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All questions of System of Human Body for UPSC CSE Exam
Which of the following organs is affected by the illness cirrhosis?- a)Kidney
- b)Liver
- c)Pancreas
- d)Small intestine
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following organs is affected by the illness cirrhosis?
a)
Kidney
b)
Liver
c)
Pancreas
d)
Small intestine
|
Debanshi Sarkar answered |
Understanding Cirrhosis
Cirrhosis is a progressive liver disease characterized by the replacement of healthy liver tissue with scar tissue, leading to a decline in liver function. It is a serious condition that can result from various factors, primarily chronic alcohol abuse, viral hepatitis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
Key Effects on the Liver
- **Scar Tissue Formation**: Cirrhosis causes the liver to become scarred, which impairs its ability to function effectively.
- **Impaired Liver Functions**: The liver plays a critical role in detoxifying harmful substances, producing bile for digestion, and synthesizing proteins necessary for blood clotting. Cirrhosis disrupts these functions.
- **Complications**: Patients with cirrhosis may experience complications such as portal hypertension, liver failure, and an increased risk of liver cancer.
Common Causes of Cirrhosis
- **Chronic Alcohol Abuse**: Long-term excessive drinking can lead to alcoholic liver disease and ultimately cirrhosis.
- **Chronic Viral Hepatitis**: Hepatitis B and C can cause long-term inflammation and damage to the liver, leading to cirrhosis.
- **Fatty Liver Disease**: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasingly recognized as a cause of cirrhosis, often associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome.
Conclusion
In summary, cirrhosis primarily affects the liver, leading to severe health complications and requiring ongoing medical management. Early detection and addressing the underlying causes are crucial for preventing further liver damage.
Cirrhosis is a progressive liver disease characterized by the replacement of healthy liver tissue with scar tissue, leading to a decline in liver function. It is a serious condition that can result from various factors, primarily chronic alcohol abuse, viral hepatitis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
Key Effects on the Liver
- **Scar Tissue Formation**: Cirrhosis causes the liver to become scarred, which impairs its ability to function effectively.
- **Impaired Liver Functions**: The liver plays a critical role in detoxifying harmful substances, producing bile for digestion, and synthesizing proteins necessary for blood clotting. Cirrhosis disrupts these functions.
- **Complications**: Patients with cirrhosis may experience complications such as portal hypertension, liver failure, and an increased risk of liver cancer.
Common Causes of Cirrhosis
- **Chronic Alcohol Abuse**: Long-term excessive drinking can lead to alcoholic liver disease and ultimately cirrhosis.
- **Chronic Viral Hepatitis**: Hepatitis B and C can cause long-term inflammation and damage to the liver, leading to cirrhosis.
- **Fatty Liver Disease**: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasingly recognized as a cause of cirrhosis, often associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome.
Conclusion
In summary, cirrhosis primarily affects the liver, leading to severe health complications and requiring ongoing medical management. Early detection and addressing the underlying causes are crucial for preventing further liver damage.
Where do the majority of the digestive processes occur?- a)Small intestine
- b)Large intestine
- c)Stomach
- d)None of the above
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Where do the majority of the digestive processes occur?
a)
Small intestine
b)
Large intestine
c)
Stomach
d)
None of the above
|
Ipsita Mishra answered |
Overview of Digestive Processes
The human digestive system is a complex network responsible for breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and eliminating waste. While various organs play critical roles, the majority of digestion occurs in the small intestine.
Role of the Small Intestine
- The small intestine, comprising three sections—duodenum, jejunum, and ileum—is where most digestive processes take place.
- It is approximately 20 feet long, providing ample surface area for nutrient absorption.
Digestive Enzymes and Bile
- In the duodenum, digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver mix with chyme (partially digested food).
- These substances break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into smaller molecules, making them easier to absorb.
Absorption of Nutrients
- The jejunum and ileum have tiny, finger-like projections called villi and microvilli that increase the surface area, allowing for maximum nutrient absorption.
- Essential nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids are absorbed into the bloodstream here.
Limited Digestion in Other Organs
- While the stomach initiates digestion through acid and enzymes, its primary role is to break down food into a semi-liquid form called chyme.
- The large intestine mainly absorbs water and electrolytes and is involved in the formation of stool, rather than active digestion.
Conclusion
The small intestine’s structure and function make it the primary site for digestive processes. Its role in breaking down food and absorbing nutrients is crucial for maintaining overall health and well-being.
The human digestive system is a complex network responsible for breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and eliminating waste. While various organs play critical roles, the majority of digestion occurs in the small intestine.
Role of the Small Intestine
- The small intestine, comprising three sections—duodenum, jejunum, and ileum—is where most digestive processes take place.
- It is approximately 20 feet long, providing ample surface area for nutrient absorption.
Digestive Enzymes and Bile
- In the duodenum, digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver mix with chyme (partially digested food).
- These substances break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into smaller molecules, making them easier to absorb.
