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All questions of August 2025 for CUET Commerce Exam

What is a significant concern regarding the current creamy layer threshold of ₹8 lakh for OBC reservations?
  • a)
    It only benefits families with high incomes
  • b)
    It has been revised too frequently
  • c)
    It is too low to provide any benefits
  • d)
    It excludes many families facing economic disadvantages
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Significant Concern Regarding the Creamy Layer Threshold
The creamy layer threshold of ₹8 lakh for Other Backward Classes (OBC) reservations is a pressing issue in the context of social equity and economic justice.
Exclusion of Economically Disadvantaged Families
- The primary concern is that the current threshold of ₹8 lakh may exclude many families who are economically disadvantaged but do not fall within the specified income limit.
- Families earning just below this threshold may still struggle with basic needs such as education, healthcare, and housing, which are essential for upward mobility.
Context of Economic Disparity
- Economic disparities in India are significant, and a threshold of ₹8 lakh does not account for regional variations in the cost of living.
- In urban areas, this income may not suffice for a comfortable living, while in rural areas, it may provide some stability. Thus, the threshold is not uniformly applicable across different contexts.
Impact on Reservation Benefits
- By limiting the benefits of OBC reservations to those below the ₹8 lakh threshold, many deserving candidates who face economic hardships are denied opportunities in education and employment.
- This exclusion undermines the very purpose of reservations, which is to uplift economically and socially disadvantaged groups.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the ₹8 lakh creamy layer threshold for OBC reservations is criticized for excluding numerous families grappling with economic disadvantages. A reevaluation of this threshold is essential to ensure that the benefits of reservations genuinely reach those in need.

What developmental phase is crucial for establishing lifelong health and cognitive abilities in children?
  • a)
    Ages 5 to 10
  • b)
    The first 1,000 days of life
  • c)
    Ages 1 to 5
  • d)
    Adolescence
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

kirpal kaur answered
The first 1,000 days of life (from conception to a child's second birthday) are the most crucial period for establishing lifelong health and cognitive abilities because they are a unique window for foundational brain development, immunity, and growth, with positive experiences like proper nutrition and supportive relationships having a profound and lasting impact.

Why the First 1,000 Days Are Critical

Brain Development:
This period is when the foundation for brain circuits that support linguistic, cognitive, and socio-emotional abilities is built, significantly influencing future learning and problem-solving.

Foundation for Health:
Adequate nutrition, along with healthy practices and environments during these 1,000 days, lays the groundwork for a child's long-term health and well-being.

Immunity and Growth:
Proper care and nutrition during this time profoundly impact a child's immune system and overall physical growth, setting them up for success later in life.

Cognitive and Socio-Emotional Skills:
Experiences and relationships during these early years shape a child's intellectual growth and ability to navigate social and emotional situations throughout their life.

Impact of Early Experiences

Nutrition:
Essential for brain development and overall health, providing a child with the necessary building blocks to thrive.

Responsive Caregivers:
Stable, nurturing, and responsive relationships provide the fundamental support needed for a child's physical, social, emotional, and cognitive development.

Safe Environments:
A nurturing and safe environment is also a fundamental support that allows children to develop optimally.


The "First 1,000 Days"
This period, encompassing pregnancy and the first two years of a child's life, offers the greatest opportunity to positively influence a child's development across all domains.
Investments in this critical period, including appropriate nutrition and positive experiences, are essential for ensuring a child's potential can be fully realized as they grow into adulthood.

What technology is employed in the CEREBO device for diagnosing brain injuries?
  • a)
    Radiofrequency identification
  • b)
    X-ray imaging
  • c)
    Ultrasound technology
  • d)
    Near-infrared spectroscopy
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

CEREBO utilizes near-infrared spectroscopy, a technology that allows for quick and safe diagnosis of traumatic brain injuries. This method is particularly advantageous in emergency situations where time is critical, and it is radiation-free, making it suitable for all patients.

What is the environmental benefit of Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) compared to conventional jet fuel?
  • a)
    Higher production costs
  • b)
    Requires complex modifications to aircraft
  • c)
    Increased greenhouse gas emissions
  • d)
    Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by up to 94%
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 94%, depending on the feedstock and production technology used. SAF is designed as a "drop-in fuel," meaning it can be blended with existing jet fuel without requiring changes to aircraft, making it a practical option for reducing aviation's environmental footprint.

Which sector is likely to be most affected by the U.S. tariffs imposed on Indian imports?
  • a)
    Textiles and Apparel
  • b)
    Renewable Energy
  • c)
    IT Services
  • d)
    Agriculture
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Impact of U.S. Tariffs on Indian Imports
The imposition of U.S. tariffs on Indian imports primarily affects the textiles and apparel sector due to several interconnected factors.
1. High Dependency on Exports
- The textiles and apparel sector is one of India's largest export categories.
- A significant portion of Indian textile exports is directed towards the U.S. market, making it vulnerable to tariff fluctuations.
2. Competitive Pricing
- Tariffs increase the cost of Indian textiles and apparel in the U.S. market.
- This could lead to reduced demand, as American consumers may turn to cheaper alternatives from other countries.
3. Supply Chain Disruptions
- The sector relies heavily on global supply chains.
- Increased tariffs can disrupt these supply chains, leading to delays and higher operational costs.
4. Job Losses and Economic Impact
- The textiles and apparel industry employs millions in India.
- Reduced exports can lead to job losses and negatively impact local economies.
5. Comparison with Other Sectors
- While other sectors like renewable energy, IT services, and agriculture may also experience some impact, they are less reliant on U.S. exports compared to textiles.
- Sectors like IT services have a more diversified client base and are less affected by tariffs.
In summary, the textiles and apparel sector is likely to be the most adversely impacted by U.S. tariffs on Indian imports due to its high dependency on the U.S. market, competitive pricing challenges, and potential job losses.

