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All questions of Breathing and Exchange of Gases for NEET Exam
The inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume is the same as- a)inspiratory capacity + expiratory reserve volume
- b)total lung capacity − functional residual capacity
- c)inspiratory capacity + functional residual capacity
- d)inspiratory capacity + residual volume.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
The inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume is the same as
a)
inspiratory capacity + expiratory reserve volume
b)
total lung capacity − functional residual capacity
c)
inspiratory capacity + functional residual capacity
d)
inspiratory capacity + residual volume.
|
Vivek Patel answered |
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) + tidal volume (TV) + expiratory reserve volume (ERV) represents vital capacity (VC). Now, inspiratory capacity is the total volume of ai that can be inhaled after a normal expiration. It includes tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume i.e., IC = TV + IRV. Thus, option (a) is correct which says that vital capacity i.e., IRV + TV + ERV = IC + ERV.
Emphysema is a condition resulting from- a)cigarette smoking
- b)liquor consumption
- c)drug addiction
- d)reduced oxygen carrying capacity of blood.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Emphysema is a condition resulting from
a)
cigarette smoking
b)
liquor consumption
c)
drug addiction
d)
reduced oxygen carrying capacity of blood.
|
Gaurav Kumar answered |
Emphysema is a respiratory disorder which occurs due to the inflation or abnormal distension of the bronchioles or alveolar sacs resulting in the loss of their elasticity. Cigarette smoking and chronic bronchitis are the causes of this disease.
Which one of the following is the correct statement for respiration in humans?
- a)Cigarette smoking may lead to inflammation of bronchi.
- b)Neural signals from pneumotaxic center in pons region of brain can increase the duration of inspiration.
- c)About 90% of carbon dioxide is carried by haemoglobin as carbaminohaemoglobin.
- d)Workers in grinding and stone-breaking industries may suffer from lung fibrosis.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Which one of the following is the correct statement for respiration in humans?
a)
Cigarette smoking may lead to inflammation of bronchi.
b)
Neural signals from pneumotaxic center in pons region of brain can increase the duration of inspiration.
c)
About 90% of carbon dioxide is carried by haemoglobin as carbaminohaemoglobin.
d)
Workers in grinding and stone-breaking industries may suffer from lung fibrosis.
|
Anjali Sharma answered |
Grinding or stone breaking industries produce so mud dust that long exposure to this can give rise to inflammatior of lungs leading to fibrosis (proliferation of fibrous tissues' and thus causing serious lung damage. Inflammation ol the bronchi may also be caused by cigarette smoking. The primary function of pneumotaxic center is to limit inspiration which increase breathing rate.
Which of the following is true for CO2 concentration?- a)More, in alveolar air than in expired air
- b)More in expired air than in alveolar air
- c)More in inspired air than in alveolar air
- d)More in inspired air than in expired air
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following is true for CO2 concentration?
a)
More, in alveolar air than in expired air
b)
More in expired air than in alveolar air
c)
More in inspired air than in alveolar air
d)
More in inspired air than in expired air
|
Jyoti Sengupta answered |
Concentration or partial pressure of CO2(PCO2 ) is 40 mm Hg in alveolar air and 32 mm Hg in expired air.
Excessive cigarette smoking leading to damage of alveolar walls is associated with- a)Asthma
- b)Emphysema
- c)Silicosis
- d)Botulism
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Excessive cigarette smoking leading to damage of alveolar walls is associated with
a)
Asthma
b)
Emphysema
c)
Silicosis
d)
Botulism
|
Top Rankers answered |
Excessive cigarette smoking leading to damage of alveolar walls is associated with emphysema. Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that is caused by damage to the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs.
Line in NCERT: "Emphysema is a chronic disorder in which alveolar walls are damaged due to which respiratory surface is decreased. One of the major causes of this is cigarette smoking."
Given below are few respiratory disorders. Identify occupoational respiratory disorders among these.
(i) Coryza
(ii) SARS
(iii) Silicosis
(iv) Asbestosis
(v) Emphysema- a)(i) and (ii)
- b)(i) and (v)
- c)(iii) and (iv)
- d)(i), (ii) and (v)
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Given below are few respiratory disorders. Identify occupoational respiratory disorders among these.
(i) Coryza
(ii) SARS
(iii) Silicosis
(iv) Asbestosis
(v) Emphysema
(i) Coryza
(ii) SARS
(iii) Silicosis
(iv) Asbestosis
(v) Emphysema
a)
(i) and (ii)
b)
(i) and (v)
c)
(iii) and (iv)
d)
(i), (ii) and (v)
|
Priya Menon answered |
Silicosis and asbestosis are known as occupational disorder as they occur due to one's occuption. Workers working in industries where silica and asbestos are used can suffer from these respiratory disorders.
निम्नलिखित कथनों पर विचार करें:1) कृषि मिट्टी पर्यावरण में नाइट्रोजन ऑक्साइड छोड़ती है।2) मवेशी अमोनिया को पर्यावरण में छोड़ते हैं।3) पोल्ट्री उद्योग पर्यावरण में प्रतिक्रियाशील नाइट्रोजन यौगिक जारी करता है।ऊपर दिया गया कौन सा कथन सही है / हैं?- a)केवल 1 और 3
- b)केवल 2 और 3
- c)केवल 2
- d)1, 2 और 3
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
निम्नलिखित कथनों पर विचार करें:
1) कृषि मिट्टी पर्यावरण में नाइट्रोजन ऑक्साइड छोड़ती है।
2) मवेशी अमोनिया को पर्यावरण में छोड़ते हैं।
3) पोल्ट्री उद्योग पर्यावरण में प्रतिक्रियाशील नाइट्रोजन यौगिक जारी करता है।
ऊपर दिया गया कौन सा कथन सही है / हैं?
a)
केवल 1 और 3
b)
केवल 2 और 3
c)
केवल 2
d)
1, 2 और 3
|
Avi Sengupta answered |
कृषि मिट्टी और नाइट्रोजन ऑक्साइड
- कृषि गतिविधियों से मिट्टी में मौजूद नाइट्रोजन ऑक्साइड का उत्सर्जन होता है। यह प्रक्रिया मुख्य रूप से उर्वरकों के उपयोग और विभिन्न कृषि तकनीकों के कारण होती है।
मवेशियों और अमोनिया
- मवेशियों का पाचन और मलत्याग प्रक्रिया अमोनिया का उत्सर्जन करती है। यह अमोनिया वायुमंडल में जाने के बाद पर्यावरण को प्रभावित करता है, जिससे प्रदूषण और स्वास्थ्य संबंधी समस्याएं हो सकती हैं।
पोल्ट्री उद्योग और प्रतिक्रियाशील नाइट्रोजन
- पोल्ट्री उद्योग भी प्रतिक्रियाशील नाइट्रोजन यौगिकों का उत्सर्जन करता है, जो कि पोल्ट्री खाद और अन्य अवशेषों से उत्पन्न होते हैं। ये यौगिक पर्यावरण में कई प्रकार की रासायनिक प्रतिक्रियाओं का कारण बनते हैं।
सारांश
- सभी तीन कथन सही हैं:
- कृषि मिट्टी से नाइट्रोजन ऑक्साइड का उत्सर्जन होता है।
- मवेशी अमोनिया छोड़ते हैं।
- पोल्ट्री उद्योग प्रतिक्रियाशील नाइट्रोजन यौगिक जारी करता है।
इसलिए, सही उत्तर 'D' है, जो सभी कथनों को सही मानता है।
- कृषि गतिविधियों से मिट्टी में मौजूद नाइट्रोजन ऑक्साइड का उत्सर्जन होता है। यह प्रक्रिया मुख्य रूप से उर्वरकों के उपयोग और विभिन्न कृषि तकनीकों के कारण होती है।
मवेशियों और अमोनिया
- मवेशियों का पाचन और मलत्याग प्रक्रिया अमोनिया का उत्सर्जन करती है। यह अमोनिया वायुमंडल में जाने के बाद पर्यावरण को प्रभावित करता है, जिससे प्रदूषण और स्वास्थ्य संबंधी समस्याएं हो सकती हैं।
पोल्ट्री उद्योग और प्रतिक्रियाशील नाइट्रोजन
- पोल्ट्री उद्योग भी प्रतिक्रियाशील नाइट्रोजन यौगिकों का उत्सर्जन करता है, जो कि पोल्ट्री खाद और अन्य अवशेषों से उत्पन्न होते हैं। ये यौगिक पर्यावरण में कई प्रकार की रासायनिक प्रतिक्रियाओं का कारण बनते हैं।
सारांश
- सभी तीन कथन सही हैं:
- कृषि मिट्टी से नाइट्रोजन ऑक्साइड का उत्सर्जन होता है।
- मवेशी अमोनिया छोड़ते हैं।
- पोल्ट्री उद्योग प्रतिक्रियाशील नाइट्रोजन यौगिक जारी करता है।
इसलिए, सही उत्तर 'D' है, जो सभी कथनों को सही मानता है।
Consider the following four statements and select the correct option stating which ones are true (T) and which ones are false (F).