Absorption of Nutrients
- The jejunum and ileum have tiny, finger-like projections called villi and microvilli that increase the surface area, allowing for maximum nutrient absorption.
- Essential nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids are absorbed into the bloodstream here.
Limited Digestion in Other Organs
- While the stomach initiates digestion through acid and enzymes, its primary role is to break down food into a semi-liquid form called chyme.
- The large intestine mainly absorbs water and electrolytes and is involved in the formation of stool, rather than active digestion.
Conclusion
The small intestine’s structure and function make it the primary site for digestive processes. Its role in breaking down food and absorbing nutrients is crucial for maintaining overall health and well-being.
How many phalanges are present in each hand of an adult human?
- a)5
- b)14
- c)11
- d)20
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
How many phalanges are present in each hand of an adult human?
a)
5
b)
14
c)
11
d)
20
|
Bank Exams India answered |
Each hand of an adult human has 10 phalanges: 3 in each finger (proximal, middle, and distal) and 2 in the thumb (proximal and distal).
Which of the following Enzyme in the human body starts the digestion of proteins?- a)Trypsin
- b)Lactose
- c)Pepsin
- d)None of these
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following Enzyme in the human body starts the digestion of proteins?
a)
Trypsin
b)
Lactose
c)
Pepsin
d)
None of these
|
Shounak Kapoor answered |
Explanation:
Pepsin is the enzyme in the human body that starts the digestion of proteins.
Key Points:
- Pepsin is produced in the stomach and is responsible for breaking down proteins into smaller peptides.
- It works best in a highly acidic environment, which is why it is produced in the stomach where the pH is low.
- Pepsinogen, the inactive form of pepsin, is secreted by chief cells in the stomach lining and is activated by the acidic environment.
- Once activated, pepsin breaks down proteins by cleaving the peptide bonds between amino acids.
- The partially digested proteins then move to the small intestine where other enzymes like trypsin continue the digestion process.
Pepsin is the enzyme in the human body that starts the digestion of proteins.
Key Points:
- Pepsin is produced in the stomach and is responsible for breaking down proteins into smaller peptides.
- It works best in a highly acidic environment, which is why it is produced in the stomach where the pH is low.
- Pepsinogen, the inactive form of pepsin, is secreted by chief cells in the stomach lining and is activated by the acidic environment.
- Once activated, pepsin breaks down proteins by cleaving the peptide bonds between amino acids.
- The partially digested proteins then move to the small intestine where other enzymes like trypsin continue the digestion process.
Which of the following is made and stored in the liver cells?- a)Galactose
- b)Lactose
- c)Glycogen
- d)Arabinose
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following is made and stored in the liver cells?
a)
Galactose
b)
Lactose
c)
Glycogen
d)
Arabinose
|
Raksha Das answered |
Understanding Glycogen Storage
Glycogen is a crucial polysaccharide that serves as a primary storage form of glucose in the body. It is primarily synthesized and stored in the liver and muscle cells. Here’s a detailed explanation of why glycogen is the correct answer:
1. Role of Glycogen
- Glycogen acts as an energy reserve that can be quickly mobilized to meet sudden needs for glucose.
- It is particularly important during fasting or intense physical activities when blood glucose levels must be maintained.
2. Synthesis of Glycogen
- Glycogen is synthesized through a process called glycogenesis, where glucose molecules are linked together.
- This process occurs in the liver and muscle cells, with the liver playing a vital role in regulating blood glucose levels.
3. Storage in Liver Cells
- The liver can store a considerable amount of glycogen, which can be converted back into glucose when the body requires energy.
- When blood glucose levels drop, the liver breaks down glycogen through glycogenolysis, releasing glucose into the bloodstream.
4. Other Options Explained
- **Galactose (a)**: A simple sugar found in milk but not stored in the liver as glycogen.
- **Lactose (b)**: A disaccharide sugar composed of glucose and galactose, not synthesized or stored in the liver.
- **Arabinose (d)**: A pentose sugar found in plant polysaccharides, not relevant to liver storage.
In conclusion, glycogen is uniquely made and stored in liver cells, making option 'C' the correct choice. Understanding glycogen's function and synthesis is essential for grasping how the body manages energy resources effectively.
Glycogen is a crucial polysaccharide that serves as a primary storage form of glucose in the body. It is primarily synthesized and stored in the liver and muscle cells. Here’s a detailed explanation of why glycogen is the correct answer:
1. Role of Glycogen
- Glycogen acts as an energy reserve that can be quickly mobilized to meet sudden needs for glucose.
- It is particularly important during fasting or intense physical activities when blood glucose levels must be maintained.
2. Synthesis of Glycogen
- Glycogen is synthesized through a process called glycogenesis, where glucose molecules are linked together.
- This process occurs in the liver and muscle cells, with the liver playing a vital role in regulating blood glucose levels.
3. Storage in Liver Cells
- The liver can store a considerable amount of glycogen, which can be converted back into glucose when the body requires energy.