What is the primary goal of the National Mission on Edible Oils – Oil Palm (NMEO-OP) launched in India?
  • a)
    To promote the cultivation of oil palm and reduce import reliance
  • b)
    To decrease palm oil production in India
  • c)
    To increase the import of palm oil
  • d)
    To establish palm oil as the primary edible oil in India
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Aim It Academy answered
The NMEO-OP aims to expand the cultivation of oil palm in India to reduce reliance on palm oil imports. The initiative sets ambitious targets, including increasing the cultivation area and production of palm oil by specific deadlines, thereby enhancing domestic production and decreasing the significant dependency on imports.

What are the implications of the NTCA's recent policy restricting tiger corridors to only 32 designated pathways?
  • a)
    Enhanced support for community-based conservation efforts.
  • b)
    Simplified project clearances at the cost of ecological integrity.
  • c)
    Increased funding for wildlife conservation initiatives.
  • d)
    Improved genetic diversity among tiger populations.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Nitin Mehra answered
Implications of NTCA's Policy on Tiger Corridors
The recent policy by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) that restricts tiger corridors to only 32 designated pathways has significant implications, particularly in relation to ecological integrity and project clearances.
Impact on Ecological Integrity
- Loss of Habitat Connectivity: By limiting corridors to specific pathways, the policy may disrupt natural movement patterns of tigers, leading to isolated populations.
- Fragmentation of Ecosystems: The restriction can cause fragmentation, adversely affecting not only tigers but also the broader ecosystem, including prey species and plant life.
Simplified Project Clearances
- Easier Approvals for Development: This policy could lead to simplified project clearances for infrastructure and development projects, as fewer corridors mean less scrutiny of projects’ ecological impacts.
- Economic Gains vs. Conservation: While it may facilitate economic development, such simplifications often come at the cost of ecological integrity, prioritizing short-term gains over long-term biodiversity conservation.
Potential Consequences
- Increased Human-Wildlife Conflict: With restricted corridors, tigers may venture into human settlements more frequently, increasing the likelihood of conflict.
- Decreased Genetic Diversity: Isolated populations resulting from limited corridors can lead to inbreeding, reducing genetic diversity and resilience of tiger populations.
Conclusion
In summary, while the NTCA's policy may streamline project clearances, it raises significant concerns regarding ecological integrity, potentially leading to detrimental long-term impacts on tiger populations and their habitats. The balance between development and conservation must be carefully managed to ensure the survival of this iconic species.

Which of the following measures is mandated by the 130th Constitution (Amendment) Bill, 2025, regarding ministers arrested for serious criminal charges?
  • a)
    Removal only after a conviction
  • b)
    Automatic removal upon arrest
  • c)
    Temporary removal after 30 days of detention
  • d)
    No action required
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Diya Choudhary answered
Overview of the 130th Constitution (Amendment) Bill, 2025
The 130th Constitution (Amendment) Bill, 2025, introduces significant changes regarding the accountability of ministers facing serious criminal charges. One of the key provisions of this bill pertains to the circumstances under which ministers can be removed from their positions.
Key Measure: Temporary Removal After 30 Days of Detention
- The bill mandates that ministers who are arrested for serious criminal charges must be temporarily removed from their positions if they are detained for more than 30 days.
- This provision aims to ensure that public officials are held to a standard of accountability while maintaining their presumption of innocence until proven guilty.
Rationale Behind the Measure
- The rationale for this measure is to uphold the integrity of the government and maintain public trust. By mandating temporary removal, the bill seeks to prevent potential misuse of power and ensure that ministers do not continue to perform their duties while facing serious allegations.
- It balances the need for accountability with the rights of the accused, as it does not enforce automatic removal upon arrest or require a conviction before action is taken.
Conclusion
The 130th Constitution (Amendment) Bill, 2025, reflects a progressive approach towards political accountability. By instituting a system of temporary removal after 30 days of detention, it seeks to foster transparency and responsibility among ministers, ensuring that the governance structure remains credible and trustworthy in the eyes of the public.

Which key feature distinguishes the newly identified palm species 'Phoenix roxburghii'?
  • a)
    It has a wider trunk than other palm species
  • b)
    It produces smaller fruits
  • c)
    It can grow taller than Phoenix sylvestris
  • d)
    It has a solitary trunk structure
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Ankit Jain answered
Key Feature of Phoenix roxburghii
The newly identified palm species, Phoenix roxburghii, stands out primarily due to its remarkable height.
Distinguishing Characteristics
- Height Advantage:
- Phoenix roxburghii is capable of growing taller than its close relative, Phoenix sylvestris. This height difference is significant in the identification and classification of palm species.
- Ecological Significance:
- The ability to grow taller allows Phoenix roxburghii to access more sunlight, which can be advantageous in its native habitat, promoting better growth and reproductive success.
Comparison with Other Palm Species
- Trunk Structure:
- Unlike some palm species that exhibit clustering, Phoenix roxburghii typically has a solitary trunk, which can contribute to its overall height and aesthetic appeal.
- Fruit Size:
- While it may produce smaller fruits compared to other species, this characteristic is not the defining feature that distinguishes it.
Conclusion
In summary, the key feature that sets Phoenix roxburghii apart from other palm species is its potential to grow taller than Phoenix sylvestris. This trait not only influences its ecological adaptations but also plays a crucial role in its identification as a unique species within the Phoenix genus.

What is a significant concern raised by the Supreme Court regarding the Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls in Bihar?
  • a)
    It may disenfranchise millions of marginalized individuals
  • b)
    It lacks sufficient documentation requirements
  • c)
    It is not being conducted on time
  • d)
    It is too lenient on voter registration
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

T.S Academy answered
The Supreme Court raised concerns that the Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls could disenfranchise millions of marginalized individuals due to stringent documentation requirements. This shift from presumed inclusion to presumptive exclusion could undermine the democratic principle of universal adult suffrage, raising alarms about access to voting rights.

What was a key feature of the training provided in the Digi Kerala programme?
  • a)
    Making calls and using WhatsApp
  • b)
    Advanced coding skills
  • c)
    Computer programming
  • d)
    Network security
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

The training in the Digi Kerala programme focused on essential skills such as making calls, using WhatsApp, and accessing government services. This pragmatic approach helped to empower individuals by enabling them to use digital tools in their daily lives, thereby enhancing their engagement with the digital world.

