All questions of Indigo for Class 12 Exam

An Administrator in Indian Civil services

Gandhiji protested at the Motihari court house in order to protest the court's order to postpone his trial. This act was a part of his nonviolent resistance against British rule in India. Let's delve into the details to understand why he took this action.

Background
- During the Indian independence movement, Mahatma Gandhi emerged as a prominent leader advocating for the rights and freedom of the Indian people.
- As a proponent of nonviolent civil disobedience, he led various protests, marches, and movements to challenge British colonial rule.
- In 1917, he organized the Champaran Satyagraha, a successful campaign against the oppressive indigo plantation system in Bihar.

The Motihari Trial
- In 1934, Gandhi was arrested and charged with sedition by the British colonial authorities.
- He was scheduled to appear for a trial at the Motihari court in Bihar.
- However, the court ordered a postponement of the trial, which was seen as a deliberate attempt to delay the legal proceedings and keep Gandhi under custody for a longer period.

Gandhiji's Response
- Gandhi saw the court's decision as an injustice and an attempt to suppress his voice and the freedom movement.
- He believed in the power of nonviolent resistance and saw this as an opportunity to protest against the British government's actions.
- To express his dissent, he decided to protest at the Motihari court house.

Objectives of the Protest
- Gandhi aimed to bring attention to the unjust delay in his trial.
- He wanted to highlight the oppressive nature of British colonial rule and the disregard for justice and fair play.
- By actively protesting, he aimed to inspire and mobilize the masses to join the freedom movement and stand up against British oppression.

Nonviolent Resistance
- Gandhi's protest at the Motihari court house was carried out through nonviolent means.
- He emphasized the principles of nonviolence, truth, and civil disobedience as effective tools to challenge the British authorities and achieve independence.
- Through his actions, Gandhi demonstrated the power of peaceful resistance and the moral high ground of the freedom movement.

Impact
- Gandhi's protest in Motihari drew widespread attention both within India and internationally.
- It further solidified his position as a leader and symbol of the Indian independence struggle.
- The protest also highlighted the unjust actions of the British colonial government and further galvanized the masses in their fight for freedom.

In conclusion, Gandhi's protest at the Motihari court house was a response to the court's order to postpone his trial. It was a strategic and nonviolent act aimed at challenging British colonial rule, bringing attention to the injustice, and inspiring the Indian people to join the freedom movement.

Gandhiji knew that the British could not do anything to control the overpowering crowd. As given in the text, The officials felt powerless without Gandhiji's cooperation. Thus, all he did was wait patiently for the officials to make their decision, which he knew would be in his favour. Hence, the answer 'Calm Acceptance' which is similar to 'Being Patient', is the most suitable answer.

Rajkumar Shukla was a poor and emaciated peasant from Champaran. In the annual Congress party session held at Lucknow, he came to complain about the injustices of the landlord system in Bihar. He met Gandhi, introduced himself and told him that he had come to take him there to help the poor share croppers.

A)1918-1920

Gandhiji played a pivotal role in helping the peasants of Champaran in Bihar. His efforts were aimed at fighting for their rights and securing justice for them.

By fighting and securing justice for them:
- In 1917, Gandhiji visited Champaran after being approached by the local peasants who were suffering under the oppressive system of indigo cultivation imposed by the British landlords. He decided to take up their cause and fight for their rights.
- Gandhiji organized a detailed investigation into the grievances of the peasants, interacting with them and collecting evidence about their exploitation.
- He gathered information about the forced cultivation of indigo and the exorbitant taxes imposed on the peasants, along with their inhumane living conditions.
- Gandhiji then launched a non-violent resistance movement against the British landlords and the British administration, demanding justice for the peasants of Champaran.
- He mobilized the local peasants, educating them about their rights and encouraging them to stand up against the unjust system.
- Gandhiji also involved lawyers in the movement, who provided legal support to the peasants and helped them fight their case in court.
- Through his efforts, Gandhiji was able to draw significant attention to the plight of the peasants in Champaran, both within India and internationally.
- Eventually, the British government was compelled to appoint a commission to investigate the matter.
- The commission's report vindicated the peasants' claims, leading to the abolition of the oppressive indigo system and the implementation of reforms that improved the peasants' living conditions.

