All questions of Drainage for Class 9 Exam

The Guru Gobind Sagar Lake differs from the rest of the lakes in the group.

Reasons:

Location:
- The Guru Gobind Sagar Lake is located in the state of Himachal Pradesh, while the other lakes are located in Uttarakhand and Jammu and Kashmir.

Origin:
- The Guru Gobind Sagar Lake is a man-made reservoir, created by the Bhakra Dam on the Sutlej River. In contrast, the other lakes are natural or semi-natural.

Purpose:
- The Guru Gobind Sagar Lake was created primarily for hydroelectric power generation, irrigation, and drinking water supply. The other lakes do not have such a specific purpose.

Size:
- The Guru Gobind Sagar Lake is much larger than the other lakes, with a surface area of about 170 square kilometers. In comparison, Dal Lake has a surface area of about 18 square kilometers, Nainital Lake has a surface area of about 1.5 square kilometers, and Bhimtal Lake has a surface area of about 1.2 square kilometers.

Tourism:
- While the other lakes are popular tourist destinations, the Guru Gobind Sagar Lake is not as well-known as a tourist spot. It is mainly visited by people interested in water sports and fishing.

In conclusion, the Guru Gobind Sagar Lake differs from the rest of the lakes in the group due to its location, origin, purpose, size, and popularity as a tourist destination.

False

Explanation:
Perennial rivers are those rivers which flow throughout the year. Most of the Peninsular rivers are not perennial in nature. These rivers depend on rainfall for their flow and hence, they dry up during summers. Some of the major Peninsular rivers such as Godavari, Krishna, Cauvery, etc. have a seasonal flow and are not perennial. However, some of the Peninsular rivers such as Narmada and Tapti have a perennial flow as they originate from the mountains and are not solely dependent on rainfall. Hence, the statement that most of the Peninsular rivers are perennial is false.

Length of River Ganga Drainage Basin

The total length of River Ganga drainage basin is 2500 km.

Explanation

The River Ganga is one of the largest rivers in India and has a significant impact on the country's culture, economy, and environment. The river flows through several states in northern India, including Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal. The Ganga basin is also one of the most densely populated regions in the world.

The River Ganga drainage basin is the area of land drained by the river and its tributaries. The length of the drainage basin is measured from the source of the river in the Himalayas to the point where it meets the Bay of Bengal. The total length of the River Ganga drainage basin is approximately 2,500 km.

The River Ganga is considered holy by Hindus and is a significant pilgrimage site. It is also an essential source of water for agriculture, industry, and domestic use. However, the river is facing several challenges, including pollution, climate change, and overuse. The Indian government has launched several initiatives to clean up the river and prevent further degradation.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the total length of the River Ganga drainage basin is 2,500 km. The river is an essential resource for India and its people, but it is also facing significant challenges. It is crucial to take steps to protect and preserve the river for future generations.

**The source of the river Narmada is Amarkantak.**

The river Narmada, one of the major rivers in India, originates from the Amarkantak plateau. It is located in the Maikal Mountains, which is part of the Vindhya Range. Amarkantak is a pilgrimage town situated at an altitude of around 1065 meters in the Anuppur district of Madhya Pradesh.

**Amarkantak**:
- Amarkantak is considered a sacred place by Hindus as it is believed to be the meeting point of the Vindhya Range and the Satpura Range, which are two important mountain ranges in central India.
- It is believed that the Narmada River emerges as a result of the union of two small streams, namely, the Sonbhadra and the Johila, at the origin point in Amarkantak.
- The Sonbhadra stream originates from the east while the Johila stream originates from the west. They converge at the Amarkantak plateau to form the Narmada River.

**Vindhya Range**:
- The Vindhya Range is a range of hills and mountains that runs parallel to the Narmada River in central India.
- It extends from eastern Gujarat through Madhya Pradesh and into southeastern Uttar Pradesh.
- The Vindhya Range acts as a watershed between the rivers flowing into the Arabian Sea and those flowing into the Bay of Bengal.
- It is a prominent feature in the landscape of central India and is known for its rich biodiversity and scenic beauty.