What type of ecosystem are prairies primarily classified as?
  • a)
    Boreal forests
  • b)
    Desert landscapes
  • c)
    Tropical rainforests
  • d)
    Flat, temperate grasslands
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Understanding Prairies
Prairies are primarily classified as flat, temperate grasslands due to their unique characteristics and ecological features.
Geographical Location
- Prairies are found in regions with moderate climates, primarily in North America.
- They typically exist between forests and deserts, benefiting from seasonal rainfall.
Climate Characteristics
- Prairies experience a temperate climate, with warm summers and cold winters.
- Rainfall is moderate, ranging from 10 to 30 inches annually, which supports grass growth rather than forests.
Flora and Fauna
- The dominant vegetation consists mainly of grasses, wildflowers, and occasional shrubs.
- This ecosystem supports a diverse range of wildlife, including bison, prairie dogs, and various bird species.
Soil Composition
- Prairie soils, known as mollisols, are rich in organic matter and nutrients, making them highly fertile.
- This fertility is ideal for agriculture, leading to significant human settlement and farming in prairie regions.
Ecological Importance
- Prairies play a crucial role in carbon storage, soil conservation, and supporting biodiversity.
- They are essential for water filtration and providing habitat for numerous species.
In summary, prairies are classified as flat, temperate grasslands due to their climatic conditions, soil types, and the types of vegetation and wildlife they support. This classification emphasizes their unique ecological role and importance in the environment.

What was the primary reason behind the U.S. imposing significant tariff increases on Indian imports?
  • a)
    India's high export rates of pharmaceuticals
  • b)
    India's trade agreements with the European Union
  • c)
    India's investment in renewable energy sources
  • d)
    India's continued purchases of oil from Russia
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Pallavi Shah answered
Background on U.S.-India Trade Relations
The U.S. has historically maintained a complex relationship with India, balancing trade interests and geopolitical considerations. Recent tariff increases on Indian imports have stemmed from various factors, with a notable focus on India's foreign policy decisions.
India's Oil Purchases from Russia
One of the primary reasons for the U.S. imposing significant tariff increases on Indian imports is:
- Continued Purchases of Oil from Russia: Despite global pressure to reduce reliance on Russian energy, India has continued to buy oil from Russia, particularly following the invasion of Ukraine.
Impact of Oil Purchases
This decision has raised concerns in the U.S. for several reasons:
- Geopolitical Tensions: The U.S. seeks to isolate Russia economically as part of its strategy to respond to its aggression. India’s purchases undermine these efforts.
- Economic Sanctions: By continuing to import Russian oil, India is perceived as indirectly supporting Russia, which contradicts the U.S. sanctions regime aimed at crippling the Russian economy.
Broader Economic Strategies
The tariff increases can be viewed as a form of economic leverage:
- Encouraging Policy Change: The U.S. aims to encourage India to align with its foreign policy objectives by making it economically disadvantageous to maintain relations with Russia.
- Balancing Trade Deficits: Increasing tariffs can also serve as a method for the U.S. to balance trade deficits and protect its domestic industries from foreign competition.
In summary, while various factors contribute to U.S.-India trade dynamics, India's ongoing oil purchases from Russia have been a significant catalyst for the recent tariff increases.

Which of the following best describes the role of the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) in India?
  • a)
    It is primarily focused on border security.
  • b)
    It protects critical infrastructure and public sector undertakings.
  • c)
    It is responsible for maintaining law and order in urban areas.
  • d)
    It serves as a diplomatic force in international relations.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Aim It Academy answered
The CISF is a Central Armed Police Force that secures critical infrastructure, including airports and nuclear installations. Its establishment aimed to protect sensitive public sector undertakings, and it has since expanded its role to include securing various important facilities across the nation.

What is the primary model used in the Animal Birth Control (ABC) Program for managing stray dogs?
  • a)
    Catch–sterilise–vaccinate–release
  • b)
    Capture and cull
  • c)
    Capture and adopt
  • d)
    Capture and relocate
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Prateek Datta answered
Understanding the ABC Program
The Animal Birth Control (ABC) Program is a humane approach to managing stray dog populations. The primary model used in this initiative is the Catch–sterilise–vaccinate–release method.
Key Components of the ABC Program:
- Catch: Stray dogs are humanely trapped to ensure their safety and the safety of the community. This is done using specialized traps that minimize stress to the animals.
- Sterilise: Once captured, the dogs undergo a sterilization procedure. This is crucial as it prevents unwanted litters, addressing the root cause of overpopulation.
- Vaccinate: Alongside sterilization, dogs are vaccinated against common diseases such as rabies. This not only protects the dogs but also enhances public health and safety.
- Release: After recovery, the dogs are returned to their original habitats. This is important for maintaining the ecological balance and social structure of the existing dog population.
Benefits of the ABC Program:
- Humane Treatment: Unlike methods such as culling or relocation, ABC focuses on humane treatment, ensuring the welfare of stray dogs.
- Population Control: By preventing reproduction, the ABC model effectively reduces the stray dog population over time.
- Public Health Improvement: Vaccination reduces the risk of diseases spreading to humans and other animals, contributing to a healthier environment.
- Community Involvement: The program often engages local communities, fostering awareness and encouraging responsible pet ownership.
In conclusion, the ABC Program's catch–sterilise–vaccinate–release model stands out as a sustainable and ethical strategy for managing stray dog populations, providing a win-win solution for both animals and communities.