(i) Expiration is normally brought about by the relaxation of inspiratory muscles.
(ii) Oxyhaemoglobin can hold much less carbon dioxide in the form of carbaminohaemoglobin than what deoxyhaemoglobin can.
(iii) A person can expel air the air from the lungs by a forceful expiration.
(iv) A rise in PCO2 increases the oxygen - affinity of haemoglobin.- a)(i) F, (ii) F, (iii) T, (iv) F
- b)(i) T, (ii) T, (iii) F, (iv) F
- c)(i) F, (ii) T, (iii) T, (iv) F
- d)(i) T, (ii) T, (iii) T, (iv) F
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Consider the following four statements and select the correct option stating which ones are true (T) and which ones are false (F).
(i) Expiration is normally brought about by the relaxation of inspiratory muscles.
(ii) Oxyhaemoglobin can hold much less carbon dioxide in the form of carbaminohaemoglobin than what deoxyhaemoglobin can.
(iii) A person can expel air the air from the lungs by a forceful expiration.
(iv) A rise in PCO2 increases the oxygen - affinity of haemoglobin.
(i) Expiration is normally brought about by the relaxation of inspiratory muscles.
(ii) Oxyhaemoglobin can hold much less carbon dioxide in the form of carbaminohaemoglobin than what deoxyhaemoglobin can.
(iii) A person can expel air the air from the lungs by a forceful expiration.
(iv) A rise in PCO2 increases the oxygen - affinity of haemoglobin.
a)
(i) F, (ii) F, (iii) T, (iv) F
b)
(i) T, (ii) T, (iii) F, (iv) F
c)
(i) F, (ii) T, (iii) T, (iv) F
d)
(i) T, (ii) T, (iii) T, (iv) F
|
Hansa Sharma answered |
Expiration is normally brought about by the relaxation of inspiratory muscles. Oxyhaemoglobin can hold much less CO2 in the form of carbaminohemoglobin than what oxyhaemoglobin can. Aperson cannot expel all the air from the lungs even after forceful expiration. The collie of air which remains in the lungs after the most forceful expiration is called residual volume. It is about 1100 L to 1200 mL. A rise in pCO2 decrease the O2 affinity of hemoglobin.
During rest, the metabolic needs of the body are at their minimum. Which of the following is indicative of this situation?- a)Rate of breathing
- b)O2 intake and CO2 output
- c)Pulse rate
- d)All of these
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
During rest, the metabolic needs of the body are at their minimum. Which of the following is indicative of this situation?
a)
Rate of breathing
b)
O2 intake and CO2 output
c)
Pulse rate
d)
All of these
|
Anushka Ahuja answered |
Answer:
During rest, the metabolic needs of the body are at their minimum. This means that the body requires less energy and therefore, the rate of various physiological processes is reduced. Several indicators can provide evidence of this situation, including the rate of breathing, O2 intake, CO2 output, and pulse rate.
Rate of Breathing:
During rest, the rate of breathing decreases. This is because the body's oxygen demand is lower and there is less need for the removal of carbon dioxide. The respiratory rate slows down, with each breath being deeper and more efficient. This helps conserve energy and maintain a balance between oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal.
O2 Intake and CO2 Output:
During rest, the body's oxygen intake decreases as the metabolic rate decreases. The oxygen demand is lower, and therefore, the body requires less oxygen to support its functions. Similarly, the carbon dioxide output decreases as the metabolic rate decreases. This is because fewer metabolic processes are occurring, resulting in lower production of carbon dioxide as a waste product.
Pulse Rate:
During rest, the pulse rate tends to decrease. The heart does not need to pump blood as forcefully as during periods of physical activity. With the decrease in metabolic activity, the demand for oxygen and nutrients is reduced, resulting in a slower heart rate. This allows the heart to work more efficiently and conserve energy.
All of These:
The correct answer is option 'D' - all of these indicators (rate of breathing, O2 intake and CO2 output, and pulse rate) are indicative of the body's reduced metabolic needs during rest. These physiological changes occur to ensure that energy is conserved and the body functions optimally during periods of rest.
In summary, during rest, the body's metabolic needs are minimal, and various indicators such as the rate of breathing, O2 intake and CO2 output, and pulse rate reflect this situation. These changes help the body conserve energy and maintain a balanced physiological state during periods of rest.
During rest, the metabolic needs of the body are at their minimum. This means that the body requires less energy and therefore, the rate of various physiological processes is reduced. Several indicators can provide evidence of this situation, including the rate of breathing, O2 intake, CO2 output, and pulse rate.
Rate of Breathing:
During rest, the rate of breathing decreases. This is because the body's oxygen demand is lower and there is less need for the removal of carbon dioxide. The respiratory rate slows down, with each breath being deeper and more efficient. This helps conserve energy and maintain a balance between oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal.
O2 Intake and CO2 Output:
During rest, the body's oxygen intake decreases as the metabolic rate decreases. The oxygen demand is lower, and therefore, the body requires less oxygen to support its functions. Similarly, the carbon dioxide output decreases as the metabolic rate decreases. This is because fewer metabolic processes are occurring, resulting in lower production of carbon dioxide as a waste product.
Pulse Rate:
During rest, the pulse rate tends to decrease. The heart does not need to pump blood as forcefully as during periods of physical activity. With the decrease in metabolic activity, the demand for oxygen and nutrients is reduced, resulting in a slower heart rate. This allows the heart to work more efficiently and conserve energy.
All of These:
The correct answer is option 'D' - all of these indicators (rate of breathing, O2 intake and CO2 output, and pulse rate) are indicative of the body's reduced metabolic needs during rest. These physiological changes occur to ensure that energy is conserved and the body functions optimally during periods of rest.
In summary, during rest, the body's metabolic needs are minimal, and various indicators such as the rate of breathing, O2 intake and CO2 output, and pulse rate reflect this situation. These changes help the body conserve energy and maintain a balanced physiological state during periods of rest.
Read the given statements and select the correct option.
Statement 1 : About 70% of CO2 that enters RBCs changes into HCO3- for transport in plasma to the lungs where it reconverts into CO2 for elimination.
Statement 2 : About 40% of CO2 that enters RBCs changes into carbaminohaemoglobin which releases O2 in the lungs.- a)Both statements 1 and 2 are correct and statement 2 is the correct explanation of statement 1.
- b)Both statements 1 and 2 are correct but statement 2 is not the correct explanation of statement 1.
- c)Statement 1 is correct and statement 2 is incorrect.
- d)Both statements 1 and 2 are incorrect.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the given statements and select the correct option.
Statement 1 : About 70% of CO2 that enters RBCs changes into HCO3- for transport in plasma to the lungs where it reconverts into CO2 for elimination.
Statement 2 : About 40% of CO2 that enters RBCs changes into carbaminohaemoglobin which releases O2 in the lungs.
Statement 1 : About 70% of CO2 that enters RBCs changes into HCO3- for transport in plasma to the lungs where it reconverts into CO2 for elimination.
Statement 2 : About 40% of CO2 that enters RBCs changes into carbaminohaemoglobin which releases O2 in the lungs.
a)
Both statements 1 and 2 are correct and statement 2 is the correct explanation of statement 1.
b)
Both statements 1 and 2 are correct but statement 2 is not the correct explanation of statement 1.
c)
Statement 1 is correct and statement 2 is incorrect.
d)
Both statements 1 and 2 are incorrect.
|
|
Hansa Sharma answered |
About 20−25% of CO2 is carried by Hb as carbamino-haemoglobin. CO2 reacts directly with amine radicals (NH2) of Hb of form an unstable compound called carbaminohaemoglobin which releases CO2 in the lungs.
Rate of breathing is controlled mainly by ________________.- a)CO2 level in blood
- b)pH in blood
- c)O2 level in blood
- d)O2 level and pH in blood
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Rate of breathing is controlled mainly by ________________.
a)
CO2 level in blood
b)
pH in blood
c)
O2 level in blood
d)
O2 level and pH in blood
|
Raghav Bansal answered |
Rate of breathing is mainly controlled by CO2 level in the blood.
Excess CO2 decrease the pH of the blood and it mainly stimulate the respiratory centre of the brain (i.e., Medulla oblongata) and increase the inspiratory and expiratory signals to the respiratory muscles.
Excess CO2 decrease the pH of the blood and it mainly stimulate the respiratory centre of the brain (i.e., Medulla oblongata) and increase the inspiratory and expiratory signals to the respiratory muscles.