**Satpura Range**:
- The Satpura Range is another important mountain range in central India.
- It runs parallel to the Vindhya Range and forms the southern boundary of the Narmada River basin.
- The Satpura Range is known for its dense forests, wildlife sanctuaries, and hill stations.
- Several rivers, including the Tapti and the Narmada, originate from this range.

In conclusion, the river Narmada has its source at Amarkantak, which is located in the Maikal Mountains of the Vindhya Range. The belief that the Narmada River is formed by the union of the Sonbhadra and Johila streams at Amarkantak makes it a significant pilgrimage site for Hindus.

The correct answer is option 'B', Brahmaputra.

The Dibang and Lohit rivers are two major tributaries of the Brahmaputra River in India. They are both located in the state of Arunachal Pradesh, which is in the northeastern part of India. Let's explore more about these rivers and their significance.

1. The Brahmaputra River:
- The Brahmaputra is one of the major rivers in Asia and is known as the lifeline of northeastern India.
- It originates from the Angsi Glacier in the Himalayas and flows through Tibet, India, and Bangladesh.
- In India, it enters through the state of Arunachal Pradesh and flows through Assam before entering Bangladesh and eventually merging with the Ganges River.
- The Brahmaputra River is known for its massive volume of water and plays a crucial role in the region's economy and transportation.

2. The Dibang River:
- The Dibang River is the largest tributary of the Brahmaputra River.
- It originates from the northern slopes of the Great Himalayas in Arunachal Pradesh.
- The river flows through the Dibang Valley and eventually joins the Brahmaputra near the town of Sadiya in Assam.
- The Dibang River is known for its scenic beauty and is surrounded by dense forests and snow-clad mountains.

3. The Lohit River:
- The Lohit River is another important tributary of the Brahmaputra River.
- It originates in eastern Tibet and enters India through Arunachal Pradesh.
- The river flows through the Mishmi Hills and joins the Brahmaputra near the town of Tezu in Arunachal Pradesh.
- The Lohit River is known for its turbulent waters and is a popular destination for rafting and adventure sports.

4. Significance:
- The Dibang and Lohit rivers, along with other tributaries, contribute significantly to the water flow of the Brahmaputra River.
- These rivers play a vital role in the irrigation, agriculture, and fisheries of the region.
- The Brahmaputra River and its tributaries are also a source of transportation and are used for both commercial and leisure purposes.
- The rivers and their surrounding areas are ecologically diverse, supporting a wide range of flora and fauna.

In conclusion, the Dibang and Lohit rivers are important tributaries of the Brahmaputra River. They originate in Arunachal Pradesh and contribute to the overall water flow and ecological significance of the region.

Saltwater Lake of Rajasthan: Sambhar

Sambhar is the largest saltwater lake in India, located in the state of Rajasthan. It is a part of the Sambhar Lake Town, which is situated around 80 km southwest of Jaipur. The lake is spread over an area of 190 to 230 square kilometers, depending on the water level.

Formation of Sambhar Lake
Sambhar Lake was formed approximately 5,000 years ago when a river named 'Saraswati' changed its course due to tectonic activities. The lake is fed by several small streams and rivers, but it has no outlet. The water in the lake evaporates, leaving behind a high concentration of salt, which is harvested by locals.

Ecology and Wildlife
Sambhar Lake is a significant wetland ecosystem of Rajasthan and is a critical habitat for many migratory birds. It is listed as a Ramsar site, which is a wetland of international importance. The lake is home to a wide variety of birds such as flamingoes, pelicans, storks, and several species of ducks. The lake is also an essential feeding and breeding ground for many resident birds such as Indian cormorants, spoonbills, and painted storks.

Tourism
Sambhar Lake is a popular tourist destination in Rajasthan. The lake is surrounded by hills, and the view of the sunset from the lake is breathtaking. Several resorts and hotels are situated around the lake, which offers a comfortable stay to tourists. The lake is also an excellent spot for bird watching, and many tourists visit the lake to witness the migratory birds during winter.