What was the trigger for the Assam government’s eviction drives starting in 2016?
  • a)
    A Supreme Court ruling
  • b)
    A directive from the central government
  • c)
    A new state law on land ownership
  • d)
    A Gauhati High Court order
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Background of the Eviction Drives
The eviction drives initiated by the Assam government starting in 2016 were primarily influenced by a legal directive from the Gauhati High Court. The court's ruling emphasized the need to address illegal encroachments on government land, particularly in forest reserves and protected areas.
Key Triggers for the Eviction Drives
- Legal Directive: The Gauhati High Court issued orders for the state government to take action against encroachments, particularly in districts heavily affected by illegal settlement.
- Focus on Government Land: The drives aimed to reclaim land that was unlawfully occupied, thus reinforcing the state’s authority over public resources.
- Restoration of Ecological Balance: Evictions were also seen as necessary to restore ecological balance, particularly in sensitive areas prone to environmental degradation.
Impact of the Eviction Drives
- Social Tensions: The eviction drives sparked significant social unrest and protests, as many residents were displaced, leading to concerns about human rights and the livelihoods of affected families.
- Political Repercussions: The actions taken by the government led to political debates and controversies, with various groups voicing their opinions on the legality and morality of such drives.
- Government Response: In response to the backlash, the government sought to clarify its stance, emphasizing that the drives were rooted in legal obligations and aimed at protecting state interests.
In conclusion, the eviction drives in Assam were primarily triggered by a directive from the Gauhati High Court, aiming to combat illegal encroachments and restore government land, which had significant social and political implications.

What is a significant feature of the Mudumalai Tiger Reserve (MTR)?
  • a)
    It is the largest tiger reserve in India
  • b)
    It has the highest elevation among Indian reserves
  • c)
    It is part of the Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve
  • d)
    It is primarily a marine reserve
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

The Mudumalai Tiger Reserve is part of the Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve, which is the first biosphere reserve in India. This reserve plays a crucial role in biodiversity conservation and is home to a variety of flora and fauna.

How many UN member states have recognized Palestine as a state, according to the provided information?
  • a)
    139
  • b)
    143
  • c)
    147
  • d)
    151
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Historically, 147 out of 193 UN member states have recognized Palestine, as noted in the context of the UK’s potential recognition shift. This growing global support, especially from Western nations like the UK, France, and Canada, reflects a significant change in diplomatic approaches to the Israel-Palestine conflict.

What does the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) assess?
  • a)
    Environmental conservation efforts
  • b)
    Economic growth rates
  • c)
    Agricultural productivity
  • d)
    Severity of hunger crises
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

The Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) is a globally recognized system that assesses the severity of hunger crises. It uses a five-phase scale to classify food insecurity and helps organizations and governments respond to humanitarian needs effectively.

What role does the Bering Strait play in U.S.-Russia relations?
  • a)
    It has no geopolitical significance
  • b)
    It reflects cooperation through adherence to shipping guidelines
  • c)
    It is a site for military confrontation
  • d)
    It serves as a trade route exclusively for the U.S.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Iq Funda answered
The Bering Strait serves as a geographical and political landmark illustrating cooperation between the U.S. and Russia, particularly through adherence to shipping guidelines established in 2018. Despite challenging political relations, this cooperation signifies a mutual interest in managing maritime activities responsibly, highlighting the complexity of international relations in the region.

What is the main focus of the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA)?
  • a)
    Protecting marine life
  • b)
    Promoting eco-tourism
  • c)
    Conserving big cat species
  • d)
    Reducing poaching of elephants
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

T.S Academy answered
The International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) primarily focuses on conserving seven species of big cats, including tigers and leopards. It aims to enhance collaborative efforts among countries to protect these species and their habitats through various initiatives.

Which African country recently cancelled a significant sale involving Chemaf Resources to a Chinese firm?
  • a)
    Democratic Republic of the Congo
  • b)
    Zimbabwe
  • c)
    Namibia
  • d)
    South Africa
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) cancelled the sale of Chemaf Resources to China’s Norin Mining following opposition from the state miner Gecamines. This move reflects a growing trend among African nations to reassess and renegotiate mining agreements with foreign entities to ensure better local control and benefit from their natural resources, promoting economic sovereignty.

What significant change has occurred regarding the Maoist insurgency in India according to recent reports?
  • a)
    It has diminished to only 18 districts
  • b)
    It has expanded to over 200 districts
  • c)
    It has become more organized
  • d)
    It has gained significant local support
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

The Maoist insurgency has significantly decreased, now only affecting 18 districts, down from nearly 180 in the late 2000s. This decline is attributed to various factors including government development initiatives and counterinsurgency operations, which have reduced the insurgency's influence and incidents of left-wing extremism.

What was the percentage increase in India's Asiatic lion population from 2020 to 2025?
  • a)
    26.9%
  • b)
    70.36%
  • c)
    32.2%
  • d)
    4%
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

The Asiatic lion population in India increased by 32.2% from 674 in 2020 to 891 in 2025, as indicated by the 16th Lion Population Estimation. This significant growth reflects successful conservation efforts for this endangered species.

What are biologics, and how do they differ from traditional small molecule drugs?
  • a)
    They are only used for emergency medications.
  • b)
    They are all synthetic compounds.
  • c)
    They are large, complex drugs derived from living organisms.
  • d)
    They are simpler drugs with fixed structures.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Harsh Gupta answered
Understanding Biologics
Biologics are a category of products derived from living organisms that are used for therapeutic purposes. They include a wide range of products such as vaccines, blood components, gene therapies, and monoclonal antibodies.
Key Characteristics of Biologics:
- Large and Complex Molecules: Unlike traditional small molecule drugs, which are typically composed of simple, chemically synthesized structures, biologics are large and intricate. They can be proteins, sugars, or nucleic acids and often consist of thousands of atoms.
- Derived from Living Organisms: Biologics are produced using biological processes, typically involving living cells or organisms. This can include yeast, bacteria, or mammalian cells, making their production more complex.
- Immunogenicity: Due to their biological nature, biologics can elicit immune responses in patients, which can lead to side effects or affect the efficacy of the treatment.
Differences from Traditional Small Molecule Drugs:
- Structure: Small molecule drugs are generally small, with a well-defined chemical structure, allowing for predictable behavior in the body. In contrast, biologics have variable structures and are more sensitive to changes in manufacturing processes.
- Administration: Small molecules are often given orally, while biologics usually require injection or infusion due to their size and instability in the digestive tract.
- Development and Regulation: The development of biologics is typically more complicated and costly due to their complexity and the need for stringent regulatory scrutiny.
In summary, biologics represent a revolutionary approach to treatment, leveraging the complexity of biological systems to create therapies that can treat a variety of conditions, distinguishing them significantly from traditional small molecule drugs.

