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Assertion (A): Psychological enquiry aims to describe behaviors in a detailed manner to enhance understanding.Reason (R): Accurate descriptions of behaviors allow researchers to predict future actions based on established patterns.- a)If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
- b)If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
- c)If Assertion is true but Reason is false
- d)If both Assertion and Reason are false
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Assertion (A): Psychological enquiry aims to describe behaviors in a detailed manner to enhance understanding.
Reason (R): Accurate descriptions of behaviors allow researchers to predict future actions based on established patterns.
a)
If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
b)
If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
c)
If Assertion is true but Reason is false
d)
If both Assertion and Reason are false
|
EduRev Humanities answered |
- Assertion (A) is true because one of the main goals of psychological enquiry is to provide accurate and detailed descriptions of behaviors to facilitate better understanding.
- Reason (R) is also true as accurate descriptions are fundamental in predicting future behaviors based on observed patterns.
- Furthermore, Reason (R) directly explains why Assertion (A) is valid—by establishing that the purpose of detailed descriptions is to enhance predictive capabilities.
Experimental groups, treatment groups, and control groups represent ways to ____________ outcome variables. - a)Manipulate
- b)Correlate
- c)Attract
- d)Validate
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Experimental groups, treatment groups, and control groups represent ways to ____________ outcome variables.
a)
Manipulate
b)
Correlate
c)
Attract
d)
Validate
|
Ravi Sharma answered |
Outcome variables can be manipulated by changing the conditions for these different types of groups using an experimental method. Correlate is a statistical term, Validate and Generalise refer to validity of the research overall, and Attract is not a term used to refer to the manipulation of groups.
Research ethics represent an important component of psychological research because: - a)They provide a set of statistical procedures
- b)They provide a set of rules to protect participants
- c)They provide a set of hypotheses to be tested
- d)They provide a set of standards for variable selection
- e)All of the above
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Research ethics represent an important component of psychological research because:
a)
They provide a set of statistical procedures
b)
They provide a set of rules to protect participants
c)
They provide a set of hypotheses to be tested
d)
They provide a set of standards for variable selection
e)
All of the above
|
|
Ravi Sharma answered |
Research ethics bind psychologists to a set of rules or code that delineates appropriate treatment of animal and human subjects. Research ethics do not provide statistical procedures, testable hypotheses or standards for variable selection.
External validity is compromised by which one of the following? - a)Telling experimental participants about the hypotheses that we are investigating.
- b)Informing participants that they are not being ‘tested’ as such.
- c)Telling them that the data they produce is confidential and will not be discussed with any third party.
- d)Telling participants that they can withdraw from the experiment at any time (and that they can ask that the data they generate be deleted).
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
External validity is compromised by which one of the following?
a)
Telling experimental participants about the hypotheses that we are investigating.
b)
Informing participants that they are not being ‘tested’ as such.
c)
Telling them that the data they produce is confidential and will not be discussed with any third party.
d)
Telling participants that they can withdraw from the experiment at any time (and that they can ask that the data they generate be deleted).
|
Anmol Rane answered |
C) Using a non-representative sample of participants.
Which of the following is true?- a)The dependent variable is manipulated by the experimenter.
- b)Experimental control involves making every condition different in every respect except the treatment (i.e. the independent variable).
- c)In a between-subjects experiment, control is typically achieved by a process of carefully assigning participants to the right conditions.
- d)In a properly designed experiment, we can infer that an observed difference must be due to our manipulation of the independent variable.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following is true?
a)
The dependent variable is manipulated by the experimenter.
b)
Experimental control involves making every condition different in every respect except the treatment (i.e. the independent variable).
c)
In a between-subjects experiment, control is typically achieved by a process of carefully assigning participants to the right conditions.
d)
In a properly designed experiment, we can infer that an observed difference must be due to our manipulation of the independent variable.
|
|
Ravi Sharma answered |
Experiments also involve at least one dependent variable (or DV). This is an outcome or measurement variable, and it is this variable that the experimenter is interested in observing and which provides them with data. Control is the basis of experimental design. It involves making different conditions identical in every respect except the treatment (i.e. the independent variable).
