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All questions of Pattern of Social Inequality and Exclusion for Humanities/Arts Exam
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): In modern times, and particularly since the nineteenth century, the link between caste and occupation has become much less rigid.
Reason (R): The caste-class correlation is still remarkably stable at the macro level.- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): In modern times, and particularly since the nineteenth century, the link between caste and occupation has become much less rigid.
Reason (R): The caste-class correlation is still remarkably stable at the macro level.
Assertion (A): In modern times, and particularly since the nineteenth century, the link between caste and occupation has become much less rigid.
Reason (R): The caste-class correlation is still remarkably stable at the macro level.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
|
Arun Yadav answered |
The reason for the assertion is that ritual-religious prohibitions on occupational change are not easily imposed today, and it is easier than before to change one’s occupation.
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The Jana were believed to be people of what?- a)Town
- b)Forest
- c)City
- d)None
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
The Jana were believed to be people of what?
a)
Town
b)
Forest
c)
City
d)
None
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
The Jana or tribes were believed to be people of the forest whose distinctive habitat in the hill and forest areas shaped their economic, social, and political attributes.
What dam was built on the river Godavari in Andhra Pradesh?- a)Hirakud Dam
- b)Polavaram
- c)Bhakra Dam
- d)Indira Sagar Dam
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
What dam was built on the river Godavari in Andhra Pradesh?
a)
Hirakud Dam
b)
Polavaram
c)
Bhakra Dam
d)
Indira Sagar Dam
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
The Polavaram dam on the river Godavari in Andhra Pradesh will displace hundreds of thousands of Adivasis, driving them to greater destitution.
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): Social exclusion is voluntary.
Reason (R): Exclusion is practiced regardless of the wishes of those who are excluded.- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): Social exclusion is voluntary.
Reason (R): Exclusion is practiced regardless of the wishes of those who are excluded.
Assertion (A): Social exclusion is voluntary.
Reason (R): Exclusion is practiced regardless of the wishes of those who are excluded.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Since it is practiced regardless of the wishes of those who are excluded, social exclusion is involuntary.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Untouchability was the most visible and comprehensive form of social discrimination. However, there were a large group of castes that were of low status and were also subjected to varying levels of discrimination short of untouchability. These were the service and artisanal castes who occupied the lower rungs of the caste hierarchy. The Constitution of India recognises the possibility that there may be groups other than the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes who suffer from social disadvantages.Q. What is/are reason(s) for the OBCs being a much more diverse group than the Dalits or Adivasis?- a)There are members of other religions who belong to the backward castes.
- b)The category comprises service and artisanal castes who occupied the lower rungs of the caste hierarchy.
- c)Only (A) is true.
- d)Both (A) and (B) are true.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Untouchability was the most visible and comprehensive form of social discrimination. However, there were a large group of castes that were of low status and were also subjected to varying levels of discrimination short of untouchability. These were the service and artisanal castes who occupied the lower rungs of the caste hierarchy. The Constitution of India recognises the possibility that there may be groups other than the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes who suffer from social disadvantages.
Q. What is/are reason(s) for the OBCs being a much more diverse group than the Dalits or Adivasis?
a)
There are members of other religions who belong to the backward castes.
b)
The category comprises service and artisanal castes who occupied the lower rungs of the caste hierarchy.
c)
Only (A) is true.
d)
Both (A) and (B) are true.
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Both (A) and (B) statements are true and contribute to the diversity in the OBC category.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:The Kalinganagar incident, like many horrors before it and after, briefly made the headlines and then disappeared from public view. The lives and deaths of poor adivasis slid back into obscurity. Yet their struggle still continues and by revisiting it, we not only remind ourselves of the need to address ongoing injustice, but also appreciate how this conflict encapsulates many of the key issues in the sphere of environment and development in India today. Like many adivasi-dominated parts of the country, Kalinganagar in Jaipur district of central Orissa is a paradox. Its wealth of natural resources contrasts sharply with the poverty of its inhabitants, mainly small farmers and labourers. The rich iron ore deposits in the area are state property and their ‘development’ means that Adivasi lands are compulsorily acquired by the state for a pittance. While a handful of local residents may get secure jobs on the lower rungs of the industrial sector, most are impoverished even further and survive on the edge of starvation as wage-labourers. It is estimated that 30 million people, more than the entire population of Canada, have been displaced by this land acquisition policy since India became independent in 1947 (Fernandes 1991). Of these, almost 75 per cent are, by the government’s own admission, ‘still awaiting rehabilitation’. This process of land acquisition is justified as being in the public interest since the state is committed to promoting economic growth by expanding industrial production and infrastructure.Q. Adivasis and their struggles are different from the Dalit struggle because:- a)Adivasis were concentrated in contiguous areas and could demand statehood
- b)They were not discriminated against like the Dalits
- c)They did not face social exclusion like the Dalits
- d)Their social and economic conditions were better than the Dalits
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
The Kalinganagar incident, like many horrors before it and after, briefly made the headlines and then disappeared from public view. The lives and deaths of poor adivasis slid back into obscurity. Yet their struggle still continues and by revisiting it, we not only remind ourselves of the need to address ongoing injustice, but also appreciate how this conflict encapsulates many of the key issues in the sphere of environment and development in India today. Like many adivasi-dominated parts of the country, Kalinganagar in Jaipur district of central Orissa is a paradox. Its wealth of natural resources contrasts sharply with the poverty of its inhabitants, mainly small farmers and labourers. The rich iron ore deposits in the area are state property and their ‘development’ means that Adivasi lands are compulsorily acquired by the state for a pittance. While a handful of local residents may get secure jobs on the lower rungs of the industrial sector, most are impoverished even further and survive on the edge of starvation as wage-labourers. It is estimated that 30 million people, more than the entire population of Canada, have been displaced by this land acquisition policy since India became independent in 1947 (Fernandes 1991). Of these, almost 75 per cent are, by the government’s own admission, ‘still awaiting rehabilitation’. This process of land acquisition is justified as being in the public interest since the state is committed to promoting economic growth by expanding industrial production and infrastructure.