What is a key condition set by the UK for not recognizing Palestine at the UN General Assembly in September 2025?
  • a)
    Israel agreeing to a Gaza ceasefire
  • b)
    Palestine halting all militant activities
  • c)
    The U.S. endorsing the two-state solution
  • d)
    The UN passing a resolution on Gaza
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Nitin Mehra answered
Key Condition for UK Recognition of Palestine
The United Kingdom's position on recognizing Palestine at the UN General Assembly in September 2025 is influenced by several geopolitical factors, particularly in relation to the ongoing conflict with Israel.
1. Ceasefire in Gaza
- The UK has emphasized the need for a ceasefire in Gaza as a crucial precondition for its support of Palestine's recognition.
- A ceasefire would indicate a commitment to reducing violence and fostering a more stable environment conducive to dialogue.
2. Impact of Violence
- Continued violence in the region complicates diplomatic efforts and undermines the legitimacy of Palestinian claims.
- A commitment to ceasefire signals a willingness to engage in peaceful negotiations rather than resorting to military actions.
3. Diplomatic Leverage
- By linking recognition to a ceasefire, the UK aims to leverage diplomatic pressure on both Israel and Palestine to pursue peaceful resolutions.
- This approach aligns with international efforts to stabilize the region and promote a two-state solution.
4. Broader Context
- The UK’s stance reflects a cautious approach, balancing support for Palestinian self-determination with the need for security and stability in the region.
- Recognition of Palestine is seen as part of a larger framework that includes the roles of other countries, especially the United States.
In summary, the UK's condition for not recognizing Palestine hinges on Israel agreeing to a ceasefire in Gaza, signaling a critical step towards achieving lasting peace and advancing the two-state solution.

What significant change does the proposed GST reform aim to implement?
  • a)
    Elimination of all indirect taxes
  • b)
    Increase in the tax rate for essential goods
  • c)
    Transition from a four-rate system to a two-slab system
  • d)
    Introduction of a new luxury tax
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

The proposed GST reform aims to simplify the tax structure by transitioning from the current four-rate system to a two-slab system, which includes rates of 5% and 18% along with a special rate for certain goods. This simplification is intended to enhance compliance and improve revenue collection.

Which historical event significantly shaped the anti-infiltration narrative behind Assam’s eviction drives?
  • a)
    The Partition of India (1947)
  • b)
    The Assam Agitation (1979–1985)
  • c)
    The Bangladesh Liberation War (1971)
  • d)
    The Emergency (1975–1977)
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Historical Context of Assam's Eviction Drives
The anti-infiltration narrative surrounding Assam's eviction drives is deeply rooted in the Assam Agitation (1979–1985). This period was marked by significant socio-political unrest and agitation against illegal immigration, particularly from Bangladesh.
Key Factors Influencing the Anti-Infiltration Narrative
- Demographic Concerns: The influx of Bengali Muslims, especially post-Partition and during the Bangladesh Liberation War, raised fears among indigenous Assamese communities about losing their cultural identity and political power.
- Political Mobilization: The Assam Agitation was a mass movement spearheaded by the All Assam Students' Union (AASU) demanding the detection and expulsion of illegal immigrants, which resonated with widespread public sentiment.
- Institutional Response: The agitation led to the signing of the Assam Accord in 1985, which aimed to grant citizenship rights to those who settled before a specific cut-off date while excluding others, reinforcing the anti-infiltration narrative.
- Social Tensions: The agitation highlighted deep-rooted ethnic and linguistic tensions, as many Assamese felt threatened by the perceived encroachment of Bengali settlers on their land and resources.
Consequences of the Assam Agitation
The aftermath of the Assam Agitation solidified the anti-infiltration sentiment, leading to several eviction drives aimed at removing illegal immigrants. These drives are often justified as measures to preserve the demographic and cultural integrity of Assam, reflecting the enduring legacy of the agitation.
In summary, the Assam Agitation (1979–1985) was pivotal in shaping the anti-infiltration narrative, influencing both public sentiment and government policies related to immigration and eviction in Assam.

What is a significant concern regarding the Employment Linked Incentive (ELI) Scheme introduced by the Indian government?
  • a)
    It eliminates job opportunities in manufacturing
  • b)
    It focuses too heavily on the informal sector
  • c)
    It guarantees jobs for all graduates
  • d)
    It does not sufficiently address skill mismatches in the labor market
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Aim It Academy answered
A significant concern regarding the ELI Scheme is that it does not sufficiently address the skill mismatches in the labor market. While it aims to incentivize job creation, the low percentage of graduates securing jobs that match their qualifications highlights a disconnect between the skills offered by the education system and the demands of the job market.

What does the UGC draft curriculum aim to achieve with the integration of Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS)?
  • a)
    To standardize education across all Indian states
  • b)
    To eliminate traditional subjects from higher education
  • c)
    To align higher education with India’s cultural and intellectual heritage
  • d)
    To focus solely on Western educational models
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Kiran Saha answered
Understanding the UGC Draft Curriculum's Goals
The University Grants Commission (UGC) draft curriculum seeks to integrate Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) into higher education to promote a more culturally relevant and intellectually rich educational framework.
Key Objectives of the Integration
- Cultural Relevance:
The curriculum aims to align education with India's diverse cultural heritage, recognizing the importance of traditional knowledge in contemporary society. This fosters a sense of identity and belonging among students.
- Intellectual Heritage:
By incorporating IKS, the curriculum acknowledges the contributions of ancient Indian scholars and philosophical thought to global knowledge systems, enriching students' understanding of various disciplines.
- Holistic Education:
The integration of IKS is intended to provide a well-rounded education that encompasses not just Western paradigms but also indigenous knowledge, promoting critical thinking, creativity, and innovation.
- Interdisciplinary Approach:
The UGC promotes an interdisciplinary learning environment where students can explore the connections between traditional Indian knowledge and modern scientific and technological advancements.
Conclusion
Integrating IKS into the UGC draft curriculum is a strategic move to create a higher education system that reflects India's unique cultural landscape. This approach not only preserves and promotes traditional knowledge but also enhances the global competitiveness of Indian education, preparing students for a diverse and interconnected world.