- When blood glucose levels drop, the liver breaks down glycogen through glycogenolysis, releasing glucose into the bloodstream.
4. Other Options Explained
- **Galactose (a)**: A simple sugar found in milk but not stored in the liver as glycogen.
- **Lactose (b)**: A disaccharide sugar composed of glucose and galactose, not synthesized or stored in the liver.
- **Arabinose (d)**: A pentose sugar found in plant polysaccharides, not relevant to liver storage.
In conclusion, glycogen is uniquely made and stored in liver cells, making option 'C' the correct choice. Understanding glycogen's function and synthesis is essential for grasping how the body manages energy resources effectively.
What is the function of saliva in digestion?- a)Starch
- b)Fiber
- c)Proteins
- d)Fats
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
What is the function of saliva in digestion?
a)
Starch
b)
Fiber
c)
Proteins
d)
Fats
|
Kalyan Verma answered |
Function of Saliva in Digestion
Saliva plays a crucial role in the digestive process, particularly in the breakdown of starches.
Composition of Saliva
- Saliva is composed mainly of water, electrolytes, mucus, and enzymes.
- The most significant enzyme present in saliva is **amylase** (specifically salivary amylase or ptyalin).
Role of Salivary Amylase
- **Starch Breakdown**: Salivary amylase initiates the process of starch digestion by breaking down complex carbohydrates (starches) into simpler sugars like maltose and dextrin.
- **Chemical Reaction**: When food is chewed and mixed with saliva, amylase begins to hydrolyze starch molecules, making them more accessible for further digestion in the stomach and small intestine.
Facilitation of Taste and Swallowing
- **Taste Enhancement**: Saliva helps dissolve food particles, allowing taste buds on the tongue to detect flavors more effectively.
- **Lubrication**: It moistens food, facilitating easier swallowing and preventing irritation in the esophagus.
Overall Importance
- Saliva not only aids in the mechanical breakdown of food but also begins the chemical digestion of starches.
- This enzymatic action is vital for the efficient absorption of nutrients later in the digestive tract.
In summary, while saliva has multiple functions, its primary role in digestion revolves around the enzymatic breakdown of starches, making option 'A' the correct answer.
Saliva plays a crucial role in the digestive process, particularly in the breakdown of starches.
Composition of Saliva
- Saliva is composed mainly of water, electrolytes, mucus, and enzymes.
- The most significant enzyme present in saliva is **amylase** (specifically salivary amylase or ptyalin).
Role of Salivary Amylase
- **Starch Breakdown**: Salivary amylase initiates the process of starch digestion by breaking down complex carbohydrates (starches) into simpler sugars like maltose and dextrin.
- **Chemical Reaction**: When food is chewed and mixed with saliva, amylase begins to hydrolyze starch molecules, making them more accessible for further digestion in the stomach and small intestine.
Facilitation of Taste and Swallowing
- **Taste Enhancement**: Saliva helps dissolve food particles, allowing taste buds on the tongue to detect flavors more effectively.
- **Lubrication**: It moistens food, facilitating easier swallowing and preventing irritation in the esophagus.
Overall Importance
- Saliva not only aids in the mechanical breakdown of food but also begins the chemical digestion of starches.
- This enzymatic action is vital for the efficient absorption of nutrients later in the digestive tract.
In summary, while saliva has multiple functions, its primary role in digestion revolves around the enzymatic breakdown of starches, making option 'A' the correct answer.
Which of the following minerals ions play the main role in blood clotting?- a)Mg
- b)Na
- c)Ca
- d)K
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following minerals ions play the main role in blood clotting?
a)
Mg
b)
Na
c)
Ca
d)
K
|
|
Bank Exams India answered |
Calcium is the mineral ion that is responsible for the cause of blood clots. Blood clots are created by the activation of several clotting factors, which are activated by calcium.
What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?- a)Transport oxygen to the cells
- b)Pump blood throughout the body
- c)Regulate body temperature
- d)Maintain fluid balance and fight infections
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?
a)
Transport oxygen to the cells
b)
Pump blood throughout the body
c)
Regulate body temperature
d)
Maintain fluid balance and fight infections
|
Knowledge Hub answered |
The primary function of the lymphatic system is to maintain fluid balance in the body by returning excess tissue fluid, called lymph, back into the bloodstream. It also plays a crucial role in the immune system by filtering and fighting infections.
The majority of fat digestion takes place in- a)Rectum
- b)Small intestine
- c)Duodenum
- d)Stomach
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
The majority of fat digestion takes place in
a)
Rectum
b)
Small intestine
c)
Duodenum
d)
Stomach
|
|
Bank Exams India answered |
Pancreatic lipase assists at the beginning of fat digestion in the duodenum, but due to its tiny size, it cannot be finished there.
Furthermore, the small intestine is a part of it. In babies, the stomach is where some digestion takes place.
Furthermore, the small intestine is a part of it. In babies, the stomach is where some digestion takes place.