Mammalian lungs have an enormous number of minute alveoli (air sac); This is to allow- a)more surface area for diffusion of gases
- b)more space for increasing the volume of inspired air
- c)more nerve supply to keep the lungs working
- d)more spongy texture for keeping lung in proper shape
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Mammalian lungs have an enormous number of minute alveoli (air sac); This is to allow
a)
more surface area for diffusion of gases
b)
more space for increasing the volume of inspired air
c)
more nerve supply to keep the lungs working
d)
more spongy texture for keeping lung in proper shape
|
Dev Patel answered |
The number of alveoli in the human lungs has been estimated to be approximately 300 million. This enormous number of alveoli are meant to increase surface area of lungs for diffusion of gases.
Aquatic arthropods and mollusks use which organ for respiration?- a)Lungs
- b)Gills
- c)Eyes
- d)Nose
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Aquatic arthropods and mollusks use which organ for respiration?
a)
Lungs
b)
Gills
c)
Eyes
d)
Nose
|
EduRev NEET answered |
- Since aquatic arthropods and mollusks are mainly in water, they use gills for respiration.
- These gills are present as outgrowths to their skin, which is covered by the exoskeleton.
- The exchange of gases takes place through these gills.
After taking a long deep breath we do not respire for some seconds due to- a)More CO2 in blood
- b)More O2 in blood
- c)Less CO2 in blood
- d)Less O2 in blood
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
After taking a long deep breath we do not respire for some seconds due to
a)
More CO2 in blood
b)
More O2 in blood
c)
Less CO2 in blood
d)
Less O2 in blood
|
|
Riya Banerjee answered |
Blood cannot become more than 100% saturated with oxygen. In deep breathing more carbon dioxide is washed out of the blood. This makes oxygen cling more strongly to haemoglobin in red blood cells and therefore oxygen delivery to the tissues is made worse and causes oxygen toxicity. But comparatively, more carbon dioxide levels can improve oxygen delivery. Hence lungs keep carbon dioxide levels high in inhaled air and therefore in the blood.
Fill up the blanks in the following paragraph by selecting the correct option.
Human beings have a significant ability to maintain and moderate the respiratory rhythm to suit the demands of the body tissues. This is done by the neural system. A specialised centre present in the medulla region of the brain called ___(i) is primarily responsible for this regulation. Another centre present in the pons region of the brain called ___(ii)can moderate the functions of the respiratory rhytm centre. Neutral signal from this centre cen reduce the duration of )___(iii) and thereby alter the respiratory rate. A ___(iv) is situated adjacent to the rhythm centre which is highly sensitive to CO2 and hydrogen ions.
- a)(i)Chemosensitive area (ii)Respiratory rhythm centre (iii)Expiration (iv)Pneumotaxic centre
- b)(i)Respiratory rhythm centre (ii)Pneumotaxic centre (iii)Inspiration (iv)Chemosensitive area
- c)(i)Respiratory (ii)Chemosensitive area (iii)Expiration (iv)Pneumotaxic centre
- d)(i)Pneumotaxic centre (ii)Chemosensitive area (iii)Inspiration (iv)Respiratory rhythm centre
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Fill up the blanks in the following paragraph by selecting the correct option.
Human beings have a significant ability to maintain and moderate the respiratory rhythm to suit the demands of the body tissues. This is done by the neural system. A specialised centre present in the medulla region of the brain called ___(i) is primarily responsible for this regulation. Another centre present in the pons region of the brain called ___(ii)can moderate the functions of the respiratory rhytm centre. Neutral signal from this centre cen reduce the duration of )___(iii) and thereby alter the respiratory rate. A ___(iv) is situated adjacent to the rhythm centre which is highly sensitive to CO2 and hydrogen ions.
Human beings have a significant ability to maintain and moderate the respiratory rhythm to suit the demands of the body tissues. This is done by the neural system. A specialised centre present in the medulla region of the brain called ___(i) is primarily responsible for this regulation. Another centre present in the pons region of the brain called ___(ii)can moderate the functions of the respiratory rhytm centre. Neutral signal from this centre cen reduce the duration of )___(iii) and thereby alter the respiratory rate. A ___(iv) is situated adjacent to the rhythm centre which is highly sensitive to CO2 and hydrogen ions.
a)
(i)Chemosensitive area (ii)Respiratory rhythm centre (iii)Expiration (iv)Pneumotaxic centre
b)
(i)Respiratory rhythm centre (ii)Pneumotaxic centre (iii)Inspiration (iv)Chemosensitive area
c)
(i)Respiratory (ii)Chemosensitive area (iii)Expiration (iv)Pneumotaxic centre
d)
(i)Pneumotaxic centre (ii)Chemosensitive area (iii)Inspiration (iv)Respiratory rhythm centre
|
|
Ananya Das answered |
Human beings have a significant ability to maintain and moderate the respiratory rhythm, to suit the demands of the body tissues. This is done by the neural system. A specialised centre present in the medulla region of the brain called (i) Respiratory rhythm centre is primarily responsible for this regulation. Another centre present in the pons region of the brain called the (ii) Pneumotaxic centre can moderate the functions of the respiratory rhythm centre. A neural signal from this centre can reduce the duration of (iii) inspiration and thereby alter the respiratory rate. A chemosensitive (iv) area is situated adjacent to the rhythm centre which is highly sensitive to CO2 and hydrogen ions.
Correct answer is B.
Correct answer is B.
The factor which does not affect the rate of alveolar diffusion is- a)solubility of gases
- b)thickness of the membranes
- c)pressure gradient
- d)reactivity of the gases
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
The factor which does not affect the rate of alveolar diffusion is
a)
solubility of gases
b)
thickness of the membranes
c)
pressure gradient
d)
reactivity of the gases
|
|
Gaurav Kumar answered |
O2 and CO2 are exchanged in the alveoli by simple diffusion. The factors that affect the diffusion are pressure gradient of the gases, solubility of the gases and the thickness of the membranes involved in diffusion.
Which of the following statements is correct?- a)The contraction of internal intercostal muscles lifts up the ribs and sternum.
- b)The RBCs transport oxygen only.
- c)The thoracic cavity is anatomically an air tight chamber.
- d)Healthy man can inspire approximately 500 mL of air per minute.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following statements is correct?
a)
The contraction of internal intercostal muscles lifts up the ribs and sternum.
b)
The RBCs transport oxygen only.
c)
The thoracic cavity is anatomically an air tight chamber.
d)
Healthy man can inspire approximately 500 mL of air per minute.
|
Suresh Iyer answered |
The thoracic cavity is anatomically an air tight chamber as ft consists of lungs that further consist of air sacs in which the air remains trapped. The contraction of the external intercostal muscles lifts up the ribs and sternum. RBCs transport both O2 and CO2. Healthy man can inspire or expire 6000 to 8000 mL of air per minute.
Vital capacity of lungs is- a)IRV + ERV
- b)IRV + ERV + TV - RV
- c)IRV + ERV + TV + RV
- d)IRV + ERV + TV
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Vital capacity of lungs is
a)
IRV + ERV
b)
IRV + ERV + TV - RV
c)
IRV + ERV + TV + RV
d)
IRV + ERV + TV
|
Lavanya Menon answered |
Vital capacity is the maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration or the maximum volume of air a person can breathe out after a forced inspiration.This equals the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) + expiratory reserve volume (ERV) + tidal volume (TV). Its value is 3400 mL - 4800 mL.
Consider the following statements each with two blanks.
(i) Actually, only about ___(1)___ml of air enters the lung alveoli for the exchange of gases. The remaining fills the respiratory passage and is termed ___(2)___.
(ii) The amount of air which one can inhale with maximum effort and also exhale with maximum effort is termed as ___(3)___. It is about ___(4)___ in normal adult person.
(iii) During normal quiet breathing, on an average, approximately _____(5)_____ ml of air is inspired or expired by adult human male in each breath. It is termed as __(6)__ volume.
Which of the following options gives the correct fill-ups for the respective blank numbers from (1) to (6) in the above statements?
- a)(1)-350, (2)-dead space air, (3)-vital capacity, (4)-4000 mL, (5)-500, (6)-tidal.
- b)(1)-100, (2)-residual volume, (3)-functional residual capacity, (4)-3000mL
- c)(1)-350, (2)-dead space air, (5)-1000, (6)-inspiratory reserve
- d)(1)-350, (2)-residual volume, (3)-vital capacity, (4)-4000 mL
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Consider the following statements each with two blanks.
(i) Actually, only about ___(1)___ml of air enters the lung alveoli for the exchange of gases. The remaining fills the respiratory passage and is termed ___(2)___.
(ii) The amount of air which one can inhale with maximum effort and also exhale with maximum effort is termed as ___(3)___. It is about ___(4)___ in normal adult person.