Conclusion
Sambhar Lake is a unique ecosystem of Rajasthan and has significant ecological and economic importance. It is a must-visit destination for tourists who are interested in bird watching and wish to experience the beauty of nature.

About the River Narmada

The River Narmada is one of the most important rivers in India. It rises in the Amarkantak hills in Madhya Pradesh and flows westward for nearly 1,300 km before it empties into the Arabian Sea.

Incorrect Statement

d) Its tributaries are the Tungabhadra and Musi

Explanation

The statement that the tributaries of the River Narmada are the Tungabhadra and Musi is incorrect. The correct tributaries of the River Narmada are:

- The Banjar River
- The Sher River
- The Hiran River
- The Tawa River
- The Ganjal River
- The Kaveri River
- The Burhner River
- The Shakkar River
- The Dudhi River

Therefore, option D is the correct answer to this question.

Kolleru Lake is one of the largest freshwater lakes in India located in the state of Andhra Pradesh and forms the largest shallow freshwater[ lake in Asia, 15 kilometers away from the city of Eluru. Kolleru is located between Krishna and Godavari deltas. Kolleru spans into two districts - Krishna and West Godavari. The lake is fed directly by water from the seasonal Budameru and Tammileru streams and is connected to the Krishna and Godavari irrigation systems by over 67 major and minor irrigation canals. This lake is a major tourist attraction.

Amravati is a tributary of Kaveri.So answer is C

Chilika Lake is a brackish water lagoon, spread over the Puri, Khurda and Ganjam districts of Odisha state on the east coast of India, at the mouth of the Daya River, flowing into the Bay of Bengal, covering an area of over 1,100 km.

The Wular Lake is located in the state of Jammu and Kashmir in India. It is the largest freshwater lake in India and is located in the northern part of the state, in the district of Bandipora. The correct answer to your question is a) Jammu and Kashmir.

Definition of Drainage
Drainage refers to the network of rivers, streams, and other water bodies that collect and carry water from a particular area.

Description of the Term Drainage
Option 'B' is the correct answer. It describes the river system of an area. Drainage refers to the collection and transportation of water from a particular area through a network of rivers, streams, and other water bodies. It includes the surface runoff, precipitation, and groundwater. The river system is an integral part of the drainage system as it collects and carries water from the upper areas to the lower areas. The river system comprises of the main river, its tributaries, and distributaries. It is responsible for the formation of river valleys, waterfalls, and gorges, and plays a significant role in shaping the landscape of an area.

Option 'A' is incorrect because it refers to the area drained by a single river system. Drainage is not limited to a single river system, but it includes all the water bodies that collect and carry water from a particular area.

Option 'C' is incorrect because it refers to an upland that separates two drainage basins. Although an upland can separate two drainage basins, it is not the definition of drainage.

Option 'D' is incorrect because one of the options is the correct description of the term drainage.

(i) Natural lakes: (a) Wular (b) Dal (c) Nainital (d) Bhimtal (f) Loktak (g) Barapani (h) Chilka (i) Sambhar (l) Pulicat.

An oxbow lake forms when a river creates a meander, due to the river's eroding the bank. After a long period of time, the meander becomes very curved, and eventually the neck of the meander becomes narrower and the river cuts through the neck during a flood, cutting off the meander and forming an oxbow lake.

Origin place of River Indus
The correct answer is option C: Mansarovar.
Explanation:
The River Indus, one of the longest rivers in Asia, originates from Mansarovar Lake in the Tibetan plateau in China. It flows through Tibet, India, and Pakistan, covering a total length of approximately 3,180 kilometers.
Here are some key points to support this answer:
- Mansarovar Lake: Located at an altitude of 4,590 meters in the Tibetan plateau, Mansarovar Lake is considered sacred by Hindus, Buddhists, and Jains. It is believed to be the source of four major rivers, including the Indus.
- Tibetan Plateau: The Tibetan plateau is a vast elevated region in Central Asia. It is often referred to as the "Roof of the World" and is the source of many major rivers in Asia, including the Indus.
- Indus River: After originating from Mansarovar Lake, the Indus River flows through Tibet before entering India. It then passes through the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir, continues through Pakistan, and finally empties into the Arabian Sea.
Therefore, the correct origin place of the River Indus is Mansarovar, as mentioned in option C.