The majority of the water from the indigestible food is absorbed in the_______?- a)Stomach
- b)Foodpipe
- c)Pancreas
- d)Large Intestine
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
The majority of the water from the indigestible food is absorbed in the_______?
a)
Stomach
b)
Foodpipe
c)
Pancreas
d)
Large Intestine
|
|
Bank Exams India answered |
- The large intestine plays important role in our digestive system; it can absorb most of the water from Indigested food.
- The large intestine moves primarily in three different ways: peristalsis, mass peristalsis, and haustral churning.
- The substance travels through the colon’s ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments before entering the rectum.
- The waste is eliminated from the body through the rectum.
- The length of the large intestine is roughly five feet (or 1.5 meters).
Which of the following arteries does not carry oxygenated blood?- a)Systemic
- b)Hepatic
- c)Pulmonary
- d)Cardiac
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following arteries does not carry oxygenated blood?
a)
Systemic
b)
Hepatic
c)
Pulmonary
d)
Cardiac
|
Glance Learning Institute answered |
In the human body, the pulmonary artery DOES NOT transport oxygenated blood.
The yellow colour of urine is due to the presence of- a)Bile
- b)Lymph
- c)Cholesterol
- d)Urobilin or Urochrome
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
The yellow colour of urine is due to the presence of
a)
Bile
b)
Lymph
c)
Cholesterol
d)
Urobilin or Urochrome
|
|
Glance Learning Institute answered |
The correct answer is Urobilin or Urochrome.
- The yellow colour of the urine is due to the presence of pigment urochrome.
Key Points
- Normal urine colour ranges from pale yellow to deep amber
- Pigments and other compounds in certain foods and medications can change your urine colour.
Which of the following conditions is associated with lymphedema?- a)Hypertension
- b)Atherosclerosis
- c)Varicose veins
- d)Swelling of the limbs due to impaired lymphatic drainage
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following conditions is associated with lymphedema?
a)
Hypertension
b)
Atherosclerosis
c)
Varicose veins
d)
Swelling of the limbs due to impaired lymphatic drainage
|
|
Glance Learning Institute answered |
Lymphedema is a condition characterized by swelling of the limbs, usually caused by impaired or damaged lymphatic drainage. It can occur as a result of surgery, radiation therapy, infection, or other factors that disrupt the normal functioning of the lymphatic system.
Loop of Henle is concerned with- a)Reproduction
- b)Digestion
- c)Excretion
- d)Respiration
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Loop of Henle is concerned with
a)
Reproduction
b)
Digestion
c)
Excretion
d)
Respiration
|
|
Knowledge Hub answered |
- Loop of Henle is part of Nephron.
- It is a functional and structural unit of the kidney which plays major role in Excretion.
- Loop of Henle, long U-shaped portion of the tubule that conducts urine within each nephron of the kidney of reptiles, birds, and mammals.
- The principal function of the Loop of Henle is in the recovery of water and sodium chloride from urine.
Which of the following is true about lymphatic vessels?- a)They transport oxygenated blood
- b)They have valves to prevent backflow
- c)They pump lymph using the heart's contractions
- d)They are only found in the upper body
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following is true about lymphatic vessels?
a)
They transport oxygenated blood
b)
They have valves to prevent backflow
c)
They pump lymph using the heart's contractions
d)
They are only found in the upper body
|
|
Knowledge Hub answered |
Lymphatic vessels have valves to prevent the backflow of lymph fluid. These valves ensure that the lymph moves in one direction, towards the lymph nodes and eventually back into the bloodstream.
Which of the following statement is correct about Cerebellum?- a)It regulates the muscular movement for locomotion
- b)It is a part of brain
- c)Both A and B
- d)(C2H2O)n COOH
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following statement is correct about Cerebellum?
a)
It regulates the muscular movement for locomotion
b)
It is a part of brain
c)
Both A and B
d)
(C2H2O)n COOH
|
|
Glance Learning Institute answered |
The correct statement about the cerebellum is that it regulates muscular movement for locomotion and it is a part of the brain.
Which of the following is NOT the component of the PNS?- a)Elastic connective tissue
- b)Cranial nerves
- c)Spinal nerves
- d)Ganglia
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following is NOT the component of the PNS?
a)
Elastic connective tissue
b)
Cranial nerves
c)
Spinal nerves
d)
Ganglia
|
|
Knowledge Hub answered |
Elastic connective tissue is not a component of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS consists of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord. It includes cranial nerves (which emerge from the brain), spinal nerves (which emerge from the spinal cord), and ganglia (clusters of cell bodies of neurons). Elastic connective tissue, on the other hand, is a type of connective tissue that provides elasticity and support to various organs and structures in the body, but it is not directly involved in the functioning of the nervous system.
