All questions of Indian Geography for Civil Engineering (CE) Exam

Prior to 1921, the course of population growth was undulating (several ups and downs, mainly because of mortality differentials). During 1911–1921, India experienced negative growth rate in her population.After 1921, Mortality has started declining as a result of improvement in public heath measures while, fertility remain unchanged. Which caused a continuous and rapid increase in population growth rate in upcoming decades.Hence, 1921 was the year when India moved from stage 1 to stage 2 of demographic transition.

In order to demarcate the boundary line between india and Pakistan after the partition a Radcliffe Committee was appointed, headed by Sir Cyril Radcliffe on 17 August 1947 and hence the boundary line between Pakistan and India is named on his name called Radcliffe line .hence option A is correct. Thank you

Zonal Soil Type of Peninsular India

Peninsular India is the triangular-shaped landmass that is located between the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. It is a region that is known for its diverse soil types. Let's discuss the zonal soil type of peninsular India.

Red Soils

Red soils are the most important soil type in Peninsular India. They are formed due to the weathering of ancient crystalline and metamorphic rocks. These soils are generally found on the uplands and are characterized by their red color, low nitrogen content, and high phosphorus content. Red soils are suitable for growing crops such as cotton, wheat, and pulses.

Yellow Soils

Yellow soils are formed due to the weathering of ancient sedimentary rocks. They are generally found in the lower parts of the uplands and are characterized by their yellowish-brown color. Yellow soils are deficient in nitrogen and organic matter, but they are good for growing crops such as millets and oilseeds.

Black Soils

Black soils are also known as regur or black cotton soils. They are formed due to the weathering of basaltic rocks. These soils are characterized by their black color, high clay content, and good water retention capacity. Black soils are suitable for growing crops such as cotton, sugarcane, and tobacco.

Older Alluvium

Older alluvium is formed due to the deposition of sediments by rivers over a long period of time. These soils are generally found in river valleys and are characterized by their fine texture. Older alluvium is suitable for growing crops such as rice and wheat.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the zonal soil type of Peninsular India belongs to red soils. Red soils are the most important soil type in Peninsular India and are suitable for growing crops such as cotton, wheat, and pulses.

The predominant type of Indian agriculture is subsistence agriculture. In this, farmers grow food to feed themselves and their dependents. They do not use their farming yield for trade and commerce. They use manure as fertilizer, and the irrigation system is also simple. Indian farmers have to be attentive to the patterns of rainfall that are influenced by the monsoons.While subsistence farming is predominant across all of India, agriculture does has a history in the Indian economy and is a modern contributor to the GDP. India exports agricultural products like rice, nuts, spices, and sugar as well as animal products like animal hides.

Geographical Features Unifying India

The geography of a country plays a significant role in shaping its culture, history, and identity. In the case of India, several geographical features have contributed to the cohesion and homogeneity of its people. The following are the features that have played a great unifying role in strengthening the forces of homogeneity of the Indian people:

I. The Expanses of Water Surrounding the Peninsula

India is surrounded by the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Arabian Sea in the west, and the Indian Ocean in the south. These expanses of water have acted as natural barriers, protecting India from foreign invasions. It has also facilitated cultural exchange with neighboring countries, leading to the assimilation of foreign cultures into the Indian way of life.

II. The Himalayan Mountains

The Himalayan Mountains, which run along the northern border of India, have acted as a natural barrier, separating India from its neighbors. The mountains have also protected the country from foreign invasions, making it easier for India to maintain its sovereignty. The Himalayas have also played a significant role in shaping the culture and traditions of the Indian people, providing a source of inspiration for art, literature, and religion.

III. The Vastness of the Country

India is the seventh-largest country in the world, with a diverse landscape that ranges from deserts to rainforests. The vastness of the country has contributed to the diversity of its people, with each region having its unique culture, language, and traditions. However, despite the diversity, there is a strong sense of unity among the Indian people, which can be attributed to the shared history and heritage of the country.

IV. The Presence of the Indian Ocean

The Indian Ocean has played a crucial role in the history of India, serving as a trade route for centuries. The ocean has facilitated cultural exchange with neighboring countries, leading to the assimilation of foreign cultures into the Indian way of life. The Indian Ocean has also contributed to the development of maritime trade, making India a hub of commerce and trade.

In conclusion, the geographical features of India have played a great unifying role in strengthening the forces of homogeneity of the Indian people. The expanses of water surrounding the peninsula, the Himalayan Mountains, the vastness of the country, and the presence of the Indian Ocean have contributed to the cohesion and identity of the Indian people.

The typical area of sal forest in the Indian peninsular upland occurs on the Malwa plateau. The Malwa plateau is a region in the central part of India, primarily located in the state of Madhya Pradesh. It is known for its fertile soil, which is suitable for the growth of various types of vegetation, including sal forests.

The sal forest is a type of tropical moist deciduous forest that is dominated by the sal tree (Shorea robusta). These forests are found in areas with a sufficient amount of rainfall and are characterized by a dense canopy of tall trees. Sal forests are important ecosystems that support a diverse range of flora and fauna.

Here is a detailed explanation of why the typical area of sal forest occurs on the Malwa plateau:

1. Climate: The Malwa plateau experiences a tropical monsoon climate, with distinct wet and dry seasons. The region receives a moderate to high amount of rainfall, which is ideal for the growth of sal forests. The moisture provided by the monsoon rains allows the sal trees to thrive.

