All questions of Theme 4 - Thinkers, Beliefs and buildings for Humanities/Arts Exam

Commissioner of Guntur in 1854 was Walter Elliot.

Walter Elliot was a British colonial administrator who served as the Commissioner of Guntur in 1854. He was born on 1st May 1803 in Thornton, Scotland, and joined the East India Company's Bengal Civil Service in 1822.

Elliot held various administrative positions in India, including Collector of Madras, Commissioner of Coimbatore, and Commissioner of Guntur. He was known for his efforts to modernize the region and improve the living conditions of the people. During his tenure as the Commissioner of Guntur, he worked towards the development of irrigation systems, roads, and public buildings. He also focused on improving the education system and encouraged the establishment of schools.

Elliot was a supporter of the British policy of modernization and believed that the British rule in India was necessary for the country's progress. However, he was criticized by some for his harsh treatment of the local population and his support for the exploitation of India's resources by the British.

Elliot retired from the civil service in 1857 and returned to Scotland, where he died on 23rd June 1887.

Correct Statements Explanation
The correct answer to the question is option 'C', which includes statements i, ii, and iii. Here’s a detailed breakdown of each statement:
Statement i: The stupa at Sanchi is renowned for its architectural significance and preservation efforts by the Archaeological Survey of India.
- The Sanchi Stupa, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is an exemplary piece of ancient Indian architecture.
- It is famous for its intricate carvings and unique dome structure.
- The Archaeological Survey of India has played a crucial role in its preservation, ensuring that this historical monument remains intact for future generations.
Statement ii: The Rigveda is the oldest known text that details the sacrificial rituals performed during early Vedic traditions.
- The Rigveda, composed around 1500-1200 BCE, is indeed the oldest of the four Vedas.
- It contains hymns that elaborate on various rituals, including sacrifices, which were central to early Vedic practices.
- The text serves as a crucial source for understanding the spiritual and cultural practices of ancient India.
Statement iii: The emergence of thinkers in the mid-first millennium BCE led to the questioning of the significance of sacrificial rituals.
- During this period, philosophers and thinkers such as those associated with the Upanishads began to critically examine the traditional sacrificial practices.
- They emphasized direct spiritual experience over ritualistic practices, leading to a transformative phase in Indian philosophy.
Statement iv: The Upanishads were written in the first millennium CE, focusing exclusively on the practical aspects of life.
- This statement is incorrect. The Upanishads were composed much earlier, around 800-200 BCE.
- They delve into metaphysical concepts and the nature of reality, rather than focusing solely on practical life aspects.
In conclusion, statements i, ii, and iii are accurate, making option 'C' the correct choice.

Assertion (A) Analysis
The assertion states that the stupa at Sanchi is a significant symbol of the lasting influence of ancient Buddhist philosophies.
- Historical Importance: The Sanchi Stupa, built during the reign of Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE, embodies Buddhist teachings and art.
- Cultural Legacy: It represents the spread of Buddhism and its core values, making it a vital symbol for understanding ancient Indian philosophies.
Reason (R) Analysis
The reason provided indicates that preservation efforts for Sanchi were funded by the rulers of Bhopal in the 19th century, reflecting European interest in Indian heritage.
- Preservation Context: The Bhopal rulers indeed played a significant role in restoring the site, and this was influenced by a burgeoning European fascination with Indian culture.
- Cultural Exchange: This interest helped in the revival of ancient sites, aligning with the Victorian era's romanticism towards India.
Relationship Between Assertion and Reason
While both the assertion and reason are true, the reason does not serve as a direct explanation for the assertion.
- Independence of Ideas: The significance of the Sanchi Stupa as a symbol of Buddhist philosophy is independent of the preservation efforts funded by Bhopal rulers.
- Separate Motivations: The legacy of Buddhism is rooted in earlier historical contexts, while preservation efforts were motivated by 19th-century European interests.
Conclusion
Thus, the correct answer is option 'B': both the assertion and reason are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation for the assertion.

The Stupas and the Cardinal Points

Stupas are architectural structures that are found in Buddhist temples and are used for meditation and religious purposes. They are also known as pagodas and are usually built in a dome-like shape. The placement of stupas in a temple is of great significance and is usually done in a specific way.