In a between-subjects experiment, this is achieved by a process of random assignment of participants to the different conditions. In a properly designed study, if there is a difference in results obtained from measuring the dependent variable for each experimental condition, and we have equated the conditions in all respects except the manipulation of the independent variable, then we can infer that the independent variable must be the source of this difference.
In a between-subjects experiment, this is achieved by a process of random assignment of participants to the different conditions. In a properly designed study, if there is a difference in results obtained from measuring the dependent variable for each experimental condition, and we have equated the conditions in all respects except the manipulation of the independent variable, then we can infer that the independent variable must be the source of this difference.
Assertion (A): In experimental research, independent variables are manipulated to observe their effect on dependent variables.Reason (R): Dependent variables are consistent and do not change regardless of the independent variable manipulation.- a)If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
- b)If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
- c)If Assertion is true but Reason is false
- d)If both Assertion and Reason are false
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Assertion (A): In experimental research, independent variables are manipulated to observe their effect on dependent variables.
Reason (R): Dependent variables are consistent and do not change regardless of the independent variable manipulation.
a)
If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
b)
If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
c)
If Assertion is true but Reason is false
d)
If both Assertion and Reason are false
|
Crafty Classes answered |
- The Assertion is true because, in experimental research, researchers manipulate independent variables to investigate their impact on dependent variables.
- The Reason is false. Dependent variables are expected to change in response to the manipulation of independent variables, thus they are not consistent.
- Since the Reason does not accurately explain the Assertion, the correct answer is Option C.
What are the main types of assessment measures used by psychologists to study the outcomes of mental activity?- a)Theories, hypotheses, tests
- b)Self-report, experiments, correlations
- c)Behavioural, self-report, experimental
- d)Behavioural, self-report, physiological
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
What are the main types of assessment measures used by psychologists to study the outcomes of mental activity?
a)
Theories, hypotheses, tests
b)
Self-report, experiments, correlations
c)
Behavioural, self-report, experimental
d)
Behavioural, self-report, physiological
|
Amita Das answered |
The three main types of measures developed and used by psychologists include behavioural observations, self-report responses, and physiological measures. Experimental is a method. Theories, hypotheses and tests are not types of measures.
You have just conducted a research study. If the responses of the participants significantly differ from what would be expected if there was no relationship among the variables in your study, then it would be appropriate for you to: - a)Use a different method to replicate the results
- b)Obtain a larger sample to replicate results
- c)Perform manipulation checks
- d)Reject the null hypothesis
- e)All of the above
Correct answer is option 'E'. Can you explain this answer?
You have just conducted a research study. If the responses of the participants significantly differ from what would be expected if there was no relationship among the variables in your study, then it would be appropriate for you to:
a)
Use a different method to replicate the results
b)
Obtain a larger sample to replicate results
c)
Perform manipulation checks
d)
Reject the null hypothesis
e)
All of the above
|
Anuj Patel answered |
Explanation:
Introduction:
When conducting a research study, it is important to analyze the responses of the participants to determine if there is a relationship among the variables being studied. If the responses significantly differ from what would be expected if there was no relationship among the variables, it indicates that there is indeed a relationship between the variables. In such cases, it would be appropriate to take certain actions to further validate and replicate the results.
Options:
a) Use a different method to replicate the results:
Using a different method to replicate the results can help to ensure that the findings are robust and not dependent on a specific method or approach. It allows for cross-validation and strengthens the validity of the results. However, this option alone may not be sufficient to confirm the relationship among the variables.
b) Obtain a larger sample to replicate results:
Obtaining a larger sample size can help increase the statistical power of the study and provide more reliable results. With a larger sample, the findings can be generalized to a larger population, enhancing the external validity of the study. This option is particularly useful when the initial sample size was small and may have limited representativeness.