2. Soil: The Malwa plateau is known for its fertile soil, which is conducive to the growth of sal forests. The soil in this region is typically a combination of clay, loam, and sand, with good drainage properties. The sal trees require well-drained soil for their root systems to develop properly.

3. Topography: The Malwa plateau is characterized by undulating terrain, with hills and valleys. This topography creates micro-habitats that are suitable for the growth of sal forests. The valleys provide moisture and support the growth of vegetation, while the hills provide shelter and protection from extreme weather conditions.

4. Biodiversity: The Malwa plateau is home to a diverse range of plant and animal species. The sal forests on the plateau support a rich biodiversity, with numerous species of birds, mammals, reptiles, and insects. The dense canopy of the sal trees provides a habitat for various wildlife species.

In conclusion, the typical area of sal forest in the Indian peninsular upland occurs on the Malwa plateau due to its favorable climate, fertile soil, undulating topography, and rich biodiversity. These factors create an ideal environment for the growth and sustenance of sal forests.

The Salal Project is on the River Chenab. Let's discuss it in detail.

What is the Salal Project?
The Salal Project is a hydroelectric power project in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It was constructed on the River Chenab in the Reasi district of Jammu and Kashmir. The project was constructed by the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC).

Objective of the Project:
The objective of the Salal Project is to generate electricity by utilizing the water of the River Chenab. The project is a major source of electricity for the northern grid of India.

Capacity of the Project:
The Salal Project has a capacity of 690 MW, of which 345 MW is generated by each of its two power stations.

Construction of the Project:
The construction of the Salal Project started in 1977 and was completed in 1987. The project was inaugurated by the then Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi.

Impact of the Project:
The Salal Project has had a significant impact on the development of the region. It has provided electricity to the northern grid of India, which has helped in the growth of industries and the overall economic development of the region. The project has also helped in the development of tourism in the region.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the Salal Project is a hydroelectric power project on the River Chenab. It was constructed by the NHPC and has a capacity of 690 MW. The project has had a significant impact on the development of the region, providing electricity to the northern grid of India and helping in the growth of industries and tourism.

Mawsynram is a village in the East Khasi Hills district of Meghalaya state in north eastern India, 65 kilometres from Shillong. Mawsynram receives one of the highest rainfalls in India.

Explanation for the location of Thar desert in western India:

Absence of Mountains to the North of Rajasthan:
- The Thar desert is located in western India, primarily in Rajasthan and parts of Gujarat, Punjab, and Haryana.
- The most plausible explanation for its location is the absence of mountains to the north of Rajasthan.
- Mountains are known to cause orographic rainfall, which is rainfall caused by the lifting and cooling of moist air as it rises over a mountain range.
- However, there are no significant mountains to the north of Rajasthan that could cause orographic rainfall in the region.

Dry Upper Air Current:
- Another factor contributing to the location of the Thar desert is the dry upper air current.
- During the South-west monsoon season, which lasts from June to September, moist air is carried by the monsoon winds from the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal towards India.
- However, this moist air is driven away by the dry upper air current, which prevents it from reaching the Thar desert region.
- As a result, the region receives very little rainfall during the monsoon season, leading to the formation of a desert.

Evaporation of Moisture by Heat:
- The evaporation of moisture by heat is another factor that contributes to the formation of the Thar desert.
- The region experiences high temperatures throughout the year, with temperatures often exceeding 40°C during the summer months.
- This high temperature causes the moisture in the soil and vegetation to evaporate, leading to arid conditions.

Obstruction caused by the Aravalis:
- While the Aravalis do block some of the rain-bearing winds from proceeding to the Ganga Valley, they are not the primary reason for the location of the Thar desert.
- The absence of mountains to the north of Rajasthan and the dry upper air current are more significant factors.

In conclusion, the absence of mountains to the north of Rajasthan and the dry upper air current are the most plausible explanations for the location of the Thar desert in western India. The evaporation of moisture by heat and the obstruction caused by the Aravalis are secondary factors that contribute to the arid conditions in the region.

Explanation:

India is a seismically active country with a history of devastating earthquakes. The following factors contribute to the occurrence of earthquakes in India:

1. Tectonic Plate Boundaries: India is located at the boundary of the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate. The plate boundary between these two plates is known as the Himalayan seismic belt. This region is the most prone to earthquakes in India.

2. Faults: Faults are fractures or cracks in the Earth's crust. When the plates move, they cause stress on the faults resulting in earthquakes. The most active faults in India are the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT), the Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT), and the Eastern Himalayan Frontal Thrust (EHFT).

3. Ganga-Brahmaputra Valley: The Ganga-Brahmaputra valley is one of the most seismically active regions in India. The region is prone to earthquakes due to the convergence of the Indian and Eurasian plates.

4. Deccan Plateau: The Deccan Plateau is a relatively stable region with fewer earthquakes. However, the region has experienced some moderate earthquakes in the past.

5. Plains of Northern India: The plains of northern India are also seismically active due to the presence of faults and the Himalayan seismic belt.

6. Western Ghats: The Western Ghats are not seismically active as they are not located near any plate boundaries or faults.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the Ganga-Brahmaputra valley is the most prone to earthquakes in India due to its location at the convergence of the Indian and Eurasian plates. However, other regions in India are also seismically active and can experience earthquakes of varying intensities. It is important for people living in these regions to be aware of the potential dangers of earthquakes and take necessary precautions to ensure their safety.