(iii) During normal quiet breathing, on an average, approximately _____(5)_____ ml of air is inspired or expired by adult human male in each breath. It is termed as __(6)__ volume.
Which of the following options gives the correct fill-ups for the respective blank numbers from (1) to (6) in the above statements?
(i) Actually, only about ___(1)___ml of air enters the lung alveoli for the exchange of gases. The remaining fills the respiratory passage and is termed ___(2)___.
(ii) The amount of air which one can inhale with maximum effort and also exhale with maximum effort is termed as ___(3)___. It is about ___(4)___ in normal adult person.
(iii) During normal quiet breathing, on an average, approximately _____(5)_____ ml of air is inspired or expired by adult human male in each breath. It is termed as __(6)__ volume.
Which of the following options gives the correct fill-ups for the respective blank numbers from (1) to (6) in the above statements?
a)
(1)-350, (2)-dead space air, (3)-vital capacity, (4)-4000 mL, (5)-500, (6)-tidal.
b)
(1)-100, (2)-residual volume, (3)-functional residual capacity, (4)-3000mL
c)
(1)-350, (2)-dead space air, (5)-1000, (6)-inspiratory reserve
d)
(1)-350, (2)-residual volume, (3)-vital capacity, (4)-4000 mL
|
Meera Singh answered |
The correct fill-ups for the respective blank numbers are:
1. (1)-350
2. (2)-dead space air
3. (3)-vital capacity
4. (4)-4000 mL
5. (5)-500
6. (6)-tidal
1. (1)-350
2. (2)-dead space air
3. (3)-vital capacity
4. (4)-4000 mL
5. (5)-500
6. (6)-tidal
Select the sequence of steps in Respiration.(A) Diffusion of gases (O2 and CO2) across alveolar membrane.(B) Diffusion of O2 and CO2 between blood and tissues.(C) Transport of gases by the blood(D) Pulmonary ventilation by which atmospheric air is drawn in and CO2 rich alveolar air is released out.(E) Utilisation of O2 by the cells for catabolic reactions are resultant release of CO2Choose the correct answer from the options given below :- a)(D), (A), (C), (B), (E)
- b)(C), (B), (A), (E), (D)
- c)(B), (C), (E), (D), (A)
- d)(A), (C), (B), (E), (D)
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Select the sequence of steps in Respiration.
(A) Diffusion of gases (O2 and CO2) across alveolar membrane.
(B) Diffusion of O2 and CO2 between blood and tissues.
(C) Transport of gases by the blood
(D) Pulmonary ventilation by which atmospheric air is drawn in and CO2 rich alveolar air is released out.
(E) Utilisation of O2 by the cells for catabolic reactions are resultant release of CO2
Choose the correct answer from the options given below :
a)
(D), (A), (C), (B), (E)
b)
(C), (B), (A), (E), (D)
c)
(B), (C), (E), (D), (A)
d)
(A), (C), (B), (E), (D)
|
|
EduRev NEET answered |
he correct answer is Option A : (D), (A), (C), (B), (E).
Here's the reasoning behind this order :
(D) Pulmonary ventilation by which atmospheric air is drawn in and CO2 rich alveolar air is released out.
Respiration begins with pulmonary ventilation (breathing), which allows the atmospheric air to enter the lungs and CO2-rich air to be exhaled.
(A) Diffusion of gases (O2 and CO2) across the alveolar membrane.
Inside the lungs, oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli across the alveolar membrane.
(C) Transport of gases by the blood.
Once in the bloodstream, oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported to and from the body's tissues.
(B) Diffusion of O2 and CO2 between blood and tissues.
Oxygen diffuses from the blood into the body's tissues, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues into the blood.
(E) Utilisation of O2 by the cells for catabolic reactions and resultant release of CO2.
Finally, oxygen is used by cells for metabolic processes, creating carbon dioxide as a byproduct.
Therefore, the sequence is (D), (A), (C), (B), (E).
Fetal haemoglobin has X affinity for oxygen than that of mother's haemoglobin during gestation. X is- a)same
- b)higher
- c)lower
- d)lower affinity earlier but higher later
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Fetal haemoglobin has X affinity for oxygen than that of mother's haemoglobin during gestation. X is
a)
same
b)
higher
c)
lower
d)
lower affinity earlier but higher later
|
|
Pooja Mukherjee answered |
Understanding Fetal Hemoglobin
Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is essential for effective oxygen transport from the mother to the fetus during gestation. Its structure and affinity for oxygen differ from adult hemoglobin (HbA).
Higher Affinity for Oxygen
- HbF has a higher affinity for oxygen compared to maternal hemoglobin (HbA).
- This increased affinity allows the fetus to extract oxygen from maternal blood effectively, even in lower oxygen environments.
Why Higher Affinity?
- The structural differences between HbF and HbA contribute to this higher affinity.
- HbF contains two alpha and two gamma chains, while HbA consists of two alpha and two beta chains.
- The gamma chains in HbF reduce the binding of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG), a molecule that decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. This reduction leads to a greater affinity for oxygen.
Physiological Significance
- The higher oxygen affinity of HbF is crucial for fetal development, ensuring adequate oxygen supply for growth and metabolism.
- As the fetus develops and approaches birth, HbF gradually transitions to HbA, which has a lower affinity for oxygen. This transition prepares the newborn for breathing air.
Conclusion
In summary, fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than maternal hemoglobin throughout gestation. This property is vital for ensuring the fetus receives sufficient oxygen for development, highlighting the remarkable adaptation of human physiology during pregnancy.
Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is essential for effective oxygen transport from the mother to the fetus during gestation. Its structure and affinity for oxygen differ from adult hemoglobin (HbA).
Higher Affinity for Oxygen
- HbF has a higher affinity for oxygen compared to maternal hemoglobin (HbA).
- This increased affinity allows the fetus to extract oxygen from maternal blood effectively, even in lower oxygen environments.
Why Higher Affinity?
- The structural differences between HbF and HbA contribute to this higher affinity.
- HbF contains two alpha and two gamma chains, while HbA consists of two alpha and two beta chains.
- The gamma chains in HbF reduce the binding of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG), a molecule that decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. This reduction leads to a greater affinity for oxygen.
Physiological Significance
- The higher oxygen affinity of HbF is crucial for fetal development, ensuring adequate oxygen supply for growth and metabolism.
- As the fetus develops and approaches birth, HbF gradually transitions to HbA, which has a lower affinity for oxygen. This transition prepares the newborn for breathing air.
Conclusion
In summary, fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than maternal hemoglobin throughout gestation. This property is vital for ensuring the fetus receives sufficient oxygen for development, highlighting the remarkable adaptation of human physiology during pregnancy.
In the tissues, high concentrations of carbon dioxide- a)increases the affinity of haemoglobin to both oxygen and hydrogen
- b)increases the affinity of haemoglobin to oxygen but decreases its affinity to hydrogen
- c)decreases the affinity of haemoglobin to oxygen but increases its affinity to hydrogen
- d)decreases the affinity of haemoglobin to both oxygen and hydrogen
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
In the tissues, high concentrations of carbon dioxide
a)
increases the affinity of haemoglobin to both oxygen and hydrogen
b)
increases the affinity of haemoglobin to oxygen but decreases its affinity to hydrogen
c)
decreases the affinity of haemoglobin to oxygen but increases its affinity to hydrogen
d)
decreases the affinity of haemoglobin to both oxygen and hydrogen
|
|
Hansa Sharma answered |
Increase in the CO2 content of the blood decreases the pH of the blood. This decreases the affinity of O2 with Hb. This is called Bohr effect and is closely related to the fact that deoxygenated Hb binds hydrogen ions more actively than does the Hb. This facilitates gaseous exchange because more O2 is released in the tissues where the amount of CO2 is more due to metabolic activity. At the same time, more O2 is taken up by the lungs or gills when the amount of CO2 is low.
The enzyme that increases the reaction rate between CO2 and H2O in red blood cell is- a)carbonic anhydrase
- b)adenylate cyclase
- c)carbonic synthetase
- d)alkaline phosphatase
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
The enzyme that increases the reaction rate between CO2 and H2O in red blood cell is
a)
carbonic anhydrase
b)
adenylate cyclase
c)
carbonic synthetase
d)
alkaline phosphatase
|
|
Meera Singh answered |
About 70% of CO2 is transported in plasma in the form bof bicarbonates, CO2 diffuses into RBCs, combines with water and form carbonic acid. Carbonic acid being unstable quickly dissociates into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions. This reaction is thousand times faster in RBCs as compared to plasma, as RBCs contain carbonic anhydrase enzyme that reversibe catalyses the conversion of CO2 and water to carbonic acid.
Read the following four statements (i) - (iv) with certain mistakes in two of them.
(i) A water breather expends much more energy in ventilating its respiratory surface than an air-breathing one.