What does the National Sports Governance Bill 2025 aim to establish?
  • a)
    A sports tournament for school children
  • b)
    A national sports academy
  • c)
    New governing bodies for sports administration
  • d)
    A sports scholarship program
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Swati Datta answered
Overview of the National Sports Governance Bill 2025
The National Sports Governance Bill 2025 is a significant legislative measure aimed at reforming the sports administration landscape in the country.
Objectives of the Bill
The primary aim of the Bill is to establish new governing bodies for sports administration. This restructuring is crucial to enhance the efficiency and accountability of sports governance in India.
Key Features of the Bill
- New Governing Bodies: The Bill proposes the creation of independent and transparent governing bodies that would oversee various sports disciplines. This aims to eliminate bureaucratic hurdles and ensure better management of sports.
- Accountability: By establishing new governing structures, the Bill seeks to improve accountability among sports administrators, ensuring that they are answerable for their actions and decisions.
- Professionalization: The Bill emphasizes the need for professional standards in sports management, bringing in experts from various fields to enhance the governance framework.
- Inclusivity: The new governing bodies are expected to promote inclusivity, ensuring that all stakeholders, including athletes, coaches, and support staff, have a voice in decision-making processes.
Significance of the Bill
The establishment of new governing bodies is critical for the development of sports in India. It aims to:
- Foster a culture of transparency and integrity within sports organizations.
- Encourage the growth of sports at grassroots levels.
- Enhance India's performance on international sporting platforms.
In conclusion, the National Sports Governance Bill 2025 is a pivotal step towards modernizing sports administration in India, focusing on accountability, professionalism, and inclusivity through the establishment of new governing bodies.

What is the traditional significance of the Dhirio bull fighting in Goa?
  • a)
    A competitive sport for national recognition
  • b)
    A form of religious ritual
  • c)
    A celebration after the harvest season
  • d)
    A method of animal husbandry
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

T.S Academy answered
Dhirio, or bull fighting, is traditionally held after the harvest season in Goa, reflecting its deep cultural roots and community celebrations. This event showcases local customs and serves as a gathering point for villagers, highlighting its significance in Goan heritage.

What is the 'Master of Roster' principle in the context of India's judiciary?
  • a)
    It enables public involvement in judicial assignments
  • b)
    It gives the Chief Justice of a High Court exclusive authority to allocate cases
  • c)
    It mandates that all judges must hear all cases equally
  • d)
    It allows any judge to assign cases
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

The 'Master of Roster' principle grants the Chief Justice of a High Court the exclusive authority to form benches and assign cases. This principle is crucial for maintaining judicial independence and ensuring that case allocation is managed effectively, as established through various landmark rulings.

Which constitutional article allows for special provisions for the advancement of socially and educationally backward classes in India?
  • a)
    Article 21
  • b)
    Article 16(4)
  • c)
    Article 15(4)
  • d)
    Article 340
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Introduction
In India, the Constitution provides several provisions aimed at ensuring social justice and equality for all citizens. Among these, certain articles specifically address the needs of socially and educationally backward classes.
Article 15(4)
- This article explicitly allows the state to make special provisions for the advancement of socially and educationally backward classes.
- It empowers the government to take affirmative action in favor of these groups, ensuring they receive adequate representation and opportunities in education and public employment.
Context and Importance
- The provision under Article 15(4) is crucial for addressing historical injustices faced by marginalized communities.
- It aims to enhance their socio-economic status and promote equality, thereby fostering a more inclusive society.
Relation to Other Articles
- While Article 16(4) also addresses reservations in public employment for backward classes, Article 15(4) focuses specifically on educational and social advancement.
- Article 21 ensures the right to life and personal liberty but does not directly deal with issues of social advancement.
Conclusion
In summary, Article 15(4) of the Indian Constitution is the correct answer to the question regarding special provisions for the advancement of socially and educationally backward classes. Its significance lies in promoting equality and providing opportunities for those who have historically been disadvantaged, thereby contributing to the overall development of Indian society.

What is the primary reason for the recommendation to revise the "creamy layer" income ceiling for OBC reservation benefits?
  • a)
    To increase the number of eligible families for reservations
  • b)
    To comply with international human rights standards
  • c)
    To reflect changes in economic conditions and inflation
  • d)
    To eliminate the reservation system entirely
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

The recommendation to revise the "creamy layer" income ceiling primarily aims to address the effects of inflation and changing income levels that have rendered the existing ceiling insufficient. Regular updates are essential to ensure that benefits reach those who truly need them, reflecting current economic realities.

What recent decision did the Supreme Court make regarding the Animal Birth Control (ABC) Program?
  • a)
    It mandated the relocation of sterilized stray dogs.
  • b)
    It required all stray dogs to be culled.
  • c)
    It deemed the practice of returning sterilized stray dogs to the streets as unreasonable.
  • d)
    It established new guidelines for dog breeding.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

The Supreme Court ruled that the practice of returning sterilized stray dogs to the streets is unreasonable and absurd, ordering that these dogs be relocated to shelters instead. This decision underscores the importance of humane treatment and the need for effective management of stray populations, ensuring that sterilized dogs do not return to potentially harmful environments. An interesting fact is that the ABC Program is designed to both control populations and reduce rabies incidence through a scientifically proven method.