Cardinal Points

Cardinal points refer to the four main directions, i.e., North, South, East, and West. These directions are considered to have a spiritual significance in many cultures and religions. In Buddhist temples, the placement of stupas is done in such a way that they are located in the four cardinal points.

Number of Cardinal Points

The answer to the question is option 'A' (Four). Stupas are generally installed at four cardinal points in a Buddhist temple. The reason for this is that the cardinal points have spiritual significance in Buddhism.

In some cases, stupas may be installed at six or eight points. However, the placement of stupas at these points is not as common as the installation at the four cardinal points.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the placement of stupas in a Buddhist temple is done in a specific way. The installation of stupas at the four cardinal points is the most common practice. This placement is done due to the spiritual significance of the cardinal points in Buddhism.

Understanding the Assertion and Reason
The assertion (A) states that the survival of the Sanchi stupa complex was due to wise decisions and good luck. The reason (R) provides context, mentioning that the rulers of Bhopal, Shahjehan Begum and Sultan Jehan, funded the preservation of Sanchi and supported John Marshall’s work.
Analysis of Assertion (A)
- The survival of historical sites often hinges on various factors, including:
- Cultural Significance: Sanchi is a UNESCO World Heritage site, which emphasizes its importance.
- Conservation Efforts: Decisions by influential leaders can have a profound impact on preservation.
- Luck: Natural disasters, wars, or neglect can threaten such sites, and their avoidance can be attributed to luck.
Analysis of Reason (R)
- The involvement of Shahjehan Begum and Sultan Jehan was crucial for Sanchi’s preservation:
- Funding: Financial support for restoration efforts is vital for maintaining historical sites.
- Support for Experts: Collaborating with historians like John Marshall helped raise awareness and allocate resources effectively.
Connecting A and R
- While both the assertion and reason are true, the reason does not solely explain the assertion:
- Broader Context: The survival of Sanchi involved various elements beyond just the decisions of these rulers, including public interest and international recognition.
Conclusion
- Thus, the correct answer is option 'B': Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A. This highlights the multifaceted nature of conservation efforts and the factors contributing to the survival of historical sites.

• Statement i: The concept of the Bodhisatta in Mahayana Buddhism emphasizes the idea of altruism and compassion toward all sentient beings rather than solely self-effort in achieving nirvana. Therefore, this statement is false.
• Statement ii: Vaishnavism and Shaivism are indeed significant movements within Hinduism, focusing on the worship of Vishnu and Shiva, respectively. This statement is true.
• Statement iii: Early temple architecture included shikharas, which are indeed intricate structures built over the central shrine. This statement is true.
• Statement iv: The Kailashnatha temple, dedicated to Shiva, is an example of a temple built during the 8th century CE, not the 3rd century BCE. Therefore, this statement is false.

Number of Sects or Schools of Thought in Buddhist Texts

There are various sects or schools of thought mentioned in Buddhist texts, which are briefly discussed below.

Theravada

Theravada is the oldest school of Buddhism, which originated in India and is still prevalent in Sri Lanka, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar.

Mahayana

Mahayana is the second major school of Buddhism, which originated in India and spread to China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam, and Tibet.

Vajrayana

Vajrayana is a sub-school of Mahayana, which is prevalent in Tibet, Bhutan, and Nepal.

Zen

Zen is a school of Mahayana Buddhism, which originated in China and is popular in Japan.

Nichiren Buddhism

Nichiren Buddhism is a school of Mahayana Buddhism, which originated in Japan.

Pure Land Buddhism

Pure Land Buddhism is a school of Mahayana Buddhism, which originated in China and is popular in Japan.

Tibetan Buddhism

Tibetan Buddhism is a school of Vajrayana Buddhism, which originated in Tibet.

Thien Buddhism

Thien Buddhism is a school of Mahayana Buddhism, which originated in Vietnam.

Ch'an Buddhism

Ch'an Buddhism is a school of Mahayana Buddhism, which originated in China.

Conclusion

Buddhist texts mention 64 schools of thought or sects, which have different beliefs, practices, and traditions. These schools of thought have developed over time and have spread to different parts of the world. The diversity of Buddhism reflects the richness and complexity of human experience and spirituality.