Q. Adivasis and their struggles are different from the Dalit struggle because:
a)
Adivasis were concentrated in contiguous areas and could demand statehood
b)
They were not discriminated against like the Dalits
c)
They did not face social exclusion like the Dalits
d)
Their social and economic conditions were better than the Dalits
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
Dalits unlike Adivasis are not concentrated in particular regions across India.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:The very term ‘disabled’ challenges each of these assumptions. Terms such as ‘mentally challenged’, ‘visually impaired’ and ‘physically impaired’ came to replace the triter negative terms such as ‘retarded’, ‘crippled’ or ‘lame’. The disabled are rendered disabled not because they are biologically disabled but because society renders them so. We are disabled by buildings that are not designed to admit us, and this in turn leads to a range of further disabilities regarding our education, our chances of gaining employment, our social lives and so on. The disablement lies in the construction of society, not in the physical condition of the individual (Brissenden 1986:176).Q. Who argued that the invisibility of the disabled can be compared to the protagonist of the book ‘Invisible Man’?- a)Tarabai Shinde
- b)Ralph Ellison
- c)Anita Ghai
- d)Daya Pawar
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
The very term ‘disabled’ challenges each of these assumptions. Terms such as ‘mentally challenged’, ‘visually impaired’ and ‘physically impaired’ came to replace the triter negative terms such as ‘retarded’, ‘crippled’ or ‘lame’. The disabled are rendered disabled not because they are biologically disabled but because society renders them so. We are disabled by buildings that are not designed to admit us, and this in turn leads to a range of further disabilities regarding our education, our chances of gaining employment, our social lives and so on. The disablement lies in the construction of society, not in the physical condition of the individual (Brissenden 1986:176).
Q. Who argued that the invisibility of the disabled can be compared to the protagonist of the book ‘Invisible Man’?
a)
Tarabai Shinde
b)
Ralph Ellison
c)
Anita Ghai
d)
Daya Pawar
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Anita Ghai is one of the leading activists and scholars of disability in the Indian context who made the above argument. Ralph Ellison is the name of the author of the book.
Whose writings dominated the moral philosophy syllabus of Bombay university in the 1860s?- a)Bishop Joseph Butler
- b)Ram Mohan Roy
- c)Jotiba Phule
- d)None
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Whose writings dominated the moral philosophy syllabus of Bombay university in the 1860s?
a)
Bishop Joseph Butler
b)
Ram Mohan Roy
c)
Jotiba Phule
d)
None
|
Nilesh Chakraborty answered |
Joseph Butler was an influential figure in moral philosophy during the 18th century. His writings had a significant impact on the moral philosophy syllabus of Bombay University in the 1860s.
Joseph Butler's Philosophy:
- Joseph Butler was an Anglican bishop and theologian, known for his ethical writings and moral philosophy.
- His main work, "The Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of Nature," published in 1736, addressed the relationship between reason and faith.
- Butler argued that human nature and the natural world provide evidence for the existence of God and the truth of Christianity.
- He believed that moral principles are inherent in human nature and can be discovered through reason and reflection.
Butler's Influence on Bombay University:
- Bombay University, established in 1857, aimed to provide a comprehensive education that included a strong emphasis on moral philosophy.
- In the 1860s, Butler's writings dominated the moral philosophy syllabus at Bombay University.
- His ideas on moral philosophy were taught to students, and his works were studied and analyzed in depth.
- Butler's emphasis on the importance of reason and reflection in understanding moral principles resonated with the curriculum's focus on moral reasoning and ethical decision-making.
- His writings provided a framework for students to explore and develop their own moral philosophies.
Reasons for Dominance:
- Butler's writings were chosen for the syllabus due to their intellectual rigor, clarity, and relevance to the study of moral philosophy.
- His ideas were considered foundational and provided a solid basis for students to engage with ethical debates and dilemmas.
- Butler's emphasis on the role of reason and reflection in moral decision-making aligned with the broader educational goals of Bombay University, which aimed to cultivate critical thinking and intellectual development.
Conclusion:
In summary, Bishop Joseph Butler's writings, particularly his book "The Analogy of Religion," dominated the moral philosophy syllabus at Bombay University in the 1860s. His ideas on moral philosophy provided students with a framework for understanding and analyzing ethical issues, and his emphasis on reason and reflection resonated with the educational goals of the university.
Joseph Butler's Philosophy:
- Joseph Butler was an Anglican bishop and theologian, known for his ethical writings and moral philosophy.
- His main work, "The Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of Nature," published in 1736, addressed the relationship between reason and faith.
- Butler argued that human nature and the natural world provide evidence for the existence of God and the truth of Christianity.
- He believed that moral principles are inherent in human nature and can be discovered through reason and reflection.
Butler's Influence on Bombay University:
- Bombay University, established in 1857, aimed to provide a comprehensive education that included a strong emphasis on moral philosophy.
- In the 1860s, Butler's writings dominated the moral philosophy syllabus at Bombay University.
- His ideas on moral philosophy were taught to students, and his works were studied and analyzed in depth.