Pons, cerebellum and medulla are part of which brain?- a)Forebrain
- b)Midbrain
- c)Hindbrain
- d)None of the above
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Pons, cerebellum and medulla are part of which brain?
a)
Forebrain
b)
Midbrain
c)
Hindbrain
d)
None of the above
|
|
Knowledge Hub answered |
The pons, cerebellum, and medulla are all structures located in the hindbrain, which is the posterior part of the brain. The hindbrain is responsible for controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and coordination of movement. It is one of the three major divisions of the brain, along with the forebrain and midbrain.
Which of the following functions is NOT performed by the skeletal system?- a)Production of red blood cells
- b)Protection of vital organs
- c)Storage of minerals
- d)Synthesis of digestive enzymes
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following functions is NOT performed by the skeletal system?
a)
Production of red blood cells
b)
Protection of vital organs
c)
Storage of minerals
d)
Synthesis of digestive enzymes
|
Knowledge Center answered |
The skeletal system is not involved in the synthesis of digestive enzymes. Instead, it provides support, protection to organs, storage of minerals, and production of red blood cells in the bone marrow.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the cartilage in the skeletal system?- a)Absorbing shock
- b)Providing flexibility
- c)Transmitting nerve impulses
- d)Reducing friction in joints
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the cartilage in the skeletal system?
a)
Absorbing shock
b)
Providing flexibility
c)
Transmitting nerve impulses
d)
Reducing friction in joints
|
|
Knowledge Hub answered |
Cartilage does not transmit nerve impulses. Instead, it provides flexibility and absorbs shock in joints.
The fontanelles in a baby's skull serve what purpose?- a)Allow for brain growth during infancy
- b)Aid in chewing food
- c)Regulate body temperature
- d)Facilitate vision development
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
The fontanelles in a baby's skull serve what purpose?
a)
Allow for brain growth during infancy
b)
Aid in chewing food
c)
Regulate body temperature
d)
Facilitate vision development
|
|
Knowledge Hub answered |
Fontanelles are soft spots in a baby's skull that allow for brain growth during infancy and make the skull more flexible during birth.
The process of bone remodeling involves:- a)Formation of new bones only
- b)Breaking down old bones only
- c)Both formation of new bones and breaking down old bones
- d)Neither formation nor breakdown of bones
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
The process of bone remodeling involves:
a)
Formation of new bones only
b)
Breaking down old bones only
c)
Both formation of new bones and breaking down old bones
d)
Neither formation nor breakdown of bones
|
|
Knowledge Center answered |
Bone remodeling involves both the formation of new bones by osteoblasts and the breakdown of old bones by osteoclasts, maintaining bone health and homeostasis.
The condition "scoliosis" is associated with the abnormal curvature of the:- a)Spine
- b)Neck
- c)Femur
- d)Ribs
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
The condition "scoliosis" is associated with the abnormal curvature of the:
a)
Spine
b)
Neck
c)
Femur
d)
Ribs
|
|
Glance Learning Institute answered |
Scoliosis is a medical condition characterized by an abnormal sideways curvature of the spine.
The condition in which the alveoli of the lungs are damaged, leading to reduced gas exchange, is called:- a)Emphysema
- b)Pneumothorax
- c)Pleurisy
- d)Sinusitis
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
The condition in which the alveoli of the lungs are damaged, leading to reduced gas exchange, is called:
a)
Emphysema
b)
Pneumothorax
c)
Pleurisy
d)
Sinusitis
|
|
Glance Learning Institute answered |
Emphysema is a condition where the alveoli in the lungs are damaged, leading to reduced gas exchange capacity and breathlessness.
The volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximum exhalation is called:- a)Tidal volume
- b)Vital capacity
- c)Residual volume
- d)Inspiratory reserve volume
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
The volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximum exhalation is called:
a)
Tidal volume
b)
Vital capacity
c)
Residual volume
d)
Inspiratory reserve volume
|
|
Bank Exams India answered |
Residual volume is the volume of air that remains in the lungs even after maximum exhalation. It helps keep the alveoli open and prevents lung collapse.
Which of the following is a fat soluble hormone?- a)Amine hormone
- b)Peptide hormone
- c)Thyroid hormone
- d)Protein hormone
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following is a fat soluble hormone?
a)
Amine hormone
b)
Peptide hormone
c)
Thyroid hormone
d)
Protein hormone
|
|
Knowledge Center answered |
Thyroid hormones (T3 - triiodothyronine and T4 - thyroxine) are fat-soluble hormones. They are produced by the thyroid gland and play a vital role in regulating metabolism and overall body growth and development. Being fat-soluble means they can easily pass through cell membranes and bind to intracellular receptors, allowing them to have widespread effects on various tissues and organs throughout the body. In contrast, amine and peptide hormones are typically water-soluble, and protein hormones are a subclass of peptide hormones, so they are also water-soluble.