In conclusion, Gandhiji's fight for justice for the peasants of Champaran involved organizing a non-violent resistance movement, educating the peasants about their rights, and securing legal support for their case. Through his efforts, he was successful in bringing about significant changes and improving the lives of the peasants.

Champaran district of Bihar is situated in the foothills of the Himalayas, near the kingdom of Nepal. Under an ancient arrangement, the Champaran peasants were sharecroppers. They had to grow indigo on 15 percent of the land and give it to the English estate owners as rent.

Rajkumar Shukla was a poor peasant from Champaran district in Bihar. He had come to Lucknow, where a Congress session was being held, to complain about the injustice of the landlord system in Bihar.

Champaran, also known as Champaran district, was a district in Bihar during the British rule in India. It is located in the northern part of Bihar and is currently known as West Champaran district. Let's explore the details of Champaran and its historical significance:

Location:
Champaran is situated in the present-day state of Bihar, India. It is located in the western part of the state, bordering Nepal. The district is surrounded by the districts of East Champaran, Gopalganj, and Siwan.

Historical Significance:
Champaran gained significant historical importance due to the Champaran Satyagraha, which was one of the earliest non-violent protests led by Mahatma Gandhi during the Indian independence movement.

The Champaran Satyagraha:
The Champaran Satyagraha was a movement initiated by Mahatma Gandhi in 1917. It aimed to address the grievances of indigo farmers who were being forced by British landlords to cultivate indigo against their will. Indigo was a cash crop used for dyeing purposes but had caused immense hardships for the farmers.

Gandhi's Arrival:
Upon arrival in Champaran, Gandhi conducted a detailed investigation into the plight of the farmers and met with them to understand their grievances. He organized mass meetings and urged the farmers to resist the unjust indigo cultivation system.

Non-Violent Protest:
Gandhi encouraged the farmers to refuse to cultivate indigo, which resulted in clashes with the British authorities. However, the protests remained peaceful, and Gandhi emphasized the principle of non-violence throughout the movement.

Impact and Resolution:
The Champaran Satyagraha garnered significant attention and support across India. It not only highlighted the issues faced by the indigo farmers but also became a symbol of the non-violent resistance movement in India. Eventually, the British authorities were compelled to set up an inquiry committee to address the grievances, leading to the abolition of the oppressive indigo system.

Conclusion:
Champaran, located in Bihar, was a district in British India. It gained historical significance due to the Champaran Satyagraha led by Mahatma Gandhi. This movement played a crucial role in shaping the Indian independence movement and emphasized the power of non-violent resistance in achieving social and political change.

The correct answer is option 'D': 15% of landholding and entire Indigo harvest.

Explanation:

Peasants in British India were subjected to various forms of exploitation by British landlords, who were primarily interested in maximizing their profits from the land. One of the ways in which the peasants were exploited was through the imposition of excessive rents and obligations to the landlords.

1. The British landlords demanded a portion of the peasants' landholding as rent. This was a way for the landlords to secure a steady income from the land. The amount of landholding that the peasants had to give as rent varied, but in this case, it was 15% of their landholding.

2. In addition to the rent, the peasants were also required to give a portion of their harvest to the landlords. This was known as the sharecropping system. The landlords would take a percentage of the harvest as their share, and the rest would go to the peasants. In this case, the peasants had to give their entire Indigo harvest to the landlords.

Indigo was an important cash crop during the colonial period, and the British landlords controlled its production and trade. They forced the peasants to cultivate indigo on their land, and the entire harvest was taken by the landlords. This was a highly exploitative practice, as the peasants were left with little to no food for themselves.

The combination of having to give a portion of their landholding as rent and the entire indigo harvest to the landlords put a tremendous burden on the peasants. It left them with very little to sustain themselves and their families. This system of exploitation contributed to the widespread poverty and exploitation of the peasantry in British India.

In conclusion, the peasants in British India had to pay 15% of their landholding as rent and give their entire indigo harvest to the landlords. This system of exploitation placed a heavy burden on the peasants and contributed to their impoverishment.