(ii) Lungs become empty after forceful expiration.
(iii) Exchange of gases in the lungs are interrupted during expiration.
Respiratory movement are controlled by CO2 concentration of arterial blood.
Which of the above two statements have mistakes?- a)(i) and (iv)
- b)(ii) and (iii)
- c)(i) and (ii)
- d)(iii) and (iv)
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following four statements (i) - (iv) with certain mistakes in two of them.
(i) A water breather expends much more energy in ventilating its respiratory surface than an air-breathing one.
(ii) Lungs become empty after forceful expiration.
(iii) Exchange of gases in the lungs are interrupted during expiration.
Respiratory movement are controlled by CO2 concentration of arterial blood.
Which of the above two statements have mistakes?
(i) A water breather expends much more energy in ventilating its respiratory surface than an air-breathing one.
(ii) Lungs become empty after forceful expiration.
(iii) Exchange of gases in the lungs are interrupted during expiration.
Respiratory movement are controlled by CO2 concentration of arterial blood.
Which of the above two statements have mistakes?
a)
(i) and (iv)
b)
(ii) and (iii)
c)
(i) and (ii)
d)
(iii) and (iv)
|
|
Hansa Sharma answered |
Corrected statements:
(ii) Lungs do not become empty after a forceful expiration.
(iii) The exchange of gases in the lungs is not interrupted during expiration.
(ii) Lungs do not become empty after a forceful expiration.
(iii) The exchange of gases in the lungs is not interrupted during expiration.
The urge to inhale in humans results from- a)rising PCO2
- b)rising PO2
- c)falling PCO2
- d)falling PO2
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
The urge to inhale in humans results from
a)
rising PCO2
b)
rising PO2
c)
falling PCO2
d)
falling PO2
|
|
Preeti Iyer answered |
Excess CO2 mainly stimulates the respiratory centre of the brain and increase the inspiratory and expiratory signal to the respiratory muscles. O2 does not have a significant direct effect on the respiratory centre of the brain in controlling respiration.
Which of the following would have the same O2 content?- a)Blood entering the lungs and blood leaving the lungs
- b)Blood entering the right side of the heart and blood leaving the right side of the heart
- c)Blood entering the right side of the heart and blood leaving the left side of the heart
- d)Blood entering the tissue capillaries and blood leaving the tissue capillaries
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following would have the same O2 content?
a)
Blood entering the lungs and blood leaving the lungs
b)
Blood entering the right side of the heart and blood leaving the right side of the heart
c)
Blood entering the right side of the heart and blood leaving the left side of the heart
d)
Blood entering the tissue capillaries and blood leaving the tissue capillaries
|
|
Riya Banerjee answered |
Blood entering the right side of the heart le., right atrium is a deoxygenated blood having partial pressure of 40 mm Hg. Blood,leaving the right side of the heart i.e., right ventricle will also have almost same partial pressure as the blood is moving from right atrium to right ventricle and also no exchange of gases occurs in this path.
Which of the following structures close the glottis during swallowing to prevent the entry of food wind pipe- a)Tongue
- b)Epiglottis
- c)Diaphragm
- d)Larynx
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following structures close the glottis during swallowing to prevent the entry of food wind pipe
a)
Tongue
b)
Epiglottis
c)
Diaphragm
d)
Larynx
|
|
Ananya Das answered |
Epiglottis is a leaf shaped cartilage that closes the glottis (opening leading into tarachea) to cheak the entry of food into it during swallowing. If during eating epiglottis remains open, then food particles may center the trachea (wind pipe) lending to reflex action of couhing. This removes the food particles from traches so that breathing does not get obstructed.
A child was born alive but was killed by a man. He told the mother later it was a still born. The mother doubted his statement and case was reported to police. Post mortem report confirmed that it was a murder. The test performed by the medical expert was taking a piece of lung and putting in water where it- a)Kept floating
- b)Settled at the bottom
- c)Showed blood clots
- d)None of these
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
A child was born alive but was killed by a man. He told the mother later it was a still born. The mother doubted his statement and case was reported to police. Post mortem report confirmed that it was a murder. The test performed by the medical expert was taking a piece of lung and putting in water where it
a)
Kept floating
b)
Settled at the bottom
c)
Showed blood clots
d)
None of these
|
|
Gaurav Kumar answered |
If a child is born alive then with its first cry, it breathes in air, thus its lungs contain air. A piece of lung that contains air will float in water. The floating of lung will confirm that the child was born alive and then was murdered.
Which of the following sequence is correct to invite inspiration?
(i) the contraction of external intercostal muscles raises the ribs and sternum
(ii) Volume of thorax increases in the dorso-ventral axis
(iii) intrapulmonary pressure decreases
(iv) Diaphragm contraction
(v) Air rushes into lungs
(vi) Volume of thorax increases in the anterior-posterior axis- a)(i), (ii), (iv), (v), (iii), (vi)
- b)(i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (vi), (v)
- c)(i), (ii), (iv), (vi), (iii), (v)
- d)(vi), (v), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following sequence is correct to invite inspiration?
(i) the contraction of external intercostal muscles raises the ribs and sternum
(ii) Volume of thorax increases in the dorso-ventral axis
(iii) intrapulmonary pressure decreases
(iv) Diaphragm contraction
(v) Air rushes into lungs
(vi) Volume of thorax increases in the anterior-posterior axis
(i) the contraction of external intercostal muscles raises the ribs and sternum
(ii) Volume of thorax increases in the dorso-ventral axis
(iii) intrapulmonary pressure decreases
(iv) Diaphragm contraction
(v) Air rushes into lungs
(vi) Volume of thorax increases in the anterior-posterior axis
a)
(i), (ii), (iv), (v), (iii), (vi)
b)
(i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (vi), (v)
c)
(i), (ii), (iv), (vi), (iii), (v)
d)
(vi), (v), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
|
Krish Pillai answered |
Explanation:
Sequence for inviting inspiration:
- (i) The contraction of external intercostal muscles raises the ribs and sternum
- (ii) Volume of thorax increases in the dorso-ventral axis
- (iv) Diaphragm contraction
- (vi) Volume of thorax increases in the anterior-posterior axis
- (iii) Intrapulmonary pressure decreases
- (v) Air rushes into lungs
Therefore, the correct sequence to invite inspiration is (i), (ii), (iv), (vi), (iii), (v). This sequence outlines the process of how inspiration occurs, starting with the contraction of external intercostal muscles and ending with the influx of air into the lungs. Each step in the sequence is crucial in creating a pressure difference that allows air to flow into the lungs during inspiration.
With reference to human respiration, which is correct?- a)Pulmonary ventilation is equal to alveolar ventilation.
- b)Alveolar ventilation is less than pulmonary ventilation.
- c)Alveolar ventilation is more than pulmonary ventilation.
- d)Pulmonary ventilation is less than alveolar ventilation.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
With reference to human respiration, which is correct?
a)
Pulmonary ventilation is equal to alveolar ventilation.
b)
Alveolar ventilation is less than pulmonary ventilation.
c)
Alveolar ventilation is more than pulmonary ventilation.
d)
Pulmonary ventilation is less than alveolar ventilation.
|
|
Dev Patel answered |
Normal puimonary ventilation in an adult human is about 6l per minute and alveolar ventilation is about 4l per minute. Therefore, alveolar ventilation is less than pulmonary ventilation.
Read the following four statements carefully.
(i) Asthma is a difficulty in breathing causing wheezing due to inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles.
(ii) The part of the respiratory system starting with the external nostrils up to the terminal bronchioles constitutes the respiratory or exchange part of the respiratory system.
(iii) During swallowing epiglottis can be covered by a thin elastic cartilaginous ilap calied glottis to prevent the entry of food into the larynx.
(iw) Binding of oxygen with haemoglobin is primarily related to partial pressure of O2. Which of the above two statements are correct?- a)(ii) and (iii)
- b)(iii) and (iv)
- c)(i) and (ii)
- d)(i) and (iv)
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following four statements carefully.
(i) Asthma is a difficulty in breathing causing wheezing due to inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles.
(ii) The part of the respiratory system starting with the external nostrils up to the terminal bronchioles constitutes the respiratory or exchange part of the respiratory system.
(iii) During swallowing epiglottis can be covered by a thin elastic cartilaginous ilap calied glottis to prevent the entry of food into the larynx.
(iw) Binding of oxygen with haemoglobin is primarily related to partial pressure of O2. Which of the above two statements are correct?
(i) Asthma is a difficulty in breathing causing wheezing due to inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles.
(ii) The part of the respiratory system starting with the external nostrils up to the terminal bronchioles constitutes the respiratory or exchange part of the respiratory system.
(iii) During swallowing epiglottis can be covered by a thin elastic cartilaginous ilap calied glottis to prevent the entry of food into the larynx.