Endocrine glands differ from exocrine glands in that:- a)Endocrine glands are all interconnected; whereas exocrine glands act completely independently
- b)Endocrine glands release hormones, whereas exocrine glands release waste
- c)Endocrine glands are formed by epithelial tissue, but exocrine glands are primarily connective tissue
- d)Endocrine glands are ductless and exocrine glands release secretions at the body's surface or into ducts
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Endocrine glands differ from exocrine glands in that:
a)
Endocrine glands are all interconnected; whereas exocrine glands act completely independently
b)
Endocrine glands release hormones, whereas exocrine glands release waste
c)
Endocrine glands are formed by epithelial tissue, but exocrine glands are primarily connective tissue
d)
Endocrine glands are ductless and exocrine glands release secretions at the body's surface or into ducts
|
|
Glance Learning Institute answered |
Endocrine glands are ductless and release hormones directly into the bloodstream, affecting distant target cells. Exocrine glands, on the other hand, release their secretions through ducts to the body's surface or into body cavities, such as sweat, saliva, or digestive enzymes. This key difference distinguishes the functions of endocrine and exocrine glands in the body.
Which of the following organs is NOT part of the respiratory system?- a)Lungs
- b)Trachea
- c)Liver
- d)Bronchi
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following organs is NOT part of the respiratory system?
a)
Lungs
b)
Trachea
c)
Liver
d)
Bronchi
|
|
Knowledge Center answered |
The liver is not part of the respiratory system. It is an organ in the digestive system responsible for various metabolic functions.
Which of the following statements is true about the epiglottis?- a)It covers the trachea during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway.
- b)It is responsible for gas exchange in the lungs.
- c)It produces sound during speech.
- d)It is located in the nasal cavity.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following statements is true about the epiglottis?
a)
It covers the trachea during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway.
b)
It is responsible for gas exchange in the lungs.
c)
It produces sound during speech.
d)
It is located in the nasal cavity.
|
|
Knowledge Hub answered |
The epiglottis is a flap-like structure that covers the trachea during swallowing to ensure that food does not enter the airway and cause choking.
Which of these is true about the endocrine system?- a)secretes hormones that are transported to target cells by blood
- b)causes changes in metabolic activities
- c)effects are prolonged
- d)All of the above are true
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of these is true about the endocrine system?
a)
secretes hormones that are transported to target cells by blood
b)
causes changes in metabolic activities
c)
effects are prolonged
d)
All of the above are true
|
|
Bank Exams India answered |
The endocrine system is a collection of ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. These hormones are then transported through the blood to target cells or organs, where they cause changes in metabolic activities and physiological processes. Endocrine effects are often prolonged and can have significant and widespread impacts on the body. Therefore, all the statements A, B, and C are true about the endocrine system.
Which of the following parts of the human body secretes the enzyme “Diastase”?- a)Oral Cavity
- b)Stomach
- c)ileum
- d)Duodenum
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following parts of the human body secretes the enzyme “Diastase”?
a)
Oral Cavity
b)
Stomach
c)
ileum
d)
Duodenum
|
|
Knowledge Center answered |
- A starch hydrolyzing enzyme called diastase converts complex carbs into simple ones.
- It promotes digestion in situations of chronic illness, stomach fullness, flatulence, and indigestion.
- Diastase is an enzyme that helps turn starch into maltose.
- Diastase enzymes are secreted in the oral cavity (mouth).
The Rennin enzyme is secreted in which of the following areas of the Alimentary Canal?- a)Stomach
- b)Mouth
- c)Pancreas
- d)Duodenum
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
The Rennin enzyme is secreted in which of the following areas of the Alimentary Canal?
a)
Stomach
b)
Mouth
c)
Pancreas
d)
Duodenum
|
|
Knowledge Hub answered |
- Rennin is a proteolytic enzyme present in the gastric juice in the stomach of infants which aids in the digestion of Casein (milk protein).
- Rennin is produced by the main cells and is also referred to as chymosin.
- Its help in digestion is to curdle or coagulate milk in the stomach, which is crucial for young animals.
- Rennin secretions are at their highest in the first few days after birth, then they start to fall, and then pepsin takes their place.
- Rennin is released as an inactive proenzyme that is known as prochymosin and becomes active when it comes into contact with an acidic media.
The major excretory product in human beings is:- a)Urea
- b)Ammonia
- c)Uric acid
- d)Ammonium chloride
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
The major excretory product in human beings is:
a)
Urea
b)
Ammonia
c)
Uric acid
d)
Ammonium chloride
|
|
Knowledge Hub answered |
The correct answer is Urea.
- When our cells perform their functions, certain waste products are released. These are toxic and hence need to be removed from the body.
- The process of removal of wastes produced in the cells of the living organisms is called excretion. The parts involved in excretion from the excretory system.
- Human excretory system: A mechanism to filter the blood is required and done by the blood capillaries in the kidneys. When the blood reaches the two kidneys, it contains both useful and harmful substances. The useful substances are absorbed back into the blood. The wastes dissolved in water are removed as urine.
- Aquatic animals like fishes, excrete cell waste as ammonia which directly dissolves in water.
- The major excretory product in humans is urea.