The Brahmaputra originates in the Mansarovar lake, also the source of the Indus and the Satluj. It is slightly longer than the Indus, but most of its course lies outside India. It flows eastward, parallel to the Himalayas. Reaching Namcha Barwa (7757 m), it takes a U-turn around it and enters India in Arunachal Pradesh and known as dihang. The undercutting done by this river is of the order of 5500 metres. In India, it flows through Arunachal Pradesh and Assam, and is joined by several tributaries.

The Tapi River rises in Betul, Madhya Pradesh

The Tapi River is one of the major rivers in central India. It is also known as the Tapti River and flows through the states of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat. The river has its origin in the Satpura Range in central India and traverses a total length of approximately 724 kilometers before merging with the Arabian Sea.

Origin of the Tapi River
The Tapi River originates from the eastern slopes of the Satpura Range. It rises in the Betul district of Madhya Pradesh, which is located in central India. The specific location where the river originates is a small village called Multai. Multai is situated in the Betul district, which is known for its dense forests, hills, and beautiful landscapes.

Flow and Course of the Tapi River
After its origin in Betul, the Tapi River flows in a westward direction. It then passes through the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat before finally draining into the Arabian Sea. The river traverses through various cities and towns, including Amravati, Akola, Buldhana, Jalgaon, and Surat. Along its course, the Tapi River is joined by several tributaries, including the Purna River and the Girna River.

Importance and Significance of the Tapi River
The Tapi River plays a crucial role in the agricultural, industrial, and ecological aspects of the regions it flows through. It serves as a source of water for irrigation, providing vital resources for agricultural activities. The river also supports the generation of hydroelectric power through the construction of dams and reservoirs.

The Tapi River and its surrounding areas are home to diverse flora and fauna, contributing to the ecological balance of the region. It also serves as a lifeline for several cities and towns, providing a means of transportation and livelihood for the local communities.

In conclusion, the Tapi River rises in Betul, Madhya Pradesh. It originates in the village of Multai and flows through Maharashtra and Gujarat before merging with the Arabian Sea. The river holds significant importance in terms of agriculture, industry, and ecology for the regions it passes through.

Answer:

Introduction:
In this question, we are asked to identify which one of the following lakes is a saltwater lake. The options given are Wular Lake, Sambhar Lake, Barapani Lake, and Dal Lake. To answer this question, we need to understand the characteristics of each lake and determine which one fits the criteria of being a saltwater lake.

Explanation:
To identify the saltwater lake among the given options, let's analyze each lake and its characteristics:

1. Wular Lake:
Wular Lake is located in Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is the largest freshwater lake in India and is surrounded by mountains. As the question specifically asks for a saltwater lake, Wular Lake does not fit this criterion.

2. Sambhar Lake:
Sambhar Lake is located in the state of Rajasthan, India. It is the largest inland saltwater lake in India. The lake is known for its high salt concentration and is a major source of salt production in the region. Therefore, Sambhar Lake fits the criteria of being a saltwater lake.

3. Barapani Lake:
Barapani Lake, also known as Umiam Lake, is located in Meghalaya, India. It is a man-made reservoir and is primarily a freshwater lake. It is used for various recreational activities and water sports. Hence, Barapani Lake is not a saltwater lake.

4. Dal Lake:
Dal Lake is situated in Srinagar, Jammu, and Kashmir, India. It is a famous tourist attraction and is known for its scenic beauty. Dal Lake is a freshwater lake and does not meet the criteria of being a saltwater lake.

Conclusion:
Out of the given options, Sambhar Lake is the only saltwater lake. It is the largest inland saltwater lake in India and is located in Rajasthan. The other options, Wular Lake, Barapani Lake, and Dal Lake, are all freshwater lakes.