What is one of the key features of the Coastal Shipping Bill, 2024?
  • a)
    It eliminates all licensing requirements for foreign vessels
  • b)
    It increases tariffs on coastal shipping
  • c)
    It modernizes regulations to streamline coastal trade
  • d)
    It restricts coastal trade to Indian vessels only
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Overview of the Coastal Shipping Bill, 2024
The Coastal Shipping Bill, 2024 is a significant legislative framework aimed at enhancing the efficiency and competitiveness of coastal shipping in India. One of its key features is the modernization of regulations, which is essential for streamlining coastal trade.
Key Feature: Modernization of Regulations
- The bill introduces a framework that simplifies existing regulations, making it easier for stakeholders to engage in coastal shipping.
- It aims to reduce bureaucratic hurdles that have historically hindered the growth of coastal trade, thereby facilitating smoother operations for shipping companies.
Enhanced Efficiency
- By modernizing regulations, the bill promotes better coordination among various stakeholders in the shipping industry, including port authorities and shipping operators.
- This streamlined approach is expected to improve turnaround times and reduce costs associated with coastal shipping.
Encouraging Investment
- The modernization also opens up avenues for investment in infrastructure, technology, and services related to coastal shipping.
- As regulations become more business-friendly, it is likely to attract both domestic and foreign investors into the coastal shipping sector.
Conclusion
The Coastal Shipping Bill, 2024 is a proactive step towards rejuvenating the coastal shipping industry in India. By modernizing regulations, it aims to foster a more efficient, cost-effective, and globally competitive coastal trade environment. This approach not only benefits shipping operators but also enhances the overall economic growth of coastal regions.

What was the primary purpose of the recent initiatives regarding prairies?
  • a)
    To enhance comprehensive restoration
  • b)
    To increase urbanization in prairie regions
  • c)
    To develop new agricultural techniques
  • d)
    To promote tourism in grassland areas
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

The primary purpose of the recent initiatives is to enhance comprehensive restoration of prairies. This effort aims to revitalize these ecosystems, which are vital for biodiversity and environmental health, by addressing issues such as habitat loss and degradation.

What was the primary consequence of the Supreme Court of India's order regarding street dogs in New Delhi?
  • a)
    It successfully reduced the number of dog bites
  • b)
    It established a new policy framework for animal control in India
  • c)
    It led to the mass confinement of street dogs, creating public health concerns
  • d)
    The order was universally accepted by animal rights activists
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

The Supreme Court's controversial order mandating the rounding up of all street dogs into mass shelters led to significant public health concerns, including overcrowding and potential disease outbreaks. The order faced criticism for being unscientific and for ignoring the complexities of the street dog population issue, emphasizing the need for evidence-based solutions like the Animal Birth Control (ABC) program instead.

What significant change occurred in India's sovereign rating recently?
  • a)
    Upgrade to A+
  • b)
    No change in rating
  • c)
    Downgrade to BB
  • d)
    Upgrade from BBB- to BBB
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

India’s sovereign rating was upgraded from BBB- to BBB by S&P Global Ratings, marking the first upgrade in nearly two decades. This reflects improved economic fundamentals and is expected to lower borrowing costs, enhance access to global capital markets, and boost investor confidence in India's economic stability.

What is a significant outcome of the recent India-Philippines strategic partnership?
  • a)
    Establishment of a joint military base
  • b)
    Discontinuation of educational exchanges
  • c)
    Complete military dependency on India
  • d)
    Doubling bilateral trade by 2030
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Moumita Kaur answered
Significant Outcome of India-Philippines Strategic Partnership
The recent strategic partnership between India and the Philippines has resulted in various collaborative efforts, with one of the most significant outcomes being the goal to double bilateral trade by 2030.
Key Aspects of the Trade Agreement
- Economic Growth: The commitment to double trade aims to enhance economic relations, providing mutual benefits to both nations.
- Diversified Trade: This partnership focuses on diversifying trade products and services beyond traditional sectors, allowing for increased cooperation in technology, agriculture, and pharmaceuticals.
- Regional Stability: Strengthening bilateral trade is expected to enhance regional stability and foster closer ties amid geopolitical tensions in the Asia-Pacific region.
Strategic Importance
- Counterbalancing Influence: By deepening economic ties, India and the Philippines can work together to counterbalance the growing influence of other nations in the region.
- Strengthening Partnerships: This trade goal aligns with India's broader "Act East" policy and the Philippines’ efforts to engage with major powers, reinforcing their respective roles in regional and global platforms.
Conclusion
The ambition to double bilateral trade by 2030 signifies a robust commitment to fostering deeper economic ties and enhancing cooperation between India and the Philippines. This outcome reflects the strategic importance of their partnership, aiming for mutual growth and stability in a rapidly changing geopolitical landscape.

Which of the following contradicts the claim that India is a "dead economy"?
  • a)
    India’s share of the global economy has risen to nearly 14% by 2025
  • b)
    India’s GDP growth has been slower than the U.S. since 1995
  • c)
    India has a low female workforce participation rate
  • d)
    24% of India’s population lives below the poverty line
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Iq Funda answered
The content states that India’s GDP has increased nearly 12 times from 1995 to 2025, and its global economic share has risen from less than 5% to nearly 14%, indicating strong growth. This contradicts the "dead economy" claim. Options C and D highlight structural issues, while B is incorrect as India’s growth outpaces the U.S.

What does the PAHAL scheme focus on regarding LPG subsidies?
  • a)
    Establishing new LPG refineries
  • b)
    Providing free LPG to all citizens
  • c)
    Increasing the price of LPG
  • d)
    Direct benefit transfer of subsidies to consumers
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Aim It Academy answered
The PAHAL scheme, officially known as Pratyaksh Hanstantarit Labh, focuses on the direct benefit transfer of LPG subsidies to consumers. By allowing consumers to pay the full market price and receiving the subsidy directly in their bank accounts, the scheme enhances transparency and efficiency in subsidy distribution.