John Marshall dedicated his significant volumes on Sanchi to Sultan Jehan.

Explanation:

John Marshall was a British archaeologist who served as the Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India from 1902 to 1928. During his tenure, he conducted extensive excavations and research in various parts of India, including the ancient Buddhist site of Sanchi in Madhya Pradesh.

Marshall's work on Sanchi was groundbreaking and helped to shed light on the rich cultural and artistic heritage of ancient India. He published several volumes on Sanchi, including "The Monuments of Sanchi" and "A Guide to Sanchi." These volumes contained detailed descriptions and illustrations of the various structures, sculptures, and inscriptions found at the site.

In recognition of his contributions to Indian archaeology and his dedication to the study of Sanchi, Marshall dedicated his volumes on the site to Sultan Jehan Begum. Begum was the ruler of the princely state of Bhopal from 1901 to 1926 and was known for her patronage of the arts and culture. Marshall's dedication to Begum was a gesture of appreciation for her support of his work and her contributions to the preservation of Indian heritage.

In summary, John Marshall dedicated his significant volumes on Sanchi to Sultan Jehan Begum as a recognition of her support for archaeology and preservation of Indian heritage.

Jaina philosophy is a branch of Indian philosophy that originated in the 6th century BCE. It is based on the teachings of the Jinas, or spiritual conquerors, who are believed to have achieved enlightenment by following the path of non-violence or Ahimsa.

Central to Jaina Philosophy: Non-Injury

The central principle of Jaina philosophy is non-injury or Ahimsa, which is the avoidance of harming any living being, including humans, animals, and plants. It is a fundamental ethical principle that is practiced by Jains in their daily lives.

Importance of Non-Injury in Jaina Philosophy

Non-injury is considered the most important principle in Jaina philosophy because it is believed that every living being has a soul or Jiva, which is eternal and indestructible. Therefore, harming any living being is considered a violation of the sacredness of life and the individual's spiritual growth.

Practical Application of Non-Injury in Jaina Philosophy

Jains practice non-injury in various ways, such as following a vegetarian diet, avoiding the use of leather, and being mindful of their actions and words. They believe that by practicing non-injury, they will accumulate positive karma, which will lead to spiritual advancement and liberation from the cycle of birth and death.

Conclusion

In conclusion, non-injury is the central principle of Jaina philosophy, and it is considered a fundamental ethical principle that guides the behavior of Jains in their daily lives. By practicing non-injury, Jains believe that they can achieve spiritual growth and liberation from the cycle of birth and death.

Tirthankaras: Guiding Teachers Across the River of Existence

Tirthankaras are revered as the spiritual leaders who guide men and women across the river of existence. This term is associated with Jainism, an ancient Indian religion that emphasizes non-violence and peaceful coexistence. The Tirthankaras are considered enlightened beings who have achieved liberation from the cycle of birth and death, and they offer guidance to others on their spiritual path.

Here is an explanation of the significance and role of Tirthankaras in Jainism:

1. Meaning of Tirthankara
- The term "Tirthankara" is derived from the Sanskrit words "tirtha" (meaning ford, river crossing) and "ankara" (meaning maker or creator).
- Thus, Tirthankara can be understood as the creator of the ford or the bridge that helps individuals cross the river of existence.

2. Spiritual Teachers
- Tirthankaras are considered as spiritual teachers who have achieved enlightenment or Kevala Jnana, the highest form of knowledge.
- They guide people on the path of liberation and help them overcome the cycle of birth and death.
- Tirthankaras are believed to possess infinite wisdom and compassion, providing instructions and teachings for spiritual growth.

3. Liberating Teachings
- Tirthankaras preach the Jain philosophy, which emphasizes the importance of non-violence (ahimsa), truthfulness (satya), non-stealing (asteya), celibacy (brahmacharya), and non-attachment (aparigraha).
- Their teachings promote self-discipline, ethical conduct, and the cultivation of virtues.
- Tirthankaras also emphasize the practice of meditation, self-reflection, and self-control to attain spiritual liberation.