- Butler's emphasis on the importance of reason and reflection in understanding moral principles resonated with the curriculum's focus on moral reasoning and ethical decision-making.
- His writings provided a framework for students to explore and develop their own moral philosophies.
Reasons for Dominance:
- Butler's writings were chosen for the syllabus due to their intellectual rigor, clarity, and relevance to the study of moral philosophy.
- His ideas were considered foundational and provided a solid basis for students to engage with ethical debates and dilemmas.
- Butler's emphasis on the role of reason and reflection in moral decision-making aligned with the broader educational goals of Bombay University, which aimed to cultivate critical thinking and intellectual development.
Conclusion:
In summary, Bishop Joseph Butler's writings, particularly his book "The Analogy of Religion," dominated the moral philosophy syllabus at Bombay University in the 1860s. His ideas on moral philosophy provided students with a framework for understanding and analyzing ethical issues, and his emphasis on reason and reflection resonated with the educational goals of the university.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:The Kalinganagar incident, like many horrors before it and after, briefly made the headlines and then disappeared from public view. The lives and deaths of poor adivasis slid back into obscurity. Yet their struggle still continues and by revisiting it, we not only remind ourselves of the need to address ongoing injustice, but also appreciate how this conflict encapsulates many of the key issues in the sphere of environment and development in India today. Like many adivasi-dominated parts of the country, Kalinganagar in Jaipur district of central Orissa is a paradox. Its wealth of natural resources contrasts sharply with the poverty of its inhabitants, mainly small farmers and labourers. The rich iron ore deposits in the area are state property and their ‘development’ means that Adivasi lands are compulsorily acquired by the state for a pittance. While a handful of local residents may get secure jobs on the lower rungs of the industrial sector, most are impoverished even further and survive on the edge of starvation as wage-labourers. It is estimated that 30 million people, more than the entire population of Canada, have been displaced by this land acquisition policy since India became independent in 1947 (Fernandes 1991). Of these, almost 75 per cent are, by the government’s own admission, ‘still awaiting rehabilitation’. This process of land acquisition is justified as being in the public interest since the state is committed to promoting economic growth by expanding industrial production and infrastructure.Q. Which of the following is not true about the tribal population in India?- a)They are marked by poverty, powerlessness and social stigma
- b)Many tribal groups have been waging struggles against outsiders
- c)They have been alienated from their resources
- d)Their ecological isolation is absolute
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
The Kalinganagar incident, like many horrors before it and after, briefly made the headlines and then disappeared from public view. The lives and deaths of poor adivasis slid back into obscurity. Yet their struggle still continues and by revisiting it, we not only remind ourselves of the need to address ongoing injustice, but also appreciate how this conflict encapsulates many of the key issues in the sphere of environment and development in India today. Like many adivasi-dominated parts of the country, Kalinganagar in Jaipur district of central Orissa is a paradox. Its wealth of natural resources contrasts sharply with the poverty of its inhabitants, mainly small farmers and labourers. The rich iron ore deposits in the area are state property and their ‘development’ means that Adivasi lands are compulsorily acquired by the state for a pittance. While a handful of local residents may get secure jobs on the lower rungs of the industrial sector, most are impoverished even further and survive on the edge of starvation as wage-labourers. It is estimated that 30 million people, more than the entire population of Canada, have been displaced by this land acquisition policy since India became independent in 1947 (Fernandes 1991). Of these, almost 75 per cent are, by the government’s own admission, ‘still awaiting rehabilitation’. This process of land acquisition is justified as being in the public interest since the state is committed to promoting economic growth by expanding industrial production and infrastructure.
Q. Which of the following is not true about the tribal population in India?
a)
They are marked by poverty, powerlessness and social stigma
b)
Many tribal groups have been waging struggles against outsiders
c)
They have been alienated from their resources
d)
Their ecological isolation is absolute
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Tribal population in India does not live under absolute isolation. It co-exists with the non-tribal, caste-peasant community.
Prejudices are often grounded in what?- a)Heterotrophic
- b)Complex
- c)Stereotypes
- d)None
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Prejudices are often grounded in what?
a)
Heterotrophic
b)
Complex
c)
Stereotypes
d)
None
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
A person may be prejudiced in favour of members of his/her own caste or group. Without any evidence, they believe them to be superior to members of other castes or groups. Prejudices are often grounded in stereotypes, fixed and inflexible characterisations of a group of people.
Who appointed a commission to look into measures for the welfare of the OBCs?- a)Gandhi
- b)Rajendra Prasad
- c)Lala Lajpat Rai
- d)Jawaharlal Nehru
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Who appointed a commission to look into measures for the welfare of the OBCs?
a)
Gandhi
b)
Rajendra Prasad
c)
Lala Lajpat Rai
d)
Jawaharlal Nehru
|
|
Saumya Pillai answered |
Jawaharlal Nehru appointed a commission to look into measures for the welfare of the Other Backward Classes (OBCs).
The appointment of the commission by Jawaharlal Nehru was a significant step towards addressing the social and economic backwardness of the OBCs in India.
Here is a detailed explanation of the appointment of the commission by Jawaharlal Nehru:
1. Background:
- After India gained independence in 1947, the newly formed government led by Jawaharlal Nehru recognized the need to address the social and economic disparities prevalent in society.
- One of the major objectives of the government was to uplift the marginalized and backward sections of society, including the OBCs.
2. Appointment of the Commission:
- In 1953, Jawaharlal Nehru appointed the First Backward Classes Commission, also known as the Kalelkar Commission, after its chairman Kaka Kalelkar.