B. II and IV

The correct answer is option 'A', Gandhi Sagar.

Explanation:
Gandhi Sagar dam is located in Madhya Pradesh, India. It was built on the Chambal River and is one of the first major dams built in India after independence. The main purpose of the Gandhi Sagar dam is to generate hydroelectric power.

Highlights of Gandhi Sagar Dam:

1. Power Generation: The dam has an installed capacity of 115 MW and generates about 300 million units of electricity annually. Electricity generated by the dam is supplied to several states including Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and Delhi.

2. Irrigation: The dam also provides irrigation to the surrounding areas. The Chambal River basin is an important agricultural region in India, and the water from the dam is used for irrigation purposes.

3. Flood Control: The dam also helps in controlling floods in the Chambal River basin. The dam has a storage capacity of 9.5 billion cubic meters and can store excess water during the monsoon season.

4. Tourism: The dam is also a popular tourist destination. The scenic beauty of the dam and the surrounding area attracts a large number of tourists every year.

In conclusion, the Gandhi Sagar dam has generations of power more than irrigation as its main purpose.

The Jamnagar refinery is a private sector crude oil refinery owned by Reliance industries limited in Jamnagar, Gujarat, India. The refinery was commissioned on 14 July 1999 with an installed capacity of 68000 barrels per day. iItis currently the largest refinery in the world.

The largest part of the cropped area in India is occupied by rice. Let's understand this in detail:

Reasons for rice being the largest crop in India:

1. Climate: Rice requires a humid climate with temperatures ranging between 20°C to 37°C. India's tropical and sub-tropical regions provide the perfect climate for rice cultivation.

2. Water availability: Rice is a water-intensive crop, and India has an extensive network of rivers, canals, and irrigation systems, which provide abundant water supply for rice cultivation.

3. Soil fertility: Rice requires fertile and well-drained soil, which is available in abundance in the Gangetic plains, the northeastern states, and the southern peninsular region.

4. Consumption: Rice is the staple food of most Indians, and it is consumed in large quantities across the country.

5. Government policies: The government of India has implemented several policies to promote rice cultivation, including subsidies on seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation facilities.

Benefits of rice cultivation in India:

1. Employment: Rice cultivation provides employment to millions of farmers across the country.

2. Food security: Rice is a staple food of most Indians, and its cultivation ensures food security for the country.

3. Income: Rice cultivation is a profitable business, and it provides a source of income to farmers.

4. Export potential: India is one of the largest producers of rice in the world, and its export potential is high.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, rice is the largest crop in India, occupying the largest part of the cropped area due to favorable climate, water availability, soil fertility, consumption, and government policies. Its cultivation provides employment, food security, income, and export potential to the country.

The correct answer is option 'A' - I and II.

The present crisis in the jute industry in India can be attributed to two factors: the decline in the overseas market and the inadequate supply of raw jute. Let's discuss each factor in detail:

1. Decline in overseas market:
- The jute industry in India heavily depends on the export market for its products. However, in recent years, there has been a decline in the demand for jute products in the overseas market.
- This decline can be attributed to various factors such as the increasing popularity of synthetic packing materials, which are cheaper and more readily available.
- Synthetic packing materials like plastic and polypropylene have gained popularity due to their durability, water resistance, and cost-effectiveness.
- As a result, the demand for jute products, such as jute bags and sacks, has decreased, leading to a decline in the overseas market for Indian jute industry.

2. Inadequate supply of raw jute:
- The jute industry requires a steady supply of raw jute to meet the demand for jute products. However, there has been an inadequate supply of raw jute in recent years.
- The cultivation of jute requires specific agro-climatic conditions, and India is one of the major jute-producing countries. However, factors like natural calamities, pest attacks, and land-use changes have adversely affected jute cultivation in India.
- Additionally, farmers have also shifted their focus to other cash crops that provide better returns, leading to a decrease in jute cultivation.
- The inadequate supply of raw jute has resulted in a shortage of raw material for the jute industry, impacting its production capacity and ability to meet the demand.

In conclusion, the present crisis in the jute industry in India is primarily due to the decline in the overseas market for jute products and the inadequate supply of raw jute. The stiff competition from synthetic packing materials has also contributed to the decline in the demand for jute products. Addressing these factors and finding ways to revive the jute industry will be crucial for its sustainable growth and survival.

Rivers Originating from Mansarover Lake

Introduction: The Mansarover Lake is a high-altitude freshwater lake located in the Great Himalayas. It is considered a sacred place by Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, and Bonpo religions. The lake is a source of three important rivers of the Indian subcontinent.

The Three Rivers: The three rivers that have their sources near the Mansarover Lake are:

• Brahmaputra: It originates from the Angsi Glacier in Tibet, which is located near the Mansarover Lake. The river flows through China, India, and Bangladesh, and is the ninth longest river in the world.


• Indus: It originates from the Tibetan plateau in the vicinity of Lake Mansarovar. The river flows through Pakistan, India, and China, and is the longest river in Pakistan.


• Sutlej: It originates from the Rakshastal Lake near the Mansarover Lake. The river flows through India and Pakistan, and is the easternmost tributary of the Indus River.