Dendritic drainage pattern resembles the branches of a tree. It is the most common and widely found pattern in nature. In this pattern, the river channels and tributaries resemble the branches of a tree, with the main river channel acting as the trunk and the smaller tributaries acting as the branches that merge into the main channel.

Explanation:
The dendritic drainage pattern develops in regions with a homogeneous rock structure and a relatively flat and uniform slope. It is formed when a river flows over a uniform and resistant bedrock or a layer of unconsolidated sediments. The river channels follow the paths of least resistance and erode the surrounding terrain in a dendritic pattern.

The formation of a dendritic pattern can be explained as follows:

1. Homogeneous rock structure: The underlying rock or soil in the area is uniform and does not have any major variations in its resistance to erosion. This allows the river to flow freely and not be diverted by any harder or softer rock formations.

2. Uniform slope: The area has a relatively flat and uniform slope, which means that the river does not encounter any significant changes in gradient. This smooth gradient allows the river to flow evenly and maintain a consistent direction.

3. Path of least resistance: The river follows the path of least resistance as it flows downhill. It erodes the surrounding terrain in a way that creates a network of branching channels. The erosion is concentrated along the weaker points in the landscape, such as joints or fractures in the rock.

4. Branching tributaries: As the river flows downstream, it is joined by smaller streams and tributaries. These tributaries form at right angles to the main channel and join it, creating a dendritic pattern resembling the branches of a tree.

The dendritic drainage pattern is efficient in draining water from an area because it allows for a large volume of water to be discharged into the main river channel. It is commonly found in regions with well-developed drainage systems, such as river valleys and floodplains.

Introduction:
The self-cleansing capacity of a river refers to its ability to purify itself naturally by removing pollutants and maintaining a healthy ecosystem. Various factors can affect this capacity, including aquatic organisms, water withdrawal for irrigation, hydroelectricity generation, and pollution. Among these factors, pollution has the most significant impact on the self-cleansing capacity of a river.

Pollution:
Pollution from various sources such as industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, and domestic sewage can severely degrade the water quality of a river. When pollutants enter the river, they can disrupt the natural balance of the ecosystem and harm aquatic organisms. Pollutants can include harmful chemicals, heavy metals, excess nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus, and organic matter.

Impact on Aquatic Organisms:
Pollution adversely affects aquatic organisms, which are an essential component of the river ecosystem. Excess nutrients in the water can lead to excessive algae growth, causing oxygen depletion through the process of eutrophication. This oxygen depletion can result in the death of fish and other organisms that rely on oxygen for survival. Additionally, toxic chemicals and heavy metals can accumulate in the tissues of aquatic organisms, leading to health problems and reduced population sizes.

Water Withdrawal for Irrigation:
While water withdrawal for irrigation can impact the overall water availability in a river, it does not directly affect the self-cleansing capacity of the river. However, excessive water withdrawal can lead to reduced flow rates, which can in turn affect the dilution and dispersion of pollutants. This can exacerbate the pollution levels in the river, further hindering its self-cleansing capacity.

Hydroelectricity Generation:
Similar to water withdrawal for irrigation, hydroelectricity generation does not directly affect the self-cleansing capacity of the river. However, the construction of dams for hydroelectricity generation can alter the natural flow patterns of the river and disrupt the habitat of aquatic organisms. This can indirectly impact the self-cleansing capacity by reducing biodiversity and altering ecological processes.

Conclusion:
While factors such as aquatic organisms, water withdrawal for irrigation, and hydroelectricity generation can have indirect impacts on the self-cleansing capacity of a river, pollution is the primary factor that directly affects the river's ability to purify itself. Therefore, the correct answer is 'D' - Pollution. Efforts should be made to reduce pollution and improve water quality to maintain the self-cleansing capacity of rivers and ensure the health of their ecosystems.