- The commission was tasked with identifying the socially and educationally backward classes and recommending measures for their welfare.
- The commission conducted an extensive study and visited various regions across the country to gather information about the conditions of the OBCs.
3. Recommendations and Impact:
- The Kalelkar Commission submitted its report in 1955, which highlighted the social, educational, and economic backwardness faced by the OBCs.
- The commission recommended the reservation of seats in educational institutions and government jobs for the OBCs, along with various other measures to uplift their status.
- The commission's report played a crucial role in shaping the policies and programs aimed at the welfare of the OBCs in independent India.
- The recommendations of the commission led to the implementation of reservation policies for OBCs in educational institutions and government employment, providing them with opportunities for social and economic mobility.
4. Significance:
- Jawaharlal Nehru's decision to appoint the commission reflected his commitment to social justice and inclusive development.
- The commission's findings and recommendations laid the foundation for the subsequent policies and programs for the welfare of the OBCs.
- The appointment of the commission marked an important step towards addressing the historical disadvantages faced by the OBCs and promoting equal opportunities for all sections of society.
In conclusion, Jawaharlal Nehru appointed the First Backward Classes Commission to examine the issues faced by the OBCs and suggest measures for their welfare. This initiative played a significant role in shaping the policies and programs aimed at uplifting the OBCs and promoting social justice in India.
The appointment of the commission by Jawaharlal Nehru was a significant step towards addressing the social and economic backwardness of the OBCs in India.
Here is a detailed explanation of the appointment of the commission by Jawaharlal Nehru:
1. Background:
- After India gained independence in 1947, the newly formed government led by Jawaharlal Nehru recognized the need to address the social and economic disparities prevalent in society.
- One of the major objectives of the government was to uplift the marginalized and backward sections of society, including the OBCs.
2. Appointment of the Commission:
- In 1953, Jawaharlal Nehru appointed the First Backward Classes Commission, also known as the Kalelkar Commission, after its chairman Kaka Kalelkar.
- The commission was tasked with identifying the socially and educationally backward classes and recommending measures for their welfare.
- The commission conducted an extensive study and visited various regions across the country to gather information about the conditions of the OBCs.
3. Recommendations and Impact:
- The Kalelkar Commission submitted its report in 1955, which highlighted the social, educational, and economic backwardness faced by the OBCs.
- The commission recommended the reservation of seats in educational institutions and government jobs for the OBCs, along with various other measures to uplift their status.
- The commission's report played a crucial role in shaping the policies and programs aimed at the welfare of the OBCs in independent India.
- The recommendations of the commission led to the implementation of reservation policies for OBCs in educational institutions and government employment, providing them with opportunities for social and economic mobility.
4. Significance:
- Jawaharlal Nehru's decision to appoint the commission reflected his commitment to social justice and inclusive development.
- The commission's findings and recommendations laid the foundation for the subsequent policies and programs for the welfare of the OBCs.
- The appointment of the commission marked an important step towards addressing the historical disadvantages faced by the OBCs and promoting equal opportunities for all sections of society.
In conclusion, Jawaharlal Nehru appointed the First Backward Classes Commission to examine the issues faced by the OBCs and suggest measures for their welfare. This initiative played a significant role in shaping the policies and programs aimed at uplifting the OBCs and promoting social justice in India.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Untouchability was the most visible and comprehensive form of social discrimination. However, there were a large group of castes that were of low status and were also subjected to varying levels of discrimination short of untouchability. These were the service and artisanal castes who occupied the lower rungs of the caste hierarchy. The Constitution of India recognises the possibility that there may be groups other than the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes who suffer from social disadvantages.Q. Like the category of the ‘tribe’, the OBCs are defined ____________, by what __________.- a)Negatively, they are not
- b)Positively, they are
- c)Empirically, is observed
- d)None of the above
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Untouchability was the most visible and comprehensive form of social discrimination. However, there were a large group of castes that were of low status and were also subjected to varying levels of discrimination short of untouchability. These were the service and artisanal castes who occupied the lower rungs of the caste hierarchy. The Constitution of India recognises the possibility that there may be groups other than the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes who suffer from social disadvantages.
Q. Like the category of the ‘tribe’, the OBCs are defined ____________, by what __________.
a)
Negatively, they are not
b)
Positively, they are
c)
Empirically, is observed
d)
None of the above
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
OBCs are neither part of the ‘forward’ castes at the upper end of the status spectrum, nor of the Dalits at the lower end.
When did the OBC issue become a regional affair pursued at the state rather than the central level?- a)Mid-Fifties
- b)Mid-Forties
- c)Mid-Sixties
- d)None
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
When did the OBC issue become a regional affair pursued at the state rather than the central level?
a)
Mid-Fifties
b)
Mid-Forties
c)
Mid-Sixties
d)
None
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
The OBC issue became a regional affair pursued at the state rather than the central level from the mid-fifties. The southern states had a long history of backward caste political agitation that had started in the early twentieth century.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Untouchability was the most visible and comprehensive form of social discrimination. However, there were a large group of castes that were of low status and were also subjected to varying levels of discrimination short of untouchability. These were the service and artisanal castes who occupied the lower rungs of the caste hierarchy. The Constitution of India recognises the possibility that there may be groups other than the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes who suffer from social disadvantages.Q. What is the constitutional basis of the popular term ‘Other Backward Classes’ (OBCs), which is in common use today?- a)Social backwardness
- b)Economic backwardness
- c)Neither (A) nor (B)
- d)Both (A) and (B)
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Untouchability was the most visible and comprehensive form of social discrimination. However, there were a large group of castes that were of low status and were also subjected to varying levels of discrimination short of untouchability. These were the service and artisanal castes who occupied the lower rungs of the caste hierarchy. The Constitution of India recognises the possibility that there may be groups other than the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes who suffer from social disadvantages.