Which of the following best describes the primary aim of Prophylaxis Therapy for Hemophilia?
  • a)
    To provide emergency treatment for bleeding episodes
  • b)
    To cure hemophilia completely
  • c)
    To treat only mild cases of hemophilia
  • d)
    To prevent bleeding episodes through regular infusion of clotting factors
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Iq Funda answered
Prophylaxis Therapy involves regular infusions of clotting factors to prevent bleeding episodes, fundamentally shifting the approach to hemophilia care from reactive treatment to a preventive strategy. This is especially crucial for improving the quality of life and reducing long-term complications.

What is the primary purpose of the HQ-16 missile system developed by China?
  • a)
    To enhance naval capabilities.
  • b)
    To serve as a long-range ballistic missile.
  • c)
    To target aerial threats like aircraft and missiles.
  • d)
    To provide ground support for infantry.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Overview of HQ-16 Missile System
The HQ-16 missile system is a surface-to-air missile (SAM) developed by China, primarily designed to intercept and destroy aerial threats. Its capabilities are crucial for modern military operations, especially in an era of advanced warfare.
Primary Purpose
- The HQ-16 is specifically engineered to target aerial threats like aircraft and missiles.
- It plays a vital role in enhancing the air defense capabilities of the Chinese military.
Key Features
- Versatility: The system can engage various aerial targets, including unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), cruise missiles, and combat aircraft.
- Guidance System: The HQ-16 employs advanced guidance technologies, such as active radar and inertial guidance, ensuring high accuracy and effectiveness against fast-moving targets.
- Mobility: Designed for rapid deployment, the HQ-16 can be transported easily, allowing for flexible positioning on the battlefield.
Strategic Importance
- Integrated Defense: The missile system is part of a broader air defense network, complementing other systems to create a multi-layered defense strategy.
- Deterrence: By possessing robust air defense capabilities, China enhances its deterrence posture, making it challenging for adversaries to conduct aerial attacks.
In summary, the HQ-16 missile system serves a critical role in modern air defense, effectively targeting and neutralizing aerial threats, which is essential for maintaining national security and operational effectiveness in military engagements.

What significant advancement does the Bharat Forecast System represent in India's meteorological capabilities?
  • a)
    A decrease in weather prediction accuracy
  • b)
    A reduction in localized weather forecasting
  • c)
    The reliance on outdated forecasting models
  • d)
    The use of a Triangular Cubic Octahedral dynamical grid
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Iq Funda answered
The Bharat Forecast System employs a Triangular Cubic Octahedral (TCo) dynamical grid, achieving a horizontal resolution of 6 km, which significantly enhances the precision of weather predictions. This advancement aids in localized forecasting, supporting sectors like agriculture and disaster management.

What is the primary objective of the Skill Impact Bonds (SIB) initiative launched in India?
  • a)
    To reduce the unemployment rate to zero
  • b)
    To provide free education to all youth
  • c)
    To create a digital payment infrastructure
  • d)
    To ensure employment-linked skill development for 50,000 youth
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Navya Chavan answered
Overview of Skill Impact Bonds (SIB) Initiative
The Skill Impact Bonds (SIB) initiative in India is designed to tackle the pressing issue of unemployment amongst the youth by focusing on skill development linked to job opportunities. This innovative approach aims to bridge the gap between industry needs and the skills possessed by job seekers.
Primary Objective
The main goal of the SIB initiative is:
- Employment-Linked Skill Development: Targeting to ensure that 50,000 youth receive training that is directly linked to employment opportunities. This is achieved by collaborating with various stakeholders, including training providers and employers.
Key Features
- Outcome-Based Funding: The initiative operates on a model where funding is contingent upon the successful placement of trained individuals in jobs, thereby ensuring accountability and effectiveness.
- Collaboration with Private Sector: By involving private companies, the program aims to align training programs with market demands and future job opportunities.
Impact on Youth
- Skill Acquisition: It focuses on equipping youth with relevant skills that enhance their employability in various sectors.
- Job Readiness: The program prepares participants not just for jobs but for sustainable careers, encouraging economic independence.
Conclusion
In summary, the Skill Impact Bonds initiative is a strategic effort to address youth unemployment through structured skill development linked to actual job placements, aiming to empower 50,000 individuals and create a more skilled workforce in India.

What was one of the significant findings of the study on the Gangotri Glacier's discharge patterns?
  • a)
    Increasing snowfall in winter months
  • b)
    No change in discharge patterns over the decades
  • c)
    A shift in discharge peaks from August to July post-1990
  • d)
    Increased glacial mass due to climate change
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Harsh Gupta answered
Significant Findings of the Gangotri Glacier Study
The study on the discharge patterns of the Gangotri Glacier revealed important insights about shifting climatic and hydrological patterns in the region. One of the most significant findings was:
A Shift in Discharge Peaks from August to July Post-1990
This finding is critical for several reasons:
- Hydrological Impact: The change in discharge peak from August to July indicates a shift in the timing of meltwater release, which can affect river flow rates and water availability downstream.
- Climate Change Indicators: This shift suggests that climate change is influencing the glacier's melting patterns, likely due to rising temperatures, which can accelerate glacial melt earlier in the year.
- Water Resource Management: Understanding these shifts is vital for water resource management in the region, particularly for agriculture and drinking water supply, as it can impact planning and usage strategies.
- Ecological Effects: Changes in discharge patterns can also affect local ecosystems, altering habitats for various flora and fauna that depend on specific water flow conditions.
- Future Projections: Monitoring such trends can help predict future changes in glacial behavior, which is crucial for adapting to ongoing climate changes.
In conclusion, the study's finding of a shift in discharge peaks from August to July post-1990 highlights the impact of climate change on glacial dynamics and emphasizes the importance of continuous monitoring to understand and mitigate these changes.

The Dard-Shin tribe is primarily located in which region?
  • a)
    Dardistan, including parts of northern Afghanistan
  • b)
    Central India
  • c)
    Western Europe
  • d)
    Southern India
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

The Dard-Shin tribe is situated in Dardistan, which encompasses regions like Chitral, Yasin, Gilgit, and parts of northern Afghanistan. This ancient Indo-Aryan group has a rich cultural and linguistic heritage.

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