c) Perform manipulation checks:
Performing manipulation checks involves assessing whether the variables were manipulated effectively in the study. It ensures that the independent variable(s) were successfully manipulated and had the intended effects on the dependent variable(s). By conducting manipulation checks, researchers can identify any potential confounding factors or flaws in the experimental design that may have influenced the results.
d) Reject the null hypothesis:
Rejecting the null hypothesis means that there is sufficient evidence to support the alternative hypothesis, which suggests the presence of a relationship among the variables. This decision is based on the statistical analysis of the data and indicates that the observed differences are unlikely to have occurred by chance alone. Rejecting the null hypothesis confirms the presence of a relationship and supports the research hypothesis.
e) All of the above:
All of the above options are appropriate actions to take when the responses of the participants significantly differ from what would be expected if there was no relationship among the variables. These actions collectively ensure that the results are reliable, valid, and can be replicated in future studies. They provide a comprehensive approach to validate the findings and confirm the presence of a relationship among the variables.
Conclusion:
When the responses of the participants significantly differ from what would be expected if there was no relationship among the variables, it is appropriate to use a combination of methods, such as replicating the results using a different method, obtaining a larger sample size, performing manipulation checks, and rejecting the null hypothesis. These actions collectively strengthen the validity and reliability of the findings and help to confirm the presence of a relationship among the variables.
Introduction:
When conducting a research study, it is important to analyze the responses of the participants to determine if there is a relationship among the variables being studied. If the responses significantly differ from what would be expected if there was no relationship among the variables, it indicates that there is indeed a relationship between the variables. In such cases, it would be appropriate to take certain actions to further validate and replicate the results.
Options:
a) Use a different method to replicate the results:
Using a different method to replicate the results can help to ensure that the findings are robust and not dependent on a specific method or approach. It allows for cross-validation and strengthens the validity of the results. However, this option alone may not be sufficient to confirm the relationship among the variables.
b) Obtain a larger sample to replicate results:
Obtaining a larger sample size can help increase the statistical power of the study and provide more reliable results. With a larger sample, the findings can be generalized to a larger population, enhancing the external validity of the study. This option is particularly useful when the initial sample size was small and may have limited representativeness.
c) Perform manipulation checks:
Performing manipulation checks involves assessing whether the variables were manipulated effectively in the study. It ensures that the independent variable(s) were successfully manipulated and had the intended effects on the dependent variable(s). By conducting manipulation checks, researchers can identify any potential confounding factors or flaws in the experimental design that may have influenced the results.
d) Reject the null hypothesis:
Rejecting the null hypothesis means that there is sufficient evidence to support the alternative hypothesis, which suggests the presence of a relationship among the variables. This decision is based on the statistical analysis of the data and indicates that the observed differences are unlikely to have occurred by chance alone. Rejecting the null hypothesis confirms the presence of a relationship and supports the research hypothesis.
e) All of the above:
All of the above options are appropriate actions to take when the responses of the participants significantly differ from what would be expected if there was no relationship among the variables. These actions collectively ensure that the results are reliable, valid, and can be replicated in future studies. They provide a comprehensive approach to validate the findings and confirm the presence of a relationship among the variables.
Conclusion:
When the responses of the participants significantly differ from what would be expected if there was no relationship among the variables, it is appropriate to use a combination of methods, such as replicating the results using a different method, obtaining a larger sample size, performing manipulation checks, and rejecting the null hypothesis. These actions collectively strengthen the validity and reliability of the findings and help to confirm the presence of a relationship among the variables.
Assertion (A): Psychological research aims to describe behaviors or phenomena to distinguish them from others.Reason (R): In psychological research, prediction is focused on forecasting likely behaviors under specific conditions based on the relationships established between different behaviors and events.- a)Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
- b)Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
- c)A is true, but R is false.
- d)A is false, but R is true.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Assertion (A): Psychological research aims to describe behaviors or phenomena to distinguish them from others.
Reason (R): In psychological research, prediction is focused on forecasting likely behaviors under specific conditions based on the relationships established between different behaviors and events.
a)
Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
b)
Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c)
A is true, but R is false.
d)
A is false, but R is true.
|
Learning Educators answered |
- Assertion (A): is true because one of the primary goals of psychological research is to accurately describe behaviors or phenomena.