Q. What is the constitutional basis of the popular term ‘Other Backward Classes’ (OBCs), which is in common use today?
a)
Social backwardness
b)
Economic backwardness
c)
Neither (A) nor (B)
d)
Both (A) and (B)
|
Kanav Garg answered |
A is the correct answer because,
social backwardsness means society does not want to be backwards class in their society
economic means money background, there so many people have money in the bank account
Which caste were not supposed to amass wealth?- a)Jains
- b)Sudras
- c)Brahmins
- d)None
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Which caste were not supposed to amass wealth?
a)
Jains
b)
Sudras
c)
Brahmins
d)
None
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
The ritually highest caste, the brahmins, were not supposed to amass wealth and were subordinated to kings and rulers’ secular power belonging to the Kshatriya castes.
People often harbour what about other social groups?- a)Equality
- b)Business
- c)Prejudices
- d)None
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
People often harbour what about other social groups?
a)
Equality
b)
Business
c)
Prejudices
d)
None
|
|
Aditya Banerjee answered |
Prejudices towards Other Social Groups
Prejudices are preconceived opinions or attitudes held about a particular group of people. Unfortunately, individuals often harbor prejudices towards other social groups, leading to discrimination and inequality. Here are some reasons why prejudices exist:
Stereotypes
Stereotypes are oversimplified beliefs about a particular group of people. These stereotypes can lead to prejudices if individuals believe that all members of a group possess the same characteristics or behaviors.
Fear of the Unknown
People tend to fear what they do not understand. This fear can lead to prejudices towards social groups that are perceived as different or unfamiliar.
Socialization
Individuals are often socialized to hold prejudices towards certain social groups. This socialization can come from family, friends, media, or other influential sources.
Historical and Cultural Factors
Historical events and cultural norms can also contribute to prejudices towards certain social groups. These factors can perpetuate negative beliefs and attitudes over time.
Power Dynamics
In many cases, prejudices stem from power dynamics, where one group holds more social, economic, or political power over another group. This power dynamic can lead to discrimination and biases.
In conclusion, prejudices towards other social groups are unfortunately common in society. It is essential to recognize and challenge these prejudices in order to promote equality and respect for all individuals, regardless of their background or identity.
Prejudices are preconceived opinions or attitudes held about a particular group of people. Unfortunately, individuals often harbor prejudices towards other social groups, leading to discrimination and inequality. Here are some reasons why prejudices exist:
Stereotypes
Stereotypes are oversimplified beliefs about a particular group of people. These stereotypes can lead to prejudices if individuals believe that all members of a group possess the same characteristics or behaviors.
Fear of the Unknown
People tend to fear what they do not understand. This fear can lead to prejudices towards social groups that are perceived as different or unfamiliar.
Socialization
Individuals are often socialized to hold prejudices towards certain social groups. This socialization can come from family, friends, media, or other influential sources.
Historical and Cultural Factors
Historical events and cultural norms can also contribute to prejudices towards certain social groups. These factors can perpetuate negative beliefs and attitudes over time.
Power Dynamics
In many cases, prejudices stem from power dynamics, where one group holds more social, economic, or political power over another group. This power dynamic can lead to discrimination and biases.
In conclusion, prejudices towards other social groups are unfortunately common in society. It is essential to recognize and challenge these prejudices in order to promote equality and respect for all individuals, regardless of their background or identity.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:The very term ‘disabled’ challenges each of these assumptions. Terms such as ‘mentally challenged’, ‘visually impaired’ and ‘physically impaired’ came to replace the triter negative terms such as ‘retarded’, ‘crippled’ or ‘lame’. The disabled are rendered disabled not because they are biologically disabled but because society renders them so. We are disabled by buildings that are not designed to admit us, and this in turn leads to a range of further disabilities regarding our education, our chances of gaining employment, our social lives and so on. The disablement lies in the construction of society, not in the physical condition of the individual (Brissenden 1986:176).Q. The dominant cultural construction in India therefore looks at disability as essentially a characteristic of the¬_____________.- a)Social group
- b)Individual
- c)Community
- d)Family
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
The very term ‘disabled’ challenges each of these assumptions. Terms such as ‘mentally challenged’, ‘visually impaired’ and ‘physically impaired’ came to replace the triter negative terms such as ‘retarded’, ‘crippled’ or ‘lame’. The disabled are rendered disabled not because they are biologically disabled but because society renders them so. We are disabled by buildings that are not designed to admit us, and this in turn leads to a range of further disabilities regarding our education, our chances of gaining employment, our social lives and so on. The disablement lies in the construction of society, not in the physical condition of the individual (Brissenden 1986:176).
Q. The dominant cultural construction in India therefore looks at disability as essentially a characteristic of the¬_____________.
a)
Social group
b)
Individual
c)
Community
d)
Family
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Whenever a disabled person is confronted with problems, it is taken for granted that the problems originate from her/ his impairment. Disability is supposed to be linked with the disabled individual’s self perception.
How many forms of capital can social resources be divided into?- a)Two
- b)Three
- c)Four
- d)Five
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
How many forms of capital can social resources be divided into?
a)
Two
b)
Three
c)
Four
d)
Five
|
Anuj Patel answered |
Three forms of capital
Social resources can be divided into three forms of capital: economic capital, cultural capital, and social capital.