(iw) Binding of oxygen with haemoglobin is primarily related to partial pressure of O2. Which of the above two statements are correct?
a)
(ii) and (iii)
b)
(iii) and (iv)
c)
(i) and (ii)
d)
(i) and (iv)
|
|
Priya Menon answered |
Asthma is a difficulty in breathing, which occurs due to inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles. Binding of oxygen with haemoglobin is primarily related to partial pressure of O2. During swallowing glottis can be covered by a thick fibrous cartilagenous flap called epiglottis to prevent the entry of food into the larynx.
Which of the following options is incorrect about the larynx (sound box)?- a)It is a bony box.
- b)Glottis is the opening into the larynx.
- c)During swallowing of food glottis is covered by epiglottis to prevent food entry into the larynx.
- d)All of these.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following options is incorrect about the larynx (sound box)?
a)
It is a bony box.
b)
Glottis is the opening into the larynx.
c)
During swallowing of food glottis is covered by epiglottis to prevent food entry into the larynx.
d)
All of these.
|
|
Priya Menon answered |
Larynx is a cartilaginous box containing nine pieces of cartilages.
Pneumotaxic centre which can moderate the functions of the respiratory rhythm centre is present at
- a)Pons region of brain
- b)Thalamus
- c)Spinal cord
- d)Right cerebral hemisphere
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Pneumotaxic centre which can moderate the functions of the respiratory rhythm centre is present at
a)
Pons region of brain
b)
Thalamus
c)
Spinal cord
d)
Right cerebral hemisphere
|
|
Vivek Patel answered |
The pneumotaxic centre, also known as the pontine respiratory group (PRG), is a network of neurons in the rostral dorsolateral pons. The PRG regulates the amount of air a person can take into the body in each breath. The absence of the PRG results in an increase in depth of respiration and a decrease in respiratory rate.
Which of the following changes occur in diaphragm and intercostal muscles when expiration of air takes place?
- a)Internal intercostal muscles relex and diaphragm contracts
- b)External intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax
- c)Internal intercostal muscles contract and diaphragm relax
- d)Internal intercostal muscles and diaphragma contract
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following changes occur in diaphragm and intercostal muscles when expiration of air takes place?
a)
Internal intercostal muscles relex and diaphragm contracts
b)
External intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax
c)
Internal intercostal muscles contract and diaphragm relax
d)
Internal intercostal muscles and diaphragma contract
|
|
Priya Menon answered |
During expiration, the internal intercostal muscles contract, and the diaphragm relaxes. This is because the internal intercostal muscles contracting and the diaphragm relaxing decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity. This in turn decreases the volume of the lungs.
When CO2 concentration in blood increases, breathing becomes- a)shallower and slow
- b)there is no effect on breathing
- c)slow and deep
- d)faster and deeper
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
When CO2 concentration in blood increases, breathing becomes
a)
shallower and slow
b)
there is no effect on breathing
c)
slow and deep
d)
faster and deeper
|
|
Partho Khanna answered |
Factors affecting the binding of carbon dioxide with haemoglobin
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a waste product of cellular respiration and is transported in the blood to the lungs for exhalation. The majority of CO2 is transported in the form of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in the plasma, but a small fraction directly binds to haemoglobin (Hb) in red blood cells. The binding of CO2 with Hb is influenced by various factors, including the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2).
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2)
- The pCO2 is a measure of the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood. It is the most important factor affecting the binding of CO2 with Hb.
- When the pCO2 is high, such as in tissues during cellular respiration, CO2 diffuses into red blood cells and binds to Hb, forming carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2).
- The binding of CO2 to Hb occurs through a reversible reaction in which CO2 combines with the amino groups of the globin chains of Hb.
- The presence of CO2 in the blood helps in the release of oxygen (O2) from Hb, a phenomenon known as the Bohr effect.
- When the pCO2 is low, such as in the lungs, CO2 dissociates from Hb and is exhaled.
Other factors affecting the binding of CO2 with Hb
- While the pCO2 is the primary factor affecting the binding of CO2 with Hb, other factors can also have an impact:
- Partial pressure of oxygen (pO2): The binding of O2 and CO2 to Hb are inversely related. When pO2 is high, such as in the lungs, O2 binds to Hb, promoting the release of CO2. Conversely, when pO2 is low, such as in tissues, CO2 binds to Hb.
- Hydrogen ion concentration (pH): An increase in hydrogen ions (acidic conditions) decreases the affinity of Hb for O2, promoting the binding of CO2. This phenomenon is known as the Bohr effect.
- Temperature: An increase in temperature decreases the affinity of Hb for O2, favoring the binding of CO2. This effect is particularly important during exercise when body temperature rises.
- 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG): This molecule, present in red blood cells, binds to Hb and decreases its affinity for O2. As a result, more O2 is released from Hb, allowing for the binding of CO2.
In summary, the primary factor affecting the binding of CO2 with Hb is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2). When pCO2 is high, CO2 binds to Hb, promoting the release of O2. Other factors such as pO2, pH, temperature, and 2,3-BPG also influence the binding of CO2 with Hb.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a waste product of cellular respiration and is transported in the blood to the lungs for exhalation. The majority of CO2 is transported in the form of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in the plasma, but a small fraction directly binds to haemoglobin (Hb) in red blood cells. The binding of CO2 with Hb is influenced by various factors, including the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2).
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2)
- The pCO2 is a measure of the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood. It is the most important factor affecting the binding of CO2 with Hb.
- When the pCO2 is high, such as in tissues during cellular respiration, CO2 diffuses into red blood cells and binds to Hb, forming carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2).
- The binding of CO2 to Hb occurs through a reversible reaction in which CO2 combines with the amino groups of the globin chains of Hb.
- The presence of CO2 in the blood helps in the release of oxygen (O2) from Hb, a phenomenon known as the Bohr effect.
- When the pCO2 is low, such as in the lungs, CO2 dissociates from Hb and is exhaled.
Other factors affecting the binding of CO2 with Hb
- While the pCO2 is the primary factor affecting the binding of CO2 with Hb, other factors can also have an impact:
- Partial pressure of oxygen (pO2): The binding of O2 and CO2 to Hb are inversely related. When pO2 is high, such as in the lungs, O2 binds to Hb, promoting the release of CO2. Conversely, when pO2 is low, such as in tissues, CO2 binds to Hb.
- Hydrogen ion concentration (pH): An increase in hydrogen ions (acidic conditions) decreases the affinity of Hb for O2, promoting the binding of CO2. This phenomenon is known as the Bohr effect.
- Temperature: An increase in temperature decreases the affinity of Hb for O2, favoring the binding of CO2. This effect is particularly important during exercise when body temperature rises.
- 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG): This molecule, present in red blood cells, binds to Hb and decreases its affinity for O2. As a result, more O2 is released from Hb, allowing for the binding of CO2.
In summary, the primary factor affecting the binding of CO2 with Hb is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2). When pCO2 is high, CO2 binds to Hb, promoting the release of O2. Other factors such as pO2, pH, temperature, and 2,3-BPG also influence the binding of CO2 with Hb.
Identify the region of human brain which has pneumotaxic centre that alters respiratory rate by reducing the duration of inspiration.- a)Cerebrum
- b)Medulla
- c)Pons
- d)Thalamus
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Identify the region of human brain which has pneumotaxic centre that alters respiratory rate by reducing the duration of inspiration.
a)
Cerebrum
b)
Medulla
c)
Pons
d)
Thalamus
|
Arya Bose answered |
Pneumotaxic Centre in the Brain
The pneumotaxic centre is a crucial component of the brain's respiratory control system, located specifically in the pons.
Function of the Pneumotaxic Centre
- The pneumotaxic centre regulates the rhythm of breathing by influencing the duration of inspiration.
- By shortening the time taken for inhalation, it helps maintain a balanced respiratory rate.
Location and Structure
- The pons is situated above the medulla and below the midbrain.
- It plays a vital role in relaying signals between different parts of the brain and is integral to the control of autonomic functions.
Interaction with Other Centres
- The pneumotaxic centre works in conjunction with the apneustic centre, which promotes prolonged inhalation.
- This balance between the two centres ensures efficient breathing patterns, adapting to the body's needs during various activities.
Importance in Respiratory Health
- Proper functioning of the pneumotaxic centre is essential for maintaining homeostasis in respiratory activities.
- Dysregulation can lead to breathing disorders, affecting overall health.
In conclusion, the correct answer is option 'C', the pons, as it houses the pneumotaxic centre that modulates the duration of inspiration, thereby affecting the respiratory rate. Understanding this mechanism is crucial for fields related to medicine and physiology, particularly in contexts like NEET preparations.
The pneumotaxic centre is a crucial component of the brain's respiratory control system, located specifically in the pons.