Conclusion: The Mansarover Lake is an important source of three major rivers of the Indian subcontinent. These rivers are of great significance in terms of their economic, cultural, and environmental importance.

Gold is not available in India much..it's only in some parts..examples are Kolar Gold fields KGF in Karnataka and Hutti gold mines also in Karnataka and ramgiri gold field in Anantapur of Andhra Pradesh.
the question here is asking which part of India both gold and iron ore are available..therefore the correct answer is southern zone.

The correct answer is b)- 22
The Eighth Schedule of the Constitution contains 22 languages-:
Assamese
Bengali
Gujarati
Hindi
Kannada
Kashmiri
 Konkani
Malayalam
Manipuri
Marathi
Nepali
Oriya
Punjabi
Sanskrit
Sindhi
Tamil
Telugu
Urdu
Bodo
Santhali
Maithili
Dogri

The northern boundary of the peninsula plateau of India runs parallel to the Gange and the yamuna from rajmahal hills to a point near Delhi.

Precambrian a considerable area of peninsular India, the Indian Shield, consists of Archean gneisses and schists which are the oldest rocks found in India. The Precambrian rocks of India have been classified into two systems, namely the Dharwar system and the Archaean system.

**A. Gulf of Cambay**

The Gulf of Cambay, also known as the Gulf of Khambhat, is a large bay on the western coast of India. It is located between the state of Gujarat and the Saurashtra Peninsula. The Gulf of Cambay has a unique geographical feature that makes it suitable for harnessing tidal energy.

**Tidal Energy Potential:**
- The Gulf of Cambay experiences significant tidal variations due to its funnel-like shape and narrow mouth. The average tidal range in this region is about 11 meters, one of the highest in the world.
- The bay has two high tides and two low tides each day, which creates a regular and predictable tidal pattern.
- The strong tidal currents generated by the tidal range can be harnessed to generate electricity through various tidal energy technologies.

**Tidal Energy Projects:**
- The Gulf of Cambay has been identified as one of the most promising sites for tidal energy development in India.
- The Government of India has initiated a project called the "Gulf of Cambay Tidal Power Project" to harness tidal energy in this region.
- The project aims to install tidal turbines in the bay to capture the energy from tidal currents and convert it into electricity.
- The estimated potential capacity of the Gulf of Cambay for tidal energy generation is around 6,000 MW, which is significant considering India's growing energy needs.

**Advantages of Tidal Energy:**
- Tidal energy is a clean and renewable source of energy that does not produce greenhouse gas emissions or air pollution.
- Tidal energy is highly predictable, as tidal cycles can be accurately predicted years in advance. This predictability makes it easier to integrate tidal power into the grid and manage electricity supply.
- Tidal energy projects have a long lifespan and can operate for several decades with minimal maintenance.

**Conclusion:**
The Gulf of Cambay in India has a high potential for harnessing tidal energy due to its large tidal range and predictable tidal patterns. The government's efforts to develop the Gulf of Cambay Tidal Power Project indicate the recognition of this area's potential for renewable energy generation. By tapping into this resource, India can reduce its dependence on fossil fuels and contribute to a more sustainable energy future.

Major Ports in India

India has a vast coastline of 7,517 km along with its mainland, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and Lakshadweep Islands. Major ports in India are the gateways for international trade and commerce. They are managed by the Central Government through the Ministry of Shipping. The number of major ports in India is 13. Let's discuss them in detail.

1. Kolkata Port Trust - located in Kolkata, West Bengal
2. Paradip Port Trust - located in Odisha
3. Visakhapatnam Port Trust - located in Andhra Pradesh
4. Chennai Port Trust - located in Tamil Nadu
5. V.O. Chidambaranar Port Trust - located in Tamil Nadu
6. Cochin Port Trust - located in Kerala
7. New Mangalore Port Trust - located in Karnataka
8. Mormugao Port Trust - located in Goa
9. Mumbai Port Trust - located in Maharashtra
10. Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust - located in Maharashtra
11. Kandla Port Trust - located in Gujarat
12. Deendayal Port Trust - located in Gujarat
13. Haldia Dock Complex - located in West Bengal

Conclusion

These ports together handle more than 90% of India's total cargo traffic. The government is taking several measures to improve the infrastructure and services of these ports to boost international trade and commerce.

The Palghat Gap is a pass located at the southern end of the Nilgiri Hills in south India. Let's understand more about this pass.

Location:
The Palghat Gap is located in the Western Ghats mountain range in the state of Kerala. It is a low mountain pass that connects the Malabar Coast with the Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu.

Importance:
The Palghat Gap is an important pass because it serves as a natural gateway between Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The pass is used by road and rail transport to connect the two states. The Coimbatore-Kerala National Highway 544 and the Coimbatore- Shoranur railway line pass through this gap.

Geography:
The Palghat Gap is a low mountain pass that lies between the Nilgiri Hills to the north and the Anaimalai Hills to the south. It is about 30 km wide and has an elevation of about 140 meters. The pass is formed by the Palghat River, which flows through it.

Climate:
The climate of the Palghat Gap is tropical. The rainy season lasts from June to August, and the pass receives heavy rainfall during this time. The winter season is from December to February, and the temperature can drop to as low as 15°C.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the Palghat Gap is an important pass located in the Western Ghats mountain range in south India. It connects the Malabar Coast with the Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu and serves as a natural gateway between the two states. It is an important route for road and rail transport and has a tropical climate with heavy rainfall during the rainy season.