Economic capital:
Economic capital refers to the financial resources and assets that individuals or groups possess. It includes money, property, investments, and other material possessions that contribute to their economic well-being. Economic capital enables individuals to access goods, services, and opportunities in society. It plays a crucial role in determining an individual's social status and power.
Cultural capital:
Cultural capital encompasses the knowledge, skills, education, and cultural assets that individuals acquire through socialization and education. It includes things like language proficiency, education level, cultural norms, values, and tastes. Cultural capital is not solely based on financial resources but also on the cultural experiences and practices that individuals possess. It shapes an individual's social interactions, opportunities, and social mobility.
Social capital:
Social capital refers to the social networks, relationships, and connections that individuals or groups have. It encompasses the trust, reciprocity, and social support that exist within these networks. Social capital facilitates access to resources, information, and opportunities through social connections. It enables individuals to navigate social structures, build social cohesion, and mobilize collective action for collective benefits.
Interconnectedness:
These three forms of capital are interconnected and influence each other. For example, economic capital can facilitate the acquisition of cultural capital through access to education and cultural experiences. Cultural capital, in turn, can enhance social capital by providing individuals with the social skills and knowledge necessary to navigate social networks and build relationships. Social capital can also impact economic capital by providing individuals with access to job opportunities, financial support, and social resources.
Importance:
Understanding these forms of capital is crucial for analyzing social inequalities, social mobility, and social interactions. It helps explain how individuals and groups access resources and opportunities in society and how social structures and networks shape their life chances. By recognizing the different forms of capital, policymakers, educators, and individuals can work towards promoting social equity and creating more inclusive and just societies.
Social resources can be divided into three forms of capital: economic capital, cultural capital, and social capital.
Economic capital:
Economic capital refers to the financial resources and assets that individuals or groups possess. It includes money, property, investments, and other material possessions that contribute to their economic well-being. Economic capital enables individuals to access goods, services, and opportunities in society. It plays a crucial role in determining an individual's social status and power.
Cultural capital:
Cultural capital encompasses the knowledge, skills, education, and cultural assets that individuals acquire through socialization and education. It includes things like language proficiency, education level, cultural norms, values, and tastes. Cultural capital is not solely based on financial resources but also on the cultural experiences and practices that individuals possess. It shapes an individual's social interactions, opportunities, and social mobility.
Social capital:
Social capital refers to the social networks, relationships, and connections that individuals or groups have. It encompasses the trust, reciprocity, and social support that exist within these networks. Social capital facilitates access to resources, information, and opportunities through social connections. It enables individuals to navigate social structures, build social cohesion, and mobilize collective action for collective benefits.
Interconnectedness:
These three forms of capital are interconnected and influence each other. For example, economic capital can facilitate the acquisition of cultural capital through access to education and cultural experiences. Cultural capital, in turn, can enhance social capital by providing individuals with the social skills and knowledge necessary to navigate social networks and build relationships. Social capital can also impact economic capital by providing individuals with access to job opportunities, financial support, and social resources.
Importance:
Understanding these forms of capital is crucial for analyzing social inequalities, social mobility, and social interactions. It helps explain how individuals and groups access resources and opportunities in society and how social structures and networks shape their life chances. By recognizing the different forms of capital, policymakers, educators, and individuals can work towards promoting social equity and creating more inclusive and just societies.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:The Kalinganagar incident, like many horrors before it and after, briefly made the headlines and then disappeared from public view. The lives and deaths of poor adivasis slid back into obscurity. Yet their struggle still continues and by revisiting it, we not only remind ourselves of the need to address ongoing injustice, but also appreciate how this conflict encapsulates many of the key issues in the sphere of environment and development in India today. Like many adivasi-dominated parts of the country, Kalinganagar in Jaipur district of central Orissa is a paradox. Its wealth of natural resources contrasts sharply with the poverty of its inhabitants, mainly small farmers and labourers. The rich iron ore deposits in the area are state property and their ‘development’ means that Adivasi lands are compulsorily acquired by the state for a pittance. While a handful of local residents may get secure jobs on the lower rungs of the industrial sector, most are impoverished even further and survive on the edge of starvation as wage-labourers. It is estimated that 30 million people, more than the entire population of Canada, have been displaced by this land acquisition policy since India became independent in 1947 (Fernandes 1991). Of these, almost 75 per cent are, by the government’s own admission, ‘still awaiting rehabilitation’. This process of land acquisition is justified as being in the public interest since the state is committed to promoting economic growth by expanding industrial production and infrastructure.Q. The term ‘jana’ means:- a)original inhabitants
- b)‘people of the forest’
- c)people
- d)oppressed people
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
The Kalinganagar incident, like many horrors before it and after, briefly made the headlines and then disappeared from public view. The lives and deaths of poor adivasis slid back into obscurity. Yet their struggle still continues and by revisiting it, we not only remind ourselves of the need to address ongoing injustice, but also appreciate how this conflict encapsulates many of the key issues in the sphere of environment and development in India today. Like many adivasi-dominated parts of the country, Kalinganagar in Jaipur district of central Orissa is a paradox. Its wealth of natural resources contrasts sharply with the poverty of its inhabitants, mainly small farmers and labourers. The rich iron ore deposits in the area are state property and their ‘development’ means that Adivasi lands are compulsorily acquired by the state for a pittance. While a handful of local residents may get secure jobs on the lower rungs of the industrial sector, most are impoverished even further and survive on the edge of starvation as wage-labourers. It is estimated that 30 million people, more than the entire population of Canada, have been displaced by this land acquisition policy since India became independent in 1947 (Fernandes 1991). Of these, almost 75 per cent are, by the government’s own admission, ‘still awaiting rehabilitation’. This process of land acquisition is justified as being in the public interest since the state is committed to promoting economic growth by expanding industrial production and infrastructure.