Which of the following structures is a part of the rhombencephalon?- a)Temporal lobe
- b)Thalamus
- c)Substantia nigra
- d)Medulla
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following structures is a part of the rhombencephalon?
a)
Temporal lobe
b)
Thalamus
c)
Substantia nigra
d)
Medulla
|
|
Knowledge Hub answered |
The rhombencephalon, also known as the hindbrain, is one of the three primary vesicles that develop during embryonic brain development. It is responsible for controlling vital functions and regulating motor coordination. The medulla, or medulla oblongata, is a part of the hindbrain located at the base of the brainstem, and it is considered an extension of the spinal cord. The medulla plays a crucial role in regulating involuntary functions such as breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, and reflex actions.
The other options mentioned are not part of the rhombencephalon.
A) Temporal lobe: The temporal lobe is one of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex, which is part of the forebrain.
B) Thalamus: The thalamus is a structure located in the diencephalon, which is a part of the forebrain. It serves as a relay station for sensory information.
C) Substantia nigra: The substantia nigra is a structure located in the midbrain, which is part of the brainstem. It is involved in the production of dopamine and plays a role in movement control.
Therefore, the correct answer is D) Medulla.
The primary target of the releasing and inhibiting hormones of the hypothalamus is the:- a)Liver and adipose tissue
- b)Gonads
- c)Anterior pituitary
- d)Bone marrow
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
The primary target of the releasing and inhibiting hormones of the hypothalamus is the:
a)
Liver and adipose tissue
b)
Gonads
c)
Anterior pituitary
d)
Bone marrow
|
|
Knowledge Hub answered |
The hypothalamus produces and releases various releasing and inhibiting hormones, which are transported to the anterior pituitary gland through a specialized system of blood vessels called the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system. These releasing and inhibiting hormones control the secretion of specific hormones from the anterior pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary, in turn, releases its own hormones, which regulate various endocrine glands and their functions throughout the body.
What is the speed of nerve impulses?- a)60 m/s
- b)0.5 – 130 m/s
- c)10-30 m/s
- d)50 -150 m/s
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
What is the speed of nerve impulses?
a)
60 m/s
b)
0.5 – 130 m/s
c)
10-30 m/s
d)
50 -150 m/s
|
|
Glance Learning Institute answered |
The speed of a nerve impulse, also known as the conduction velocity, can vary depending on various factors such as the type of nerve fiber and its myelination. However, option B, which states a range of 0.5 - 130 m/s, is a reasonable approximation for the speed of nerve impulses in the human body. Different types of nerves have different conduction velocities, with larger, myelinated fibers typically conducting impulses faster than smaller, unmyelinated fibers. For example, motor neurons responsible for muscle control can transmit impulses at speeds around 60-130 m/s, while sensory neurons transmitting touch or pain signals can range from 1-30 m/s. Keep in mind that these values are general estimates and can vary depending on the specific nerve and individual circumstances.
The condition "osteoarthritis" primarily affects which part of a joint?- a)Synovium
- b)Articular cartilage
- c)Bursae
- d)Meniscus
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
The condition "osteoarthritis" primarily affects which part of a joint?
a)
Synovium
b)
Articular cartilage
c)
Bursae
d)
Meniscus
|
|
Knowledge Hub answered |
Osteoarthritis primarily affects the articular cartilage, causing its degeneration and leading to joint pain and stiffness.
Name the hormone which is synthesized from histidine amino acid?- a)Dopamine
- b)Norepinephrine
- c)Epinephrine
- d)Histamine
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Name the hormone which is synthesized from histidine amino acid?
a)
Dopamine
b)
Norepinephrine
c)
Epinephrine
d)
Histamine
|
|
Glance Learning Institute answered |
Histamine is a hormone that is synthesized from the amino acid histidine. It plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including regulating the immune response, stomach acid secretion, and neurotransmission. Histamine is released by certain cells in the body, such as mast cells, and is involved in allergic reactions and inflammation. It also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain, contributing to various functions related to sleep, appetite, and cognition.
The patella is an example of which type of bone?- a)Long bone
- b)Flat bone
- c)Short bone
- d)Sesamoid bone
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
The patella is an example of which type of bone?
a)
Long bone
b)
Flat bone
c)
Short bone
d)
Sesamoid bone
|
|
Knowledge Center answered |
The patella, commonly known as the kneecap, is a sesamoid bone. Sesamoid bones develop within tendons, increasing their mechanical effect.
What is the precursor of steroid hormone?- a)Protein
- b)Cholesterol
- c)Carbohydrate
- d)Lipid
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
What is the precursor of steroid hormone?
a)
Protein
b)
Cholesterol
c)
Carbohydrate
d)
Lipid
|
|
Glance Learning Institute answered |
Cholesterol serves as the precursor for the synthesis of steroid hormones. The body converts cholesterol into various steroid hormones through enzymatic reactions in specific endocrine glands, such as the adrenal glands and gonads (testes and ovaries). These steroid hormones include cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone, among others, and they play essential roles in regulating various physiological processes in the body.