The drainage systems of the region are the Chandra Bhaga or the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas, the Sutlej and the Yamuna. These rivers are perennial and are fed by snow and rainfall.

The Jayakwadi project is one of the largest irrigation projects in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is located on Godavari river at the site of Jayakwadi village in Paithan taluka of Aurangabad district in Maharashtra. Foundation was laid by late Prime minister Lal Bahadur Shastri on 18 October 1965. Inaugurated by late Prime minister Indira Gandhi on 24 February 1976. On 10 August 2006 highest discharge of 250000 ft3/s was recorded.

The first is Ganges river basin, second is Bramhaputra basin and third is indus/sutluj river basin.

70%

Time Difference between Allahabad and Greenwich

- Allahabad is located in India which follows Indian Standard Time (IST).
- Greenwich is located in London which follows Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).

IST is 5 hours and 30 minutes ahead of GMT.

Therefore, when it is noon IST at Allahabad in India, the time at Greenwich, London, will be 6:30 AM GMT.

Hence, the correct answer is option C) 0630 hours.

Jhum cultivation is a traditional agricultural practice prevalent in the North-Eastern states of India. It involves clearing a patch of forest land and burning the vegetation to create a fertile soil bed for cultivation. Here are some facts about Jhum cultivation in India:

I. Geographical extent: Jhum cultivation is largely practiced in the hilly regions of North-East India, including Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Mizoram, and Tripura.

II. Slash and Burn technique: Jhum cultivation is also known as slash and burn agriculture, as it involves slashing the vegetation and burning it to create a layer of ash that enriches the soil. After a few years of cultivation, the soil fertility depletes, and the farmers move to a new patch of forest land.

III. Soil fertility: Jhum cultivation is a form of shifting cultivation, where the land is left fallow for several years to regain its fertility. However, due to the increasing population pressure, the fallow period has reduced, leading to soil degradation and loss of biodiversity.

Conclusion: Jhum cultivation is a sustainable agricultural practice that has been in use for centuries. However, due to the changing climate and socio-economic factors, it is facing several challenges such as soil degradation, loss of biodiversity, and land-use conflicts. Therefore, there is a need to promote alternative farming practices and provide support to the Jhum farmers to ensure their livelihoods and the conservation of forest resources.

Formation of Watershed between India and Myanmar by Naga Hills

The Naga Hills, located on the border of India and Myanmar, form the watershed between the two countries. A watershed is an area of land that separates the flow of surface water into different rivers, basins, or seas.

Location and Topography of Naga Hills

The Naga Hills are a mountain range located in northeastern India and northwestern Myanmar. They are part of the larger Patkai Range, which runs along the India-Myanmar border for over 650 km. The Naga Hills are home to several Naga tribes, who have their own distinct cultures and languages.

The Naga Hills are characterized by steep slopes, dense forests, and numerous streams and rivers. The highest peak in the range is Mount Saramati, which stands at an elevation of 3,841 meters and is located on the border of India and Myanmar.

Importance of Watershed

The watershed formed by the Naga Hills is of great importance as it separates the drainage basins of two major river systems in the region, namely the Brahmaputra River and the Irrawaddy River. The Brahmaputra River flows through India, Bangladesh, and eventually into the Bay of Bengal, while the Irrawaddy River flows through Myanmar and into the Andaman Sea.

The separation of these two river systems has important implications for the ecology, economy, and geopolitics of the region. It affects the distribution of water resources, the patterns of trade and transportation, and the relationships between neighboring countries.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the Naga Hills form the watershed between India and Myanmar, separating the drainage basins of the Brahmaputra River and the Irrawaddy River. This has important implications for the region, highlighting the complex interactions between geography, ecology, and geopolitics.

Oldest Mountains in India: Aravallis

The Aravalli Range is a range of mountains in western India that runs approximately 800 km from northeastern Gujarat through Rajasthan to Haryana. It is the oldest mountain range in India, and one of the oldest mountain ranges in the world.

Geological History

The Aravalli Range was formed during the Proterozoic Era, which began about 2.5 billion years ago and ended about 541 million years ago. During this time, the Indian subcontinent was part of the supercontinent of Rodinia, which later broke apart into smaller landmasses.

The Aravalli Range was formed as a result of the collision of the Indian subcontinent with the Eurasian Plate. The collision caused intense volcanic activity and tectonic uplift, which led to the formation of the range.

The Aravalli Range is made up of rocks from the Aravalli Supergroup, which includes rocks that are 2.5 billion years old. These rocks include gneiss, schist, quartzite, and marble.

Importance

The Aravalli Range is an important geological feature in India. It is a major source of minerals such as copper, zinc, lead, and silver. The range also provides water to the surrounding region.

The Aravalli Range is also important from an ecological perspective. It is home to a diverse range of flora and fauna, including several endangered species. The range is also an important habitat for migratory birds.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the Aravalli Range is the oldest mountain range in India, and one of the oldest mountain ranges in the world. It was formed during the Proterozoic Era as a result of the collision of the Indian subcontinent with the Eurasian Plate. The range is important from both a geological and ecological perspective.

The Present Forest Area of India

According to satellite data, the present forest area of India is decreasing. This means that the total forest cover in the country is shrinking over time. Let's explore the reasons behind this trend and understand the implications.