Q. The term ‘jana’ means:
a)
original inhabitants
b)
‘people of the forest’
c)
people
d)
oppressed people
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
The term ‘jana’ refers to ‘people of the forest’.
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:Assertion (A): Gender identities can be chosen willingly.Reason (R): By using surgical procedures male body can be converted into female body or female body into male body.- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): Gender identities can be chosen willingly.
Reason (R): By using surgical procedures male body can be converted into female body or female body into male body.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
In general, ‘male body’ and ‘female body’ as social units are unchanging identities but due to so much research in the field of physiology, the notion of the body is now linked with ‘choice structure’. Transgender as concept, thus, refers to conversions of gender status of body into opposite gender by using choice or certain compulsions.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:The very term ‘disabled’ challenges each of these assumptions. Terms such as ‘mentally challenged’, ‘visually impaired’ and ‘physically impaired’ came to replace the triter negative terms such as ‘retarded’, ‘crippled’ or ‘lame’. The disabled are rendered disabled not because they are biologically disabled but because society renders them so. We are disabled by buildings that are not designed to admit us, and this in turn leads to a range of further disabilities regarding our education, our chances of gaining employment, our social lives and so on. The disablement lies in the construction of society, not in the physical condition of the individual (Brissenden 1986:176).Q. Which of the following is NOT a feature central to the public perception of ‘disability’?- a)Disability is linked with the disabled individual’s self-perception.
- b)The very idea of disability suggests that they are in need of help.
- c)Disability is biologically given.
- d)None of the above
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
The very term ‘disabled’ challenges each of these assumptions. Terms such as ‘mentally challenged’, ‘visually impaired’ and ‘physically impaired’ came to replace the triter negative terms such as ‘retarded’, ‘crippled’ or ‘lame’. The disabled are rendered disabled not because they are biologically disabled but because society renders them so. We are disabled by buildings that are not designed to admit us, and this in turn leads to a range of further disabilities regarding our education, our chances of gaining employment, our social lives and so on. The disablement lies in the construction of society, not in the physical condition of the individual (Brissenden 1986:176).
Q. Which of the following is NOT a feature central to the public perception of ‘disability’?
a)
Disability is linked with the disabled individual’s self-perception.
b)
The very idea of disability suggests that they are in need of help.
c)
Disability is biologically given.
d)
None of the above
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
All the other options are central features to the public perception of disability.
What is the mere presence or shadow of an untouchable person considered to be?- a)Pure
- b)Polluting
- c)Precious
- d)None
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
What is the mere presence or shadow of an untouchable person considered to be?
a)
Pure
b)
Polluting
c)
Precious
d)
None
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Notions of distance pollution existed in many regions of India (particularly in the south) such that even the mere presence or the shadow of an untouchable person is considered polluting.
What are untouchable castes considered to be?- a)Priests
- b)Impure
- c)Pure
- d)None
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
What are untouchable castes considered to be?
a)
Priests
b)
Impure
c)
Pure
d)
None
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Strictly speaking, the untouchable castes are outside the caste hierarchy. They are considered to be so impure that their mere touch severely pollutes members of all other castes, bringing terrible punishment for the former and forcing the latter to perform elaborate purification rituals.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Untouchability was the most visible and comprehensive form of social discrimination. However, there were a large group of castes that were of low status and were also subjected to varying levels of discrimination short of untouchability. These were the service and artisanal castes who occupied the lower rungs of the caste hierarchy. The Constitution of India recognises the possibility that there may be groups other than the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes who suffer from social disadvantages.Q. The First Backward Classes Commission headed by ____________submitted its report in______.- a)Jawaharlal Nehru, 1953
- b)B.P. Mandal, 1979
- c)Kaka Kalelkar, 1953
- d)B.P. Mandal, 1990
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Untouchability was the most visible and comprehensive form of social discrimination. However, there were a large group of castes that were of low status and were also subjected to varying levels of discrimination short of untouchability. These were the service and artisanal castes who occupied the lower rungs of the caste hierarchy. The Constitution of India recognises the possibility that there may be groups other than the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes who suffer from social disadvantages.