Introduction to Mahanadi
The Mahanadi River is one of the major rivers in India, primarily flowing through the states of Chhattisgarh and Odisha. Its length is an important geographical fact that contributes to various aspects such as ecology, economy, and culture in the region.
Length of Mahanadi
- The Mahanadi River stretches approximately 860 kilometers in length.
- This makes it one of the longest rivers in India.
Geographical Significance
- Origin: The river originates from the Amarkantak Plateau in Madhya Pradesh.
- Course: It flows through Chhattisgarh and enters Odisha before draining into the Bay of Bengal.
- Basin Area: The Mahanadi River Basin covers an area of about 141,600 square kilometers, impacting agriculture and water supply in the region.
Economic Importance
- Irrigation: The Mahanadi is vital for irrigation, supporting agriculture in the fertile plains of Odisha.
- Hydroelectric Power: Several dams on the river, such as the Hirakud Dam, generate hydroelectric power, contributing to the energy supply for nearby regions.
Cultural Relevance
- The river holds significant cultural importance, featuring in various myths and local traditions.
- Festivals and rituals are often centered around the river, showcasing its role in the lives of local communities.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the statement that "the length of Mahanadi is 860 km" is indeed True. This river plays a crucial role in the geography, economy, and culture of the regions it traverses, making it an important natural resource in India.

Explanation:




Estuaries:


An estuary is a partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it and with a free connection to the open sea. Estuaries form a transition zone between river environments and ocean environments and are subject to both marine influences, such as tides, waves, and the influx of saline water; and riverine influences, such as flows of freshwater and sediment.




Narmada and Tapi Rivers:


The Narmada and Tapi rivers are two west-flowing rivers that make estuaries. Both rivers originate in the central Indian highlands and flow westwards into the Arabian Sea. The Narmada river flows through the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat and empties into the Gulf of Khambhat. The Tapi river flows through the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat and empties into the Gulf of Khambhat. The estuaries formed by these rivers are important ecosystems that support a variety of plant and animal life.




Other Options:


The Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers flow eastwards and do not make estuaries. The Tapi river and the Brahmaputra river flow eastwards and do not make estuaries. Hence, the correct option is (a) Narmada and Tapi.

Location of the Source
The river Indus rises in Tibet, near Lake Mansarowar. Lake Mansarowar is a freshwater lake located in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. The river originates from the northern slopes of the Kailash Mountain range near Mansarowar Lake.

Significance of the Source
The source of the river Indus in Tibet is significant as it marks the beginning of one of the longest rivers in Asia. The Indus River plays a crucial role in the livelihoods of millions of people living in Pakistan and India, as it provides water for irrigation, drinking, and other agricultural activities.

Flow of the River
After rising in Tibet, the river Indus flows through India and Pakistan before emptying into the Arabian Sea. It passes through various regions, including the Himalayas, Punjab, and Sindh, impacting the landscape and communities along its course.

Historical Importance
The river Indus has great historical importance as it was the cradle of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization. The civilization flourished along the banks of the river around 3300-1300 BCE, making it one of the earliest urban civilizations in the world.
In conclusion, the source of the river Indus in Tibet near Lake Mansarowar holds immense geographical, cultural, and historical significance. Understanding the origin of this mighty river helps us appreciate its importance in shaping the landscape and supporting human civilization in the region.

Characteristics of Himalayan Rivers
Himalayan rivers have distinct features that differentiate them from other river systems. Let’s explore the characteristics mentioned in the question.
Water Availability Throughout the Year
- Himalayan rivers, such as the Ganges, Yamuna, and Brahmaputra, originate from glaciers and receive significant meltwater during warmer months.
- This ensures that they have a perennial flow, maintaining water availability throughout the year.
Formation of Well-Developed Deltas
- While Himalayan rivers do flow into larger water bodies, they typically do not form well-developed deltas.
- Instead, they create alluvial plains due to sediment deposition, but the delta formation is more characteristic of rivers flowing from plains or plateaus.
Origin from the Western Ghats
- This statement is incorrect. Himalayan rivers originate from the Himalayas, not the Western Ghats.
- The Western Ghats are a separate mountain range located in western India, contributing to different river systems.
Intensive Erosional Activity in Upper Courses
- Himalayan rivers exhibit significant erosional activity in their upper courses due to their steep gradients.
- This erosion shapes the landscape, creating deep valleys and gorges, which are hallmarks of the river systems in this region.
Conclusion
Based on the analysis:
- (i) and (iv) are correct statements about Himalayan rivers.
- (ii) is incorrect as they do not form well-developed deltas.
- (iii) is incorrect as they do not originate from the Western Ghats.
Thus, the correct option is (c) (i), (ii) and (iv).