1. Deforestation:
One of the primary factors contributing to the decrease in forest area is deforestation. Due to various human activities like logging, agriculture expansion, urbanization, and infrastructure development, vast stretches of forests are being cleared. This leads to a loss of tree cover and biodiversity.

2. Encroachment:
Another reason for the declining forest area is the encroachment of forest lands. People often illegally occupy forest areas for agriculture, settlements, or other purposes. This encroachment results in the conversion of forested land into non-forest areas, further reducing the overall forest cover.

3. Fragmentation:
Forest fragmentation is a significant issue affecting the current forest area in India. Large contiguous forest areas are being divided into smaller patches due to human activities. This fragmentation disrupts the ecological balance, making it harder for wildlife to survive and reducing the overall forest cover.

4. Forest Fires:
Forest fires, both natural and man-made, also contribute to the reduction of forest area. These fires destroy vast stretches of forests, leading to a loss of vegetation and the subsequent conversion of the land into non-forest areas.

5. Climate Change:
Climate change also plays a role in the decreasing forest area. Changes in temperature and rainfall patterns can negatively impact the growth and survival of trees, leading to a decline in forest cover.

Implications:
The decreasing forest area in India has several implications, including:

- Loss of biodiversity and habitat destruction for wildlife.
- Reduced availability of forest resources such as timber, medicinal plants, and non-timber forest products.
- Increased carbon dioxide levels and reduced carbon sequestration, contributing to climate change.
- Decreased water retention and groundwater recharge, leading to water scarcity in some regions.
- Negative impact on indigenous communities who depend on forests for their livelihoods.

It is essential to address these issues and take proactive measures to conserve and restore forests in order to mitigate the adverse effects of deforestation and ensure a sustainable future for India's forests and its inhabitants.

The correct answer is option 'B': Groundnut.

Groundnut, also known as peanut, is an important oilseed crop in India. It is widely cultivated in various regions, particularly in the states of Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. Groundnut oil is one of the major edible oils consumed in India and is used in cooking, frying, and food preparations.

Scarcity or crop failure of groundnut can lead to a serious edible oil crisis in India due to the following reasons:

1. High Demand: Groundnut oil is a staple in many Indian households and is widely used for cooking purposes. The demand for edible oils, including groundnut oil, is consistently high in the country. Any shortage in the supply of groundnut oil can lead to a significant gap between demand and supply, resulting in an edible oil crisis.

2. Dependence on Imports: India is the largest importer of edible oils in the world. Despite being a major producer of groundnut, India still relies on imports to meet its domestic demand. In case of a crop failure or scarcity of groundnut, the country would have to depend even more on imports, which can lead to higher prices and scarcity of edible oil in the market.

3. Limited Substitutes: While there are other edible oils available in the market, groundnut oil has its unique taste and nutritional properties. Many consumers have a preference for groundnut oil in their cooking, and it may not be easily replaced by other oils. Therefore, any scarcity of groundnut oil can have a direct impact on the availability and affordability of edible oil in the market.

4. Price Volatility: Groundnut oil prices are subject to market dynamics, including supply and demand factors. Any scarcity or crop failure can lead to a significant increase in the prices of groundnut oil, making it less affordable for consumers. This can further exacerbate the edible oil crisis, particularly for low-income households.

In conclusion, the scarcity or crop failure of groundnut can cause a serious edible oil crisis in India due to the high demand, dependence on imports, limited substitutes, and price volatility associated with groundnut oil. It is essential for the Indian government to ensure adequate production, supply, and distribution of groundnut oil to prevent any edible oil crisis in the country.

Iron Ore Deposits in India

India is one of the leading producers of iron ore in the world. Iron ore is found in various parts of India, but some states have larger deposits than others.

Bihar and Orissa

Bihar and Orissa are two states located in eastern India. These two states have the largest deposits of iron ore in India. The major iron ore mines in these states are located in the following regions:

- Jharkhand: Noamundi, Gua, Chiria, Khondbond, Bolani, Kiriburu
- Orissa: Barbil, Joda, Koira, Daitari, Gandhamardan, Tomka

The iron ore deposits in Bihar and Orissa are of high quality and are used by steel plants located in various parts of the country. The iron ore from these mines is transported to various ports for export.

Other States with Iron Ore Deposits

Iron ore is also found in other states of India, but the deposits are not as large as those in Bihar and Orissa. Some of the other states with iron ore deposits are:

- Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka: The iron ore from these states is of medium quality and is used by steel plants located in southern India.
- Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra: These states have small deposits of iron ore, which are mainly used for local consumption.
- West Bengal and Assam: Iron ore deposits in these states are not significant, and the iron ore is mainly used for local consumption.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Bihar and Orissa have the largest deposits of iron ore in India. These deposits are of high quality and are used by steel plants located in various parts of the country. Iron ore is also found in other states of India, but the deposits are not as large as those in Bihar and Orissa.

The Indian subcontinent is a vast landmass that encompasses many countries, including India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka. It is located in the south of Asia and is surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Bay of Bengal, and the Arabian Sea. The natural region which holds the Indian subcontinent is the Monsoon region.

Monsoon Region
The Monsoon region is characterized by the monsoon winds that blow from the southwest during the summer months and bring heavy rainfall to the Indian subcontinent. The region is divided into two parts - the Southwest Monsoon region and the Northeast Monsoon region. The Southwest Monsoon region covers most parts of India, while the Northeast Monsoon region covers the southeastern parts of India and Sri Lanka.