Q. The First Backward Classes Commission headed by ____________submitted its report in______.
a)
Jawaharlal Nehru, 1953
b)
B.P. Mandal, 1979
c)
Kaka Kalelkar, 1953
d)
B.P. Mandal, 1990
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
The first government of independent India under Jawaharlal Nehru appointed a commission to look into measures for the welfare of the OBCs. It was headed by Kaka Kalelkar and submitted its report in 1953.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:The Kalinganagar incident, like many horrors before it and after, briefly made the headlines and then disappeared from public view. The lives and deaths of poor adivasis slid back into obscurity. Yet their struggle still continues and by revisiting it, we not only remind ourselves of the need to address ongoing injustice, but also appreciate how this conflict encapsulates many of the key issues in the sphere of environment and development in India today. Like many adivasi-dominated parts of the country, Kalinganagar in Jaipur district of central Orissa is a paradox. Its wealth of natural resources contrasts sharply with the poverty of its inhabitants, mainly small farmers and labourers. The rich iron ore deposits in the area are state property and their ‘development’ means that Adivasi lands are compulsorily acquired by the state for a pittance. While a handful of local residents may get secure jobs on the lower rungs of the industrial sector, most are impoverished even further and survive on the edge of starvation as wage-labourers. It is estimated that 30 million people, more than the entire population of Canada, have been displaced by this land acquisition policy since India became independent in 1947 (Fernandes 1991). Of these, almost 75 per cent are, by the government’s own admission, ‘still awaiting rehabilitation’. This process of land acquisition is justified as being in the public interest since the state is committed to promoting economic growth by expanding industrial production and infrastructure.Q. The outsiders against whom the tribals have been waging struggles are called______- a)immigrants
- b)dikus
- c)traders
- d)upper-castes
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
The Kalinganagar incident, like many horrors before it and after, briefly made the headlines and then disappeared from public view. The lives and deaths of poor adivasis slid back into obscurity. Yet their struggle still continues and by revisiting it, we not only remind ourselves of the need to address ongoing injustice, but also appreciate how this conflict encapsulates many of the key issues in the sphere of environment and development in India today. Like many adivasi-dominated parts of the country, Kalinganagar in Jaipur district of central Orissa is a paradox. Its wealth of natural resources contrasts sharply with the poverty of its inhabitants, mainly small farmers and labourers. The rich iron ore deposits in the area are state property and their ‘development’ means that Adivasi lands are compulsorily acquired by the state for a pittance. While a handful of local residents may get secure jobs on the lower rungs of the industrial sector, most are impoverished even further and survive on the edge of starvation as wage-labourers. It is estimated that 30 million people, more than the entire population of Canada, have been displaced by this land acquisition policy since India became independent in 1947 (Fernandes 1991). Of these, almost 75 per cent are, by the government’s own admission, ‘still awaiting rehabilitation’. This process of land acquisition is justified as being in the public interest since the state is committed to promoting economic growth by expanding industrial production and infrastructure.
Q. The outsiders against whom the tribals have been waging struggles are called______
a)
immigrants
b)
dikus
c)
traders
d)
upper-castes
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
The word ‘dikus’ means outsiders. Dikus were the people who made the tribal people dependent upon them, thereby causing them a lot of misery and suffering.
When did the first backward classes commission submit its report?- a)1950
- b)1953
- c)1949
- d)1956
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
When did the first backward classes commission submit its report?
a)
1950
b)
1953
c)
1949
d)
1956
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
The first backward classes commission headed by Kaka Kalelkar submitted its report in 1953. but the political climate at the time led to the report being sidelined.
Who uses the term social stratification to refer to a system by which categories of people in society are ranked in a hierarchy?- a)Sociologists
- b)Criminologists
- c)Psychologists
- d)Anthropologists
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Who uses the term social stratification to refer to a system by which categories of people in society are ranked in a hierarchy?
a)
Sociologists
b)
Criminologists
c)
Psychologists
d)
Anthropologists
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Sociologists use the term social stratification to refer to a system by which categories of people in a society are ranked in a hierarchy.
Who did Jyotirao Phule want to be educated?- a)Men
- b)Girls
- c)Boys
- d)None
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Who did Jyotirao Phule want to be educated?
a)
Men
b)
Girls
c)
Boys
d)
None
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
Jyotirao Phule wanted girls to be educated but within the precincts of their homes.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:The very term ‘disabled’ challenges each of these assumptions. Terms such as ‘mentally challenged’, ‘visually impaired’ and ‘physically impaired’ came to replace the triter negative terms such as ‘retarded’, ‘crippled’ or ‘lame’. The disabled are rendered disabled not because they are biologically disabled but because society renders them so. We are disabled by buildings that are not designed to admit us, and this in turn leads to a range of further disabilities regarding our education, our chances of gaining employment, our social lives and so on. The disablement lies in the construction of society, not in the physical condition of the individual (Brissenden 1986:176).Q. Labels such as bechara (poor thing) accentuate the ____________ for the disabled person.- a)victim status
- b)state of poverty
- c)marginalised status
- d)low status
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
The very term ‘disabled’ challenges each of these assumptions. Terms such as ‘mentally challenged’, ‘visually impaired’ and ‘physically impaired’ came to replace the triter negative terms such as ‘retarded’, ‘crippled’ or ‘lame’. The disabled are rendered disabled not because they are biologically disabled but because society renders them so. We are disabled by buildings that are not designed to admit us, and this in turn leads to a range of further disabilities regarding our education, our chances of gaining employment, our social lives and so on. The disablement lies in the construction of society, not in the physical condition of the individual (Brissenden 1986:176).
Q. Labels such as bechara (poor thing) accentuate the ____________ for the disabled person.
a)
victim status
b)
state of poverty
c)
marginalised status
d)
low status
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
The roots of such attitudes lie in the cultural conception that views an impaired body as a result of fate. Destiny is seen as the culprit, and disabled people are the victims.
What campaign did Raja Ram Mohan Roy lead in Bengal?- a)Anti-Drug Campaign
- b)Anti-Globalisation Campaign
- c)Anti-Sati Campaign
- d)None
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
What campaign did Raja Ram Mohan Roy lead in Bengal?
a)
Anti-Drug Campaign
b)
Anti-Globalisation Campaign
c)
Anti-Sati Campaign
d)
None
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
Raja Ram Mohan Roy led the anti-sati campaign in Bengal. The widow remarriage movement in the Bombay presidency where Ranade was one of the leading reformers, from Jyotiba Phule’s simultaneous attack on caste and gender oppression, and from the social reform movement in Islam led by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. Raja Ram Mohan Roy’s attempts to reform society, religion, and women’s status can be taken as the starting point of the nineteenth-century social reform in Bengal.
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