upper classes among the Muslims to counter the rising tide of nationalism. They saw the educated Muslims as potential allies who could be co-opted to support the British rule and act as a counterweight to the growing demands for independence. The British authorities provided them with opportunities in the bureaucracy, education, and other fields, thereby creating a class of loyal Muslims who would be less likely to join the nationalist movement. This divide-and-rule strategy aimed to weaken the unity between Hindus and Muslims and prevent a united front against British rule.



In conclusion, both statements are correct. The British rulers in India practiced a policy of divide and rule to avoid a united mass action challenging their authority. They initially repressed Muslims after the 1857 revolt but later co-opted the educated middle and upper classes among Muslims to counter the rising tide of nationalism.

Consider the following statements. 
1. The impact of the newspapers was limited to the cities and towns because of the illiteracy prevalent in the masses
2. These newspapers were not established as a profit making business Ventures 
Which of these statements are not correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both of them
  • d)
    Neither of them
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

  • These newspapers were not established as profit-making business ventures but were seen as rendering national and public service. In fact, these newspapers had a wide reach and they stimulated a library movement.
  • Their impact was not limited to cities and towns; these newspapers reached the remote villages. Each news item and editorial would be read and discussed thoroughly in the 'local libraries' that would gather around a single newspaper. 
  • In this way, these libraries served the purpose of political education and political participation. 
  • In these newspapers, government Acts and policies were put to critical scrutiny. They acted as an institution of opposition to the government.

The Indian working class had to face economic exploitation at the hands of:
  • a)
    Foreign capitalistic class
  • b)
    Native capitalistic class
  • c)
    Both of them
  • d)
    Neither of them
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Ojasvi Mehta answered
  • The Indian working class suffered from the same kind of exploitation witnessed during the industrialization of Europe and the rest of the West, such as low wages, long working hours, unhygienic and hazardous working conditions, employment of child labour and the absence of basic amenities. 
  • The presence of colonialism in India gave a distinctive touch to the Indian working-class movement. The Indian working class had to face two basic antagonistic forces-an imperialist political rule and economic exploitation at the hands of both foreign and native capitalist classes. 
  • Under the circumstances, the Indian working-class movement inevitably became intertwined with the political struggle for national emancipation.

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