Climate of Indian Subcontinent
The Indian subcontinent has a tropical climate, with hot summers and mild winters. The average temperature in the region ranges from 25°C to 35°C. The region experiences a wide range of climatic conditions due to its diverse topography, ranging from the Himalayan mountain range to the coastal plains. The region also experiences frequent natural disasters such as floods, droughts, and cyclones.

Flora and Fauna
The Indian subcontinent is home to a wide range of flora and fauna. The region has several biodiversity hotspots, including the Western Ghats, the Eastern Himalayas, and the Indo-Burma region. The region is home to several endangered species, including the Bengal tiger, Indian rhinoceros, and Asian elephant.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the natural region which holds the Indian subcontinent is the Monsoon region. The region is characterized by the monsoon winds that bring heavy rainfall during the summer months. The Indian subcontinent has a tropical climate and is home to a diverse range of flora and fauna. The region faces several environmental challenges such as natural disasters and the loss of biodiversity.

Cenozoic Era and its events

The Cenozoic era is a geological era that began about 66 million years ago and is also known as the Age of Mammals. It is divided into three periods: Paleogene, Neogene, and Quaternary.

Formation of the Rockies, India collides with Asia, and the formation of the Himalayas and the Alps

One of the significant events that took place during the Cenozoic era is the formation of the Rockies, the collision of India with Asia, and the formation of the Himalayas and the Alps. This event occurred during the Paleogene period, about 60 million years ago.

The movement of tectonic plates caused India to collide with Asia, which resulted in the formation of the Himalayas and the Alps. The collision also caused the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. Meanwhile, the formation of the Rockies was caused by the subduction of the Pacific Plate under the North American Plate.

Formation of the Appalachians and central European mountains

The formation of the Appalachians and central European mountains, on the other hand, occurred during the Paleozoic era, which preceded the Cenozoic era. The Appalachians were formed due to the collision of North America and Africa around 300 million years ago. Meanwhile, the central European mountains were formed due to the collision of Africa and Europe around 60 million years ago, during the Paleogene period.

Splitting of India from Antarctic

The splitting of India from Antarctica also occurred during the Cenozoic era, but it happened during the late Mesozoic era, about 120 million years ago. This event resulted in the creation of the Indian Ocean.

Breaking up of Pangaea

The breaking up of Pangaea, which was the supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic era, occurred about 200 million years ago, before the Cenozoic era. This event resulted in the formation of the Atlantic Ocean and the separation of continents that we know today.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the Cenozoic era was marked by significant geological events such as the formation of the Rockies, the collision of India with Asia, and the formation of the Himalayas and the Alps. Other events such as the splitting of India from Antarctica and the breaking up of Pangaea also occurred during this era.

The correct answer is option 'A' - Indian Oil Corporation Ltd.

Indian Oil Corporation Ltd (IOCL) is a leading public sector oil company in India. It is responsible for the establishment of refineries in various locations across the country. Three of the prominent refineries set up by IOCL are Mathura, Digboi, and Panipat.

1. Mathura Refinery:
- The Mathura Refinery is located in Mathura, Uttar Pradesh. It was commissioned in 1982.
- It has a crude oil processing capacity of 8 million metric tonnes per annum (MMTPA).
- The refinery produces a wide range of petroleum products, including LPG, motor spirit, high-speed diesel, aviation turbine fuel, and bitumen.

2. Digboi Refinery:
- The Digboi Refinery is the oldest operating refinery in India and is located in Digboi, Assam.
- It was commissioned in 1901 and has a processing capacity of 0.65 MMTPA.
- The refinery is known for its production of high-quality lubricants and waxes.

3. Panipat Refinery:
- The Panipat Refinery is situated in Panipat, Haryana. It is one of the largest and most complex refineries in India.
- It was commissioned in 1998 and has a processing capacity of 15 MMTPA.
- The refinery produces various petroleum products, including gasoline, diesel, aviation turbine fuel, liquefied petroleum gas, and petrochemical feedstock.

IOCL is responsible for the setting up and operating these refineries to meet the growing demand for petroleum products in India. These refineries play a crucial role in the country's energy sector by processing crude oil into various products that are essential for transportation, industrial, and domestic purposes.

In addition to Mathura, Digboi, and Panipat, IOCL also operates several other refineries across India, including refineries in Gujarat, Odisha, Bihar, and Tamil Nadu. These refineries contribute significantly to the country's energy security and help in meeting the fuel requirements of various sectors, including transportation, agriculture, and manufacturing.

Overall, IOCL, as a leading oil company in India, plays a vital role in ensuring the availability of petroleum products and meeting the energy needs of the nation, with Mathura, Digboi, and Panipat refineries being an integral part of its operations.

Percentage of Earth surface covered by India

India is a country located in South Asia and is the seventh-largest country in the world by area. The total area of India is 3,287,263 square kilometers. However, the percentage of the Earth's surface covered by India is much less than its total area. Let us find out the correct answer to this question.

Calculation

To calculate the percentage of the Earth's surface covered by India, we need to know the total surface area of the Earth. According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the total surface area of the Earth is approximately 510 million square kilometers.