Function of the Pneumotaxic Centre
- The pneumotaxic centre regulates the rhythm of breathing by influencing the duration of inspiration.
- By shortening the time taken for inhalation, it helps maintain a balanced respiratory rate.
Location and Structure
- The pons is situated above the medulla and below the midbrain.
- It plays a vital role in relaying signals between different parts of the brain and is integral to the control of autonomic functions.
Interaction with Other Centres
- The pneumotaxic centre works in conjunction with the apneustic centre, which promotes prolonged inhalation.
- This balance between the two centres ensures efficient breathing patterns, adapting to the body's needs during various activities.
Importance in Respiratory Health
- Proper functioning of the pneumotaxic centre is essential for maintaining homeostasis in respiratory activities.
- Dysregulation can lead to breathing disorders, affecting overall health.
In conclusion, the correct answer is option 'C', the pons, as it houses the pneumotaxic centre that modulates the duration of inspiration, thereby affecting the respiratory rate. Understanding this mechanism is crucial for fields related to medicine and physiology, particularly in contexts like NEET preparations.
Which of the following statements about the mechanism of ventilation/breathing is incorrect?- a)As the diaphragm relaxes, air is expelled from the respiratory system.
- b)During inspiration the lungs act as suction pump.
- c)Inspiration is a passive and expiration is an active process.
- d)For quiet breathing, external intercostal muscles and diaphragm play an important role.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following statements about the mechanism of ventilation/breathing is incorrect?
a)
As the diaphragm relaxes, air is expelled from the respiratory system.
b)
During inspiration the lungs act as suction pump.
c)
Inspiration is a passive and expiration is an active process.
d)
For quiet breathing, external intercostal muscles and diaphragm play an important role.
|
|
Priya Menon answered |
Inspiration is an active process while expiration is a passive process.
When temperature decreases, oxy-Hb curve becomes - a)more steep
- b)straight
- c)parabola
- d)none of these
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
When temperature decreases, oxy-Hb curve becomes
a)
more steep
b)
straight
c)
parabola
d)
none of these
|
|
Ashwin Ghosh answered |
Explanation:
When temperature decreases, the oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) dissociation curve becomes more steep.
Understanding the Oxy-Hb curve:
The oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve represents the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) and the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen (SO2). It shows how readily hemoglobin binds to or releases oxygen molecules in response to changes in the partial pressure of oxygen.
Effect of temperature on Oxy-Hb curve:
Temperature affects the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. When the temperature decreases, the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the right, indicating a decreased affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. This means that at any given partial pressure of oxygen, hemoglobin will release oxygen more readily.
Explanation of the answer:
When the temperature decreases, the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve becomes more steep. This means that for a given decrease in partial pressure of oxygen, the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin is greater compared to when the temperature is higher. This is because the decrease in temperature causes hemoglobin to have a lower affinity for oxygen, allowing it to release oxygen more readily.
Reason behind the steepening of the curve:
The steepening of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve with a decrease in temperature can be explained by the effect of temperature on the conformational changes in hemoglobin. Hemoglobin exists in two forms: the relaxed (R) form with high oxygen affinity and the tense (T) form with low oxygen affinity. When oxygen binds to hemoglobin, it stabilizes the R form, making it easier for other oxygen molecules to bind. On the other hand, when oxygen is released, it stabilizes the T form, making it easier for other oxygen molecules to be released.
A decrease in temperature stabilizes the T form of hemoglobin, reducing its affinity for oxygen and promoting the release of oxygen. This results in a more pronounced decrease in oxygen saturation for a given decrease in partial pressure of oxygen, leading to a steeper oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve.
In conclusion, when the temperature decreases, the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve becomes more steep due to the decreased affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, causing it to release oxygen more readily at any given partial pressure of oxygen.
When temperature decreases, the oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) dissociation curve becomes more steep.
Understanding the Oxy-Hb curve:
The oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve represents the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) and the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen (SO2). It shows how readily hemoglobin binds to or releases oxygen molecules in response to changes in the partial pressure of oxygen.
Effect of temperature on Oxy-Hb curve:
Temperature affects the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. When the temperature decreases, the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the right, indicating a decreased affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. This means that at any given partial pressure of oxygen, hemoglobin will release oxygen more readily.
Explanation of the answer:
When the temperature decreases, the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve becomes more steep. This means that for a given decrease in partial pressure of oxygen, the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin is greater compared to when the temperature is higher. This is because the decrease in temperature causes hemoglobin to have a lower affinity for oxygen, allowing it to release oxygen more readily.
Reason behind the steepening of the curve:
The steepening of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve with a decrease in temperature can be explained by the effect of temperature on the conformational changes in hemoglobin. Hemoglobin exists in two forms: the relaxed (R) form with high oxygen affinity and the tense (T) form with low oxygen affinity. When oxygen binds to hemoglobin, it stabilizes the R form, making it easier for other oxygen molecules to bind. On the other hand, when oxygen is released, it stabilizes the T form, making it easier for other oxygen molecules to be released.
A decrease in temperature stabilizes the T form of hemoglobin, reducing its affinity for oxygen and promoting the release of oxygen. This results in a more pronounced decrease in oxygen saturation for a given decrease in partial pressure of oxygen, leading to a steeper oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve.
In conclusion, when the temperature decreases, the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve becomes more steep due to the decreased affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, causing it to release oxygen more readily at any given partial pressure of oxygen.
During winter a person died during sleep, the room was closed and a container with burnt charcoal was found in the room. What may be the possible reason of his death?- a)Non-availability of oxygen
- b)Hb has more affinity to combine with carbon monoxide
- c)Hb has more affinity to combine with carbon dioxide
- d)Combined effect of both (a) and (b)
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
During winter a person died during sleep, the room was closed and a container with burnt charcoal was found in the room. What may be the possible reason of his death?
a)
Non-availability of oxygen
b)
Hb has more affinity to combine with carbon monoxide
c)
Hb has more affinity to combine with carbon dioxide
d)
Combined effect of both (a) and (b)
|
|
Hansa Sharma answered |
Charcoal on burning produces carbon monoxide (CO). CO has about 200 times more affinity for Hb than O2. On combining with Hb, it forms a stable compound carboxyhaemoglobin. Because of this compound, Hb cannot carry sufficient O2 to the tissues ultimately leading to death.
During CO2 transport, HCO3- diffuses from erythrocytes to plasma and in turn upsets the onic balance momentarily. In order to keep the ionic balance, an equal number of Cl− pass into the erythrocytes from plasma. The process is known as- a)Hamburger phenomenon
- b)Bicarbonate shift
- c)Carbonation
- d)Bohr's effect
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
During CO2 transport, HCO3- diffuses from erythrocytes to plasma and in turn upsets the onic balance momentarily. In order to keep the ionic balance, an equal number of Cl− pass into the erythrocytes from plasma. The process is known as
a)
Hamburger phenomenon
b)
Bicarbonate shift
c)
Carbonation
d)
Bohr's effect
|
|
Suresh Iyer answered |
About 70% of CO2 is converted to bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) and transported in plasma. CO2 diffuses into RBCs, combines with-water and forms carbonic acid {H2CO3 ). H2CO3 being unstable quickly dissociates Into H+ and HCO3- . HCO3- ions are quite diffusible. Therefore, HCO3- diffuses from RBCs into the plasma. To maintain the ionic balance CI− ions move from the plasma into the RBCs. This exchange is called chloride shift or Hamburger's phenomenon.
So, the correct answer is 'Hamburger phenomenon'.
So, the correct answer is 'Hamburger phenomenon'.
The partial pressure of oxygen is maximum in- a)alveolar air
- b)aterial blood
- c)venous blood
- d)expired air
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
The partial pressure of oxygen is maximum in
a)
alveolar air
b)
aterial blood
c)
venous blood
d)
expired air
|
|
Gaurav Kumar answered |
The particle pressure of O2 in the expired air is 116mm Hg. In alveolar air it is 104mm Hg, in arterial blood it is 95mm Hg and in venous blood it is 40mm Hg.
A person breathing normally at rest, takes in and expels approximately half a litre of air during each respiratory cycle. This is called
- a)inspiratory reserve volume
- b)tidal volume
- c)expiratory reserve volume
- d)vital capacity
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
A person breathing normally at rest, takes in and expels approximately half a litre of air during each respiratory cycle. This is called
a)
inspiratory reserve volume
b)
tidal volume
c)
expiratory reserve volume
d)
vital capacity
|
|
Anjali Sharma answered |
The volume of air inspired or expired during normal breath is called tidal volume. It is about 500mL of air in average young adult man.