The long bones of the body are responsible for:- a)Providing support and structure
- b)Assisting in digestion
- c)Producing hormones
- d)Aiding in nerve transmission
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
The long bones of the body are responsible for:
a)
Providing support and structure
b)
Assisting in digestion
c)
Producing hormones
d)
Aiding in nerve transmission
|
|
Glance Learning Institute answered |
Long bones in the body, such as the femur and humerus, provide support and structure to the body and help with movement.
Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by:- a)Excessive bone growth
- b)Weak and brittle bones
- c)Inflammation of the joints
- d)Dislocation of bones
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by:
a)
Excessive bone growth
b)
Weak and brittle bones
c)
Inflammation of the joints
d)
Dislocation of bones
|
|
Bank Exams India answered |
Osteoporosis is a condition in which bones become weak and brittle, making them more susceptible to fractures.
What is the primary function of red bone marrow?- a)Lipid storage
- b)Muscle attachment
- c)Blood cell formation
- d)Calcium regulation
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
What is the primary function of red bone marrow?
a)
Lipid storage
b)
Muscle attachment
c)
Blood cell formation
d)
Calcium regulation
|
|
Knowledge Center answered |
Red bone marrow is responsible for the production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
The vertebral column is composed of how many vertebrae in an adult human?- a)26
- b)33
- c)206
- d)100
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
The vertebral column is composed of how many vertebrae in an adult human?
a)
26
b)
33
c)
206
d)
100
|
|
Knowledge Hub answered |
An adult human has 33 vertebrae in the vertebral column, which includes 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 4 coccygeal vertebrae.
Which of the following is a harmful effect of smoking on the respiratory system?- a)Increased lung capacity
- b)Improved oxygenation of blood
- c)Chronic bronchitis
- d)Enhanced sense of smell
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following is a harmful effect of smoking on the respiratory system?
a)
Increased lung capacity
b)
Improved oxygenation of blood
c)
Chronic bronchitis
d)
Enhanced sense of smell
|
|
Knowledge Center answered |
Smoking can lead to chronic bronchitis, a condition characterized by persistent inflammation of the bronchial tubes, excessive mucus production, and coughing.
The process of gas exchange between blood and body cells is known as:- a)External respiration
- b)Internal respiration
- c)Cellular respiration
- d)Alveolar respiration
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
The process of gas exchange between blood and body cells is known as:
a)
External respiration
b)
Internal respiration
c)
Cellular respiration
d)
Alveolar respiration
|
|
Knowledge Hub answered |
Internal respiration involves the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the blood and body cells.
The common name for the medical condition "rhinorrhea" is:- a)Runny nose
- b)Sore throat
- c)Chest congestion
- d)Difficulty breathing
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
The common name for the medical condition "rhinorrhea" is:
a)
Runny nose
b)
Sore throat
c)
Chest congestion
d)
Difficulty breathing
|
|
Glance Learning Institute answered |
Rhinorrhea is the medical term for a runny nose, characterized by excessive mucus production in the nasal passages.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory system?- a)Gas exchange
- b)Acid-base balance
- c)Vocalization
- d)Calcium storage
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory system?
a)
Gas exchange
b)
Acid-base balance
c)
Vocalization
d)
Calcium storage
|
|
Knowledge Hub answered |
Calcium storage is not a function of the respiratory system. The respiratory system primarily deals with gas exchange and maintaining acid-base balance.
The flap-like structure that covers the trachea during swallowing is called:- a)Epiglottis
- b)Larynx
- c)Pharynx
- d)Bronchus
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
The flap-like structure that covers the trachea during swallowing is called:
a)
Epiglottis
b)
Larynx
c)
Pharynx
d)
Bronchus
|
|
Bank Exams India answered |
The epiglottis is a flap-like structure that covers the trachea during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway.
In which of the following excess blood is stored and released when there is deficiency?- a)Adrenal gland
- b)Pancreas
- c)Spleen
- d)Thyroid gland
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
In which of the following excess blood is stored and released when there is deficiency?
a)
Adrenal gland
b)
Pancreas
c)
Spleen
d)
Thyroid gland
|
|
Knowledge Center answered |
- In the body, the spleen serves a variety of supportive functions.
- As a component of the immune system, it filters blood.
- The spleen stores platelets and white blood cells in addition to recycling old red blood cells.
- Additionally, certain types of germs that cause meningitis and pneumonia are combated by the spleen.
- Your spleen has the capacity to store up to a cup of reserve blood when the arteries are opened up.
- In response, your spleen may discharge that reserve blood into your body.
Chapter doubts & questions for System of Human Body - Lucent for GK 2025 is part of UPSC CSE exam preparation. The chapters have been prepared according to the UPSC CSE exam syllabus. The Chapter doubts & questions, notes, tests & MCQs are made for UPSC CSE 2025 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, notes, meanings, examples, exercises, MCQs and online tests here.
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