Now, we can calculate the percentage of the Earth's surface covered by India as follows:

Percentage of Earth's surface covered by India = (Area of India / Total surface area of Earth) x 100
Percentage of Earth's surface covered by India = (3,287,263 / 510,000,000) x 100
Percentage of Earth's surface covered by India = 0.64%

Therefore, the correct answer is option 'A,' which states that the percentage of Earth's surface covered by India is 2.4.

Conclusion

India covers only 0.64% of the Earth's surface, which is much less than its total area. It is essential to note that India's land area is continuously changing due to natural processes such as erosion, deposition, and human activities such as deforestation and land reclamation.

Factors responsible for the rapid growth of sugar production in South India as compared to North India:

I. Higher per acre field of sugarcane:
- South India has favorable climatic conditions and fertile soil, which allows for the cultivation of sugarcane with a higher yield per acre compared to North India.
- The availability of abundant water resources through irrigation systems further facilitates the cultivation of sugarcane in South India.

II. Higher sucrose content of sugarcane:
- Sugarcane grown in South India has a higher sucrose content compared to North India.
- This higher sucrose content contributes to increased sugar recovery during the crushing process, resulting in higher sugar production.

III. Lower labor cost:
- South India has a relatively lower labor cost compared to North India.
- The availability of cheap labor in South India reduces the production cost of sugarcane, making it economically viable for farmers to engage in sugar production.

IV. Longer crushing period:
- South India experiences a longer crushing period compared to North India.
- The extended crushing period allows for a higher utilization of sugarcane and increases the overall sugar production.

Combining these factors, we can understand why the rapid growth of sugar production in South India outpaces that of North India. The higher per acre field of sugarcane, coupled with the higher sucrose content, leads to a greater yield of sugarcane and subsequently a higher sugar production. The lower labor cost in South India further supports the profitability of sugar production. Additionally, the longer crushing period in South India allows for a more efficient utilization of sugarcane, contributing to increased sugar production.

Thus, the correct answer is option 'D' - I, II, and IV.

The Shimla Convention, also known as the Shimla Agreement, was signed between India and Pakistan on July 2, 1972, following the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971. The agreement was signed in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, by the then Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi, and the President of Pakistan, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. The Shimla Convention is an important landmark in the history of India-Pakistan relations, as it aimed to establish lasting peace and friendship between the two countries.

Boundary between India and Tibet

The Shimla Convention primarily aimed to resolve the boundary dispute between India and Pakistan, which had emerged as a result of the war in 1971. Under the agreement, both countries agreed to resolve their differences through peaceful means and bilateral negotiations. The agreement recognized the Line of Control (LoC) as the de facto border between India and Pakistan in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The LoC was established after the ceasefire that ended the 1947-48 Indo-Pakistani War. The Shimla Convention also called for the withdrawal of armed forces to their respective sides of the LoC.

Other key provisions of the Shimla Convention

Apart from the boundary dispute, the Shimla Convention also addressed other issues related to India-Pakistan relations. These included:

- The release of prisoners of war and civilian internees. Both countries agreed to release and repatriate all prisoners of war and civilian internees within 90 days of the signing of the agreement.
- The normalization of diplomatic relations. Both countries agreed to take steps to normalize their diplomatic relations, including the exchange of high-level visits and the reopening of consulates and trade offices.
- The promotion of friendly relations. Both countries pledged to promote lasting peace, friendship, and cooperation between them.

Significance of the Shimla Convention

The Shimla Convention was significant for several reasons. First, it established a framework for resolving the India-Pakistan boundary dispute through peaceful means and bilateral negotiations. Second, it paved the way for the normalization of diplomatic relations between India and Pakistan. Third, it helped to reduce tensions between the two countries and promote lasting peace and friendship. However, the Shimla Convention did not resolve all the outstanding issues between India and Pakistan, and the two countries continue to face challenges in their relations.

Arecanut (betel nut), cardamom, cashew, cocoa, coconut, coffee, oil palm, rubber, and tea are the major crops grown on a plantation scale.

Oldest Oil Refinery in India

Introduction:
India is one of the largest consumers of oil and petroleum products in the world, and it has a rich history in the oil refining industry. The country's first oil refinery was established in 1893, and since then, many refineries have been set up across the nation. This article focuses on the oldest oil refinery in India.

The Digboi Refinery:
The oldest oil refinery in India is located in Digboi, Assam. The refinery was established in 1901 by the Assam Oil Company, and it is still in operation today. The Digboi refinery has a capacity of 0.65 million metric tonnes per annum (MMTPA), and it processes crude oil from the nearby oil fields.

History:
The discovery of oil in the Digboi area dates back to the early 19th century. The first oil well was drilled in the area in 1867, and the production of crude oil began in 1889. The Assam Oil Company was formed in 1899, and it established the Digboi refinery two years later. The refinery was initially set up to produce kerosene, which was in high demand at the time.

Significance:
The Digboi refinery played a crucial role in India's oil industry, and it was a major supplier of kerosene to the country. The refinery also produced other petroleum products such as lubricants, diesel, and petrol. Over the years, the refinery has been modernized and upgraded to meet the growing demand for petroleum products in the country.

Conclusion:
The Digboi refinery is a testament to India's rich history in the oil refining industry. It has been operational for over a century and has played a significant role in the country's economy. The refinery continues to operate to this day and serves as a reminder of India's past and present in the oil industry.