One haemoglobin carries how many molecules of O2?- a)4
- b)2
- c)6
- d)8
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
One haemoglobin carries how many molecules of O2?
a)
4
b)
2
c)
6
d)
8
|
|
Raghav Bansal answered |
Hb contains a protein portion called globin and a pigment portion called heam. The heam portion consists of four atoms of iron, each capable of combining with a molecule of O2, Thus, one Hb carries 4 molecules of O2
घास के मैदानों में, पेड़ पारिस्थितिक उत्तराधिकार के एक भाग के रूप में घास की जगह नहीं लेते हैं- a)कीड़े और कवक
- b)सीमित धूप और पोषक तत्वों की कमी
- c)पानी की सीमा और आग
- d)इनमे से कोई भी नहीं
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
घास के मैदानों में, पेड़ पारिस्थितिक उत्तराधिकार के एक भाग के रूप में घास की जगह नहीं लेते हैं
a)
कीड़े और कवक
b)
सीमित धूप और पोषक तत्वों की कमी
c)
पानी की सीमा और आग
d)
इनमे से कोई भी नहीं
|
Neha Joshi answered |
व्याख्या: घास के मैदान उष्णकटिबंधीय जंगलों और रेगिस्तान के बीच पारिस्थितिकी का प्रतिनिधित्व करते हैं। घास के मैदानों में घास कम नमी और उच्च तापमान के कारण घास की जगह नहीं लेती है जिसके परिणामस्वरूप घास के मैदानों में अक्सर आग लग जाती है। कीट और कवक घास के मैदानों में भी जीवित नहीं रह सकते हैं।
इसलिए विकल्प 3 सही उत्तर है।
शैक्षिक उद्देश्य: घास के मैदानों और सुविधाओं के जीवों और वनस्पतियों का अध्ययन करना।
The given figure shows the diagrammatic view of human respiratory system. Identify A, B, C and D.
- a)A-Epiglottis, B-Alveoli, C-Bronchus, D-Diaphragm
- b)A-Epiglottis, B-Alveoli, C-Bronchioles, D-Diaphragm
- c)A-Soundbox, B-Alveoli, C-Brounchus, D-Diaphragm
- d)A-Larynx, B-Alveoli, C-Brounchioles, D-Diaphragm
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
The given figure shows the diagrammatic view of human respiratory system. Identify A, B, C and D.
a)
A-Epiglottis, B-Alveoli, C-Bronchus, D-Diaphragm
b)
A-Epiglottis, B-Alveoli, C-Bronchioles, D-Diaphragm
c)
A-Soundbox, B-Alveoli, C-Brounchus, D-Diaphragm
d)
A-Larynx, B-Alveoli, C-Brounchioles, D-Diaphragm
|
|
Priya Menon answered |
In the given figure depicting the human respiratory system, the unidentified parts are as follows: A-Epiglottis, B-Alveoli, C- Bronchus, D-Diaphragm.
Chemosensitive area of respiratory centre in medulla is affected by- a)Less CO2 and H+ ions
- b)Less O2 and H+ ions
- c)Excess CO2 and H+ ions
- d)Excess O2 and H+ ions
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Chemosensitive area of respiratory centre in medulla is affected by
a)
Less CO2 and H+ ions
b)
Less O2 and H+ ions
c)
Excess CO2 and H+ ions
d)
Excess O2 and H+ ions
|
|
Gaurav Kumar answered |
Respiratory rhythm centre is a specialised centre present in the medulla of the brain which is primarily responsible for the regulation of respiration. A chemosensitive area situated adjacent to the rhythm centre is highly sensitive to changes in CO2 and hydrogen ion concentrations in blood. Increase in CO2 and H+ ions stimulate this centre, which in turn stimulate the rhythm centre to make necessary adjustments in the respiratory process by which these substances can be eliminated.
The given figures are of human larynx, front view (i) and vertical section. (ii) Identify the labelled parts A to D.
- a)(A) Glottis (B) Larynx (C) Vocal cord (D) Cartilaginous rings of trachea
- b)(A) Epiglottis (B) Cartilaginous rings of trachea (C) Trachea (D) Larynx
- c)(A) Glottis (B) Cartilaginous rings of trachea (C) Larynx (D) Trachea
- d)(A) Epiglottis (B) Bony rings of trachea (C) Larynx (D) Trachea
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
The given figures are of human larynx, front view (i) and vertical section. (ii) Identify the labelled parts A to D.
a)
(A) Glottis (B) Larynx (C) Vocal cord (D) Cartilaginous rings of trachea
b)
(A) Epiglottis (B) Cartilaginous rings of trachea (C) Trachea (D) Larynx
c)
(A) Glottis (B) Cartilaginous rings of trachea (C) Larynx (D) Trachea
d)
(A) Epiglottis (B) Bony rings of trachea (C) Larynx (D) Trachea
|
|
Gaurav Kumar answered |
In the given figure depicting the human larynx, the unidentified parts are as follows: (A) Epiglottis, (B) Cartilaginous rings of trachea, (C) Trachea, and (D) Larynx.
People living at sea level have around 5 million RBC per cubic millimetre of their blood whereas, those living at an altitude of 5400 metres have around 8 million. This is because at high altitude:- a)people eat more nutritive food so more RBCs are formed
- b)people get pollution-free air to breathe and more oxygen is available
- c)atmospheric oxygen level is less and hence, more RBCs are needed to absorb the required amount of oxygen to survive
- d)there is more UV radiation which enhances RBC production
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
People living at sea level have around 5 million RBC per cubic millimetre of their blood whereas, those living at an altitude of 5400 metres have around 8 million. This is because at high altitude:
a)
people eat more nutritive food so more RBCs are formed
b)
people get pollution-free air to breathe and more oxygen is available
c)
atmospheric oxygen level is less and hence, more RBCs are needed to absorb the required amount of oxygen to survive
d)
there is more UV radiation which enhances RBC production
|
|
Hansa Sharma answered |
The number of RBCs per cubic millimetre of blood is likely to be higher in people living at high altitudes. This is in response to the air being less dense at high altitudes. Thus, more RBCs (haemoglobin) are needed to absorb the required amount of O2 from the air.
Which of the following statements is true about RBCs in humans?- a)They carry about 20-25 per cent of CO2
- b)They transport 99.5 per cent of O2
- c)They transport about 80 per cent oxygen only and the rest 20 per cent of it is transported in dissolved state in blood-plasma
- d)They do not carry CO2 at all
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following statements is true about RBCs in humans?
a)
They carry about 20-25 per cent of CO2
b)
They transport 99.5 per cent of O2
c)
They transport about 80 per cent oxygen only and the rest 20 per cent of it is transported in dissolved state in blood-plasma
d)
They do not carry CO2 at all
|
|
Preeti Iyer answered |
Nearly 20-25% of CO2 is transported by RBCs whereas 70% of it is carried as bicarbonate in plasma. About 7% of CO2 is carried in a dissolved state through plasma. About 97% of O2 is carried by RBCs in the blood. About 3% of O2 is transported in a dissolved state through the plasma.
Consider the following four statements (I - iv) and select the correct option stating which ones are true (T) and which ones are false (F).
(i) Formation of oxyhaemoglobin occurs on alveolar surface.
(ii) During gaseous exchange the gases diffuse from high particle pressure to low partial pressure.
(iii) Carbon dioxide cannot be transporteed width haemoglobin.
(iv) Earthworm respires through parapodia.
- a)(i)-T, (ii)-F, (iii)-T, (iv)-F
- b)(i)-F, (ii)-F, (iii)-T, (iv)-F
- c)(i)-T, (ii)-T, (iii)-T, (iv)-F
- d)(i)T, (ii)-T, (iii)-F, (iv)-F
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Consider the following four statements (I - iv) and select the correct option stating which ones are true (T) and which ones are false (F).
(i) Formation of oxyhaemoglobin occurs on alveolar surface.
(ii) During gaseous exchange the gases diffuse from high particle pressure to low partial pressure.
(iii) Carbon dioxide cannot be transporteed width haemoglobin.
(iv) Earthworm respires through parapodia.
(i) Formation of oxyhaemoglobin occurs on alveolar surface.
(ii) During gaseous exchange the gases diffuse from high particle pressure to low partial pressure.
(iii) Carbon dioxide cannot be transporteed width haemoglobin.
(iv) Earthworm respires through parapodia.
a)
(i)-T, (ii)-F, (iii)-T, (iv)-F
b)
(i)-F, (ii)-F, (iii)-T, (iv)-F
c)
(i)-T, (ii)-T, (iii)-T, (iv)-F
d)
(i)T, (ii)-T, (iii)-F, (iv)-F
|
|
Hansa Sharma answered |
Vital capacity is the maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration or the maximum of air a person can breathe out after a forced expiration. piston. During gaseous exchange the gasses diffuse from high partial pressure to low partial pressure. About 20-25% CO2 is carried by hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin. Earthworms respire through the body wall.
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