- Reason (R): is also true, as prediction is indeed focused on forecasting behaviors. However, R is not the correct explanation for A because A is about description, while R focuses on prediction.
- Therefore, the correct answer is Option B.
The ultimate goal of the scientific inquiry is to bring out _____ within the lives of people.- a)Psychological changes
- b)Sociological changes
- c)Positive changes
- d)Negative changes
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
The ultimate goal of the scientific inquiry is to bring out _____ within the lives of people.
a)
Psychological changes
b)
Sociological changes
c)
Positive changes
d)
Negative changes
|
|
Amita Das answered |
The final goal of the scientific enquiry is to bring out positive changes within the lives of individuals. Psychological research is conducted to resolve problems in various settings. thanks to these efforts the standard of lifetime of people could be a major concern of psychologists.
Given below are four statements about the goals of psychological enquiry:i. Description involves establishing cause-effect relationships among variables.
ii. Prediction focuses on accurately forecasting behaviors based on relationships established.
iii. Explanation aims to provide detailed records of behavior for better understanding.
iv. Control involves using research findings to modify or manage behaviors.Which of the statements is/are true?- a)ii
- b)ii and iv
- c)i and iii
- d)iii and iv
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Given below are four statements about the goals of psychological enquiry:
i. Description involves establishing cause-effect relationships among variables.
ii. Prediction focuses on accurately forecasting behaviors based on relationships established.
iii. Explanation aims to provide detailed records of behavior for better understanding.
iv. Control involves using research findings to modify or manage behaviors.
ii. Prediction focuses on accurately forecasting behaviors based on relationships established.
iii. Explanation aims to provide detailed records of behavior for better understanding.
iv. Control involves using research findings to modify or manage behaviors.
Which of the statements is/are true?
a)
ii
b)
ii and iv
c)
i and iii
d)
iii and iv
|
|
EduRev Humanities answered |
The correct answer is b) ii and iv.
Explanation:
- Statement i is incorrect: Description in psychological enquiry refers to providing an accurate account of behaviors and phenomena, not about establishing cause-effect relationships (which is the goal of explanation).
- Statement ii is correct: Prediction involves forecasting behaviors based on established relationships between variables.
- Statement iii is incorrect: Explanation involves identifying causes or reasons behind behaviors, not just providing records of them.
- Statement iv is correct: Control refers to using the findings of psychological research to influence or modify behaviors.
The interpretive method emphasizes on _____- a)Understanding over explanation
- b)Understanding over explanation and prediction
- c)Understanding over prediction
- d)None of those
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
The interpretive method emphasizes on _____
a)
Understanding over explanation
b)
Understanding over explanation and prediction
c)
Understanding over prediction
d)
None of those
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Interpretive method emphasises understanding over explanation and prediction. It takes the stand that, visible of complex and variable nature of human behaviour and skill, its method of investigation should vary from the tactic of investigation of the physical world.
Which of the following do we know to be true about the qualitative approach? - a)When researchers report and comment on behaviour, without attempting to quantify it, they are using a qualitative research method.
- b)Qualitative methods can include coding, grouping and collecting observations.
- c)The way people evaluate the friendliness of the people they meet, illustrates some features of a qualitative approach to psychological research.
- d)All of the above.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following do we know to be true about the qualitative approach?
a)
When researchers report and comment on behaviour, without attempting to quantify it, they are using a qualitative research method.
b)
Qualitative methods can include coding, grouping and collecting observations.
c)
The way people evaluate the friendliness of the people they meet, illustrates some features of a qualitative approach to psychological research.
d)
All of the above.
|
|
Ravi Sharma answered |
When researchers report and comment on behaviour, without attempting to quantify it, they are using a qualitative research method. This approach involves attempts to understand behaviour by doing more than merely converting evidence into numbers. Qualitative methods can include coding, grouping and collecting observations without assigning actual numbers to the observation.