4. Twenty-Four Tirthankaras
- According to Jain tradition, there are twenty-four Tirthankaras who have appeared in different time periods.
- The first Tirthankara is Rishabhadeva (also known as Adinatha) followed by Parshvanatha and Mahavira, who is considered the most recent and prominent Tirthankara.
- Each Tirthankara has a unique name, birthplace, and set of teachings, but they all share the common goal of leading beings towards liberation.

In conclusion, Tirthankaras are revered as the guiding teachers who help men and women cross the river of existence in Jainism. They provide spiritual teachings and guidance, promoting ethical conduct, non-violence, and self-realization. The concept of Tirthankaras is deeply rooted in Jain philosophy and plays a crucial role in the spiritual journey of its followers.

Introduction:
The question asks how many teachers preceded Mahavira. To answer this, we need to have some understanding of Mahavira's life and the tradition he belonged to.

Mahavira and Jainism:
Mahavira was the 24th and last Tirthankara of Jainism, a religious tradition that emerged in ancient India. Jainism emphasizes non-violence, truth, and asceticism. Mahavira is considered the founder of the modern Jain tradition.

Predecessors of Mahavira:
Before Mahavira, there were 23 Tirthankaras who are considered his predecessors. Tirthankaras are spiritual teachers who help guide their followers on the path to spiritual liberation.

Explanation:
The correct answer is option 'B' - 23.

According to Jain tradition, Mahavira was born in the 6th century BCE, around 599 BCE. He was the 24th Tirthankara, which means there were 23 Tirthankaras who preceded him.

Each Tirthankara plays a significant role in Jainism and contributes to the development and preservation of the tradition. They provide teachings and examples for their followers to follow on their spiritual journey.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, there were 23 teachers who preceded Mahavira. These teachers, known as Tirthankaras, were important figures in the development of Jainism and provided guidance and teachings for their followers.

Extinguishing of the Ego and Desire is Nibbana

Nibbana is a term used in Buddhism to refer to the extinguishing of the ego and desire. This is considered the ultimate goal of Buddhist practice and is believed to bring the end of suffering.

Meaning of Nibbana

The term Nibbana comes from the Pali language, which is the language of the Buddhist scriptures. It can be translated as "extinguishing" or "extinction." In the Buddhist context, it refers to the extinguishing of the fires of greed, hatred, and delusion, which are the root causes of suffering.

Process of Extinguishing the Ego and Desire

The process of extinguishing the ego and desire involves the cultivation of wisdom and compassion through meditation and ethical living. This involves developing an understanding of the impermanence and interdependence of all things, and letting go of attachment to the self and to material possessions.

Benefits of Nibbana

The benefits of achieving Nibbana are said to include the end of suffering, the attainment of peace and happiness, and the ability to help others more effectively. It is considered the highest goal of Buddhist practice and is believed to be achievable by anyone who sincerely practices the teachings of the Buddha.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Nibbana is the ultimate goal of Buddhist practice, which involves the extinguishing of the ego and desire. This is achieved through the cultivation of wisdom and compassion, and is believed to bring the end of suffering and the attainment of peace and happiness.

Small Shrines Attached to Sites

Chaityas were the sites with small shrines attached to them. These were Buddhist prayer halls or shrines that often contained relics or sacred objects. Chaityas were an important part of Buddhist architecture and were used for religious rituals and ceremonies.

Features of Chaityas

- Buddhist Prayer Hall: Chaityas were primarily used as prayer halls for Buddhists. They were often located near important Buddhist sites such as stupas or monasteries.

- Small Shrines: Chaityas contained small shrines or niches where Buddhist relics or sacred objects were placed. These shrines were usually adorned with carvings and other decorative elements.

- Circular Domes: Chaityas were typically built with circular domes that symbolized the Buddhist universe. The domes were often decorated with intricate carvings and sculptures.

- Pillars: Chaityas also had pillars that supported the domes. These pillars were often decorated with carvings and sculptures as well.

- Stupa-like Structures: Chaityas were sometimes built in the shape of a stupa, which is a mound-like structure used for Buddhist worship. These structures were often embellished with carvings and sculptures.

Conclusion

Chaityas were an important part of Buddhist architecture and were used for religious purposes. They were characterized by circular domes, small shrines, pillars, and stupa-like structures. Chaityas were often built near important Buddhist sites and contained relics or sacred objects.