Brahmaputra River has a Braided Channel

The Brahmaputra River is a trans-boundary river that flows through China, India, and Bangladesh. It is one of the largest and most important river systems in Asia, and it has a braided channel.

What is a Braided Channel?

A braided channel is a type of river channel that is characterized by multiple channels separated by islands or bars of sediment. These channels often shift and change over time, creating a complex network of waterways that can be difficult to navigate.

Why does the Brahmaputra River have a Braided Channel?

The Brahmaputra River has a braided channel because of its high sediment load and varying flow conditions. During the monsoon season, the river receives a large amount of water and sediment, which causes the river to shift and change its course. This creates multiple channels that weave in and out of each other, creating a braided appearance.

Impact of Braided Channel on the Environment

Braided channels can have a significant impact on the environment. They create a variety of habitats that support a diverse range of plant and animal species. However, they can also be susceptible to erosion and flooding, which can cause damage to nearby communities and infrastructure.

Conclusion

In summary, the Brahmaputra River has a braided channel due to its high sediment load and varying flow conditions. While this creates a unique environment that supports a range of species, it can also be a challenge for nearby communities and infrastructure.

Dendritic or tree-shaped drainage pattern is the most common and widespread pattern to be found on the earth’s surface. The pattern is called dendritic on the ground that the network of tributaries of various orders and magnitudes of the trunk or master stream resembles the branches and roots and rootlets of a tree.

Overview of Loktak Lake
Loktak Lake, located in Manipur, India, is recognized as the largest freshwater lake in North-East India. It is a significant natural resource and holds ecological, cultural, and economic importance.
Key Features of Loktak Lake
- Size and Area:
- Loktak Lake covers an area of approximately 230 square kilometers, making it the largest freshwater lake in North-East India.
- Floating Phumdis:
- The lake is famous for its unique floating islands called "phumdis," which are made of decomposed plant materials and support a diverse ecosystem.
- Biodiversity:
- Loktak Lake is home to various flora and fauna, including the endangered Sangai deer, which is found only in this region.
Comparison with Other Lakes
- Tsomorari Lake:
- Located in Ladakh, it is a high-altitude lake but is smaller in size compared to Loktak.
- Dal Lake:
- Situated in Kashmir, it is renowned for its beauty and houseboats but does not match the size of Loktak Lake.
- Chilika Lake:
- Chilika is the largest coastal lagoon in India and not a freshwater lake; hence it does not qualify for this comparison.
Conclusion
Given its size, ecological significance, and distinctive features, Loktak Lake is rightly acknowledged as the largest freshwater lake in North-East India, making option 'C' the correct answer.

Indus River originates near Manasarovar Lake from Mount Kailash of China. It flows through Leh in India and later through Pakistan before emptying into the Arabian Sea. Its major tributaries are divided into 2 groups. Panjnad includes the famous Ravi, Chenab, Jhelum, Beas and Sutlej.

Answer:



River Action Plans:
- River action plans are comprehensive strategies developed to tackle pollution and degradation of rivers. These plans involve a range of measures to prevent pollution, conserve water resources, and restore the health of rivers.
- The primary objective of river action plans is to improve the water quality of rivers and ensure their sustainable use for various purposes like drinking, irrigation, and industrial needs.
- These plans are implemented by government bodies at central, state, and local levels, in collaboration with various stakeholders including environmentalists, scientists, and local communities.
- River action plans often include components such as setting up sewage treatment plants, regulating industrial effluents, promoting organic farming practices, and creating awareness about the importance of river conservation.
- These plans also emphasize the need to involve local communities in river conservation efforts, as they play a crucial role in protecting and preserving rivers.
- River action plans are based on scientific research and data analysis, which helps in identifying the sources of pollution and designing appropriate measures to address them.
- These plans are dynamic and subject to periodic review and updates, considering the changing environmental conditions and emerging pollution challenges.