To take an example of human behaviour, you probably take a qualitative approach to the friendliness of the people you meet. In other words, you probably judge people as relatively friendly or unfriendly, but you would be unlikely to come up with a number that expresses their friendliness quotient.
To take an example of human behaviour, you probably take a qualitative approach to the friendliness of the people you meet. In other words, you probably judge people as relatively friendly or unfriendly, but you would be unlikely to come up with a number that expresses their friendliness quotient.
The three measures of central tendency include: - a)Motivation, cognition, behaviour
- b)Descriptive, inferential, evaluation
- c)Mean, average, sum
- d)Mean, median, mode
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
The three measures of central tendency include:
a)
Motivation, cognition, behaviour
b)
Descriptive, inferential, evaluation
c)
Mean, average, sum
d)
Mean, median, mode
|
|
Amita Das answered |
Mean, median and mode represent the three types of central tendency that give us different values for our data. Motivation, cognition and behaviour are topics studied within psychology. Descriptive is the term for the types of statistics represented by the measures of central tendency and inferential is another type of statistic that allows us to make inferences. Numerical, evaluation, quantity and quality are distracter terms. Dispersion is the typical distance of responses from one another.
The experiments during which independent variables are chosen instead of varied or manipulated by the experimenter are called- a)Field experiments
- b)Positive experiments
- c)Quasi-experiments
- d)Negative experiments
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
The experiments during which independent variables are chosen instead of varied or manipulated by the experimenter are called
a)
Field experiments
b)
Positive experiments
c)
Quasi-experiments
d)
Negative experiments
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Quasi-experimental research involves the manipulation of an experimental variable without the random assignment of participants to conditions or orders of conditions. Among the important types are nonequivalent groups designs, pretest-posttest, and interrupted time-series designs.
Deciding which method to choose is a very complex issue and depends on many factors. Which of the following statements is correct when making this decision?- a)Practical issues are irrelevant when deciding which research method to use.
- b)No one method is universally superior to any other.
- c)Both (a) and (b).
- d)Neither (a) nor (b)
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Deciding which method to choose is a very complex issue and depends on many factors. Which of the following statements is correct when making this decision?
a)
Practical issues are irrelevant when deciding which research method to use.
b)
No one method is universally superior to any other.
c)
Both (a) and (b).
d)
Neither (a) nor (b)
|
|
Ravi Sharma answered |
This is a very complex issue and depends on many factors, not least practical ones – including the amount of time, money and expertise that a researcher has. However, as a general principle, it is worth emphasising that no one method is universally superior. Part of any research psychologist’s role is to make judgements about the appropriateness of a method for investigating the issues at hand. Being a good researcher is not a question of whether you do experiments or surveys: it is more a matter of when and how you do them.
Match the following-
- a)1 - B, 2 - A, 3 - C, 4 - D
- b)1 - C, 2 - D, 3 - A, 4 - B
- c)1 - D, 2 - C, 3 - A, 4 - B
- d)1 - A, 2 - D, 3 - B, 4 - B
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Match the following-
a)
1 - B, 2 - A, 3 - C, 4 - D
b)
1 - C, 2 - D, 3 - A, 4 - B
c)
1 - D, 2 - C, 3 - A, 4 - B
d)
1 - A, 2 - D, 3 - B, 4 - B
|
|
Pj Commerce Academy answered |
- Description (B: Aims to accurately describe behaviors or phenomena):
- In psychological research, description refers to the careful and accurate portrayal of behaviors or phenomena, distinguishing them from others.
- Prediction (A: Predicts behaviors based on relationships established):
- Prediction involves forecasting future behaviors by understanding the relationships between different variables based on past observations.
- Explanation (C: Identifies causal factors influencing behaviors):
- Explanation is about identifying the underlying causes that influence behaviors, establishing cause-effect relationships.
- Control (D: Uses understanding to modify or manage behaviors):
- Control involves using knowledge gained from research to modify or influence behaviors in a desired direction, such as in therapetic settings.
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