Importance of River Action Plans:
- River action plans are crucial for the sustainable management of rivers in the face of increasing pollution and degradation.
- They help in ensuring the availability of clean and safe water for various purposes, thereby protecting the health and well-being of communities dependent on rivers.
- River action plans also contribute to the conservation of aquatic ecosystems and the preservation of biodiversity.
- They play a significant role in achieving the goals of sustainable development, as clean and healthy rivers are essential for economic growth, social well-being, and environmental sustainability.

Conclusion:
- Rising pollution in rivers has raised concerns about the deteriorating water quality and ecological health of these vital natural resources.
- Various river action plans have been implemented to address these concerns and improve the condition of rivers.
- These plans involve a range of measures aimed at preventing pollution, conserving water resources, and restoring the health of rivers.
- River action plans are crucial for the sustainable management of rivers and ensuring the availability of clean and safe water for various purposes.

Option a is correct because in the earth most of the water is present in oceans and in water in oceans is salty .

The System of Flowing Water from Higher Level to Lower Level

What is the System of Flowing Water from Higher Level to Lower Level?

The system of flowing water from the higher level to the lower level is called drainage. It refers to the process by which water moves through the land, from higher elevations to lower elevations, and ultimately to a body of water such as a river or ocean.

How does the System of Flowing Water from Higher Level to Lower Level work?

The system of flowing water from the higher level to the lower level works through the following processes:

1. Precipitation: Water falls from the sky in the form of rain, snow, or hail.

2. Infiltration: Some of the water seeps into the ground and becomes groundwater.

3. Runoff: The rest of the water flows over the surface of the ground, forming streams and rivers.

4. Drainage Basins: The land area that contributes water to a river system is called a drainage basin.

5. Tributaries: Smaller streams or rivers that flow into a larger river are called tributaries.

6. Watershed: The boundary that separates one drainage basin from another is called a watershed.

7. River Systems: The network of tributaries and main rivers that drain an area is called a river system.

What are the importance and uses of the System of Flowing Water from Higher Level to Lower Level?

The system of flowing water from the higher level to the lower level is essential for the survival of plants and animals. It also has the following uses:

1. Irrigation: Water from rivers and streams is used for irrigation of crops.

2. Hydroelectricity: Water is used to generate electricity through hydroelectric power plants.

3. Navigation: Rivers and streams are used for transportation of goods and people.

4. Recreation: Rivers and streams are used for recreational activities such as fishing, boating, and swimming.

In conclusion, the system of flowing water from the higher level to the lower level, also known as drainage, is an essential process for the survival of plants and animals. It is also crucial for human activities such as irrigation, hydroelectricity, navigation, and recreation.

River that rises in the highlands of Chhattisgarh:
- The correct answer is Mahanadi.
- The Mahanadi River is a major river in East Central India.
- It originates from the highlands of Chhattisgarh, specifically from the Dhamtari district near the village of Sihawa.
- The river then flows through the states of Chhattisgarh and Odisha.
- It is one of the longest rivers in India, with a total length of approximately 858 kilometers.
- The Mahanadi River is known for its fertile plains and is a vital source of water for irrigation and hydroelectric power generation in the region.
- It is also an important river for transportation and is used for various industrial purposes.
- The Mahanadi River finally empties into the Bay of Bengal, near the city of Paradip in Odisha.
- The river basin of the Mahanadi is home to diverse flora and fauna, including several species of migratory birds.
- It plays a significant role in the socio-economic development of the regions it passes through.
- Overall, the Mahanadi River is a lifeline for the people living in Chhattisgarh and Odisha, and it holds great ecological and economic importance.

The Godavari flows from North to South in Dharmapuri, hence the river is locally called 'Dakshina Vahini' Kaleshwaram – Sri Kaleswara Mukhteswara Swamy Temple is situated here on the banks of Triveni sangamam of rivers Godavari and pranahita.