Louis Fischer (1896-1970) was born in Philadelphia in 1896. He served as a volunteer in the British Army between 1918-1920. Fischer made a career as a journalist and wrote for The New York Times, The Saturday Review and for European and Asian publications. He was also a member of the faculty of Princeton University.

Gandhiji went to Lucknow in December 1916 to attend the annual convention of the Indian National Congress Party.

In order to break the deadlock, Gandhiji agreed to 25 percent refund to the farmers. He wanted the poor farmers to realise that they too had rights and that they need not really live in fear of the British landlords. The conflict between the British planters and the peasants changed the plight of the peasants.

Gandhi wanted to obtain more complete information about conditions than Shukla was capable of imparting. Muzaffarpur lawyers, who frequently represented peasant groups in courts, brief Gandhi about their cases.

The Champaran episode is considered to be the beginning of the Indian struggle for independence because, for the first time, farmers and peasants rose against the Britishers. The English landlords had owned most of the arable land in Champaran. They had to surrender the entire indigo harvest as rent to the landlords.

Explanation:

The given passage highlights the approach and philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi, particularly in the context of his involvement in the Champaran movement. It explains that Gandhi's actions were rooted in addressing the practical problems faced by the poor peasants and his loyalty was towards living human beings rather than abstract concepts. From these statements, we can infer that Gandhi was a humanitarian at heart.

Statement 1: His was not a loyalty to abstractions; it was a loyalty to living, human beings.
This statement emphasizes that Gandhi's loyalty was not towards abstract ideas or concepts, but towards real people and their well-being. It suggests that he was more concerned with the practical problems faced by the masses and worked towards alleviating their distress.

Statement 2: Gandhi was a humanitarian at heart.
This statement directly implies that Gandhi had a deep concern for the welfare of humanity. His actions and approach were driven by a genuine desire to help and uplift the lives of the people. He did not merely advocate for theoretical ideals but actively engaged in practical efforts to address the problems faced by the millions.

Inference:
Given the emphasis on Gandhi's loyalty to living human beings and his focus on practical problem-solving, it can be inferred that Gandhi was a humanitarian at heart. His actions and political involvement were driven by a genuine concern for the well-being of the people and his efforts aimed at empowering individuals to stand on their own feet and contribute to the freedom of India.

Therefore, statement 2 can be inferred from statement 1.

Correct example of action (A) - result (R) is A = free Indians R = free India.

They thought Gandhi would demand repayment in full of the money they had extorted from the sharecroppers. Gandhi asked only 50 per cent. The planters offered to refund up to 25 per cent. The deadlock was broken when Gandhi agreed to a settlement of 25 per cent refund to peasants.

Her mother tried to stop her several times but she went ahead nevertheless is the most appropriate example of an ‘act of defiance’.

The main theme of the chapter Indigo by Louis Fischer is how effective leadership can overcome any problem as shown by Mahatma Gandhi in securing justice for the oppressed in Champaran through convincing arguments and negotiation.

Author of Indigo: Louis Fischer

Indigo is a book written by Louis Fischer. He was an American journalist and author known for his works on politics, history, and social issues. Fischer was born on February 29, 1896, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and he passed away on January 15, 1970, in a New York City hospital.

About Louis Fischer
Louis Fischer was a highly regarded journalist and author who covered various important events and topics throughout his career. He was particularly known for his writings on Soviet Russia, India's struggle for independence, and international politics.

Works by Louis Fischer
Louis Fischer wrote numerous books and articles, delving into topics such as politics, history, and social issues. Some of his notable works include:

- "The Soviets in World Affairs" (1930) - In this book, Fischer analyzed the foreign policy of the Soviet Union and its impact on world affairs.

- "Gandhi: His Life and Message for the World" (1954) - Fischer's biography of Mahatma Gandhi explores the life and teachings of the influential Indian leader.

- "The Life of Mahatma Gandhi" (1950) - Another biography of Gandhi, this book delves into the details of his life and his significant role in India's struggle for independence.

- "The Story of Indigo" (1956) - Indigo is a historical account of the indigo plant and its impact on the economy and social structure of colonial India.

About the book "Indigo"
"Indigo" is a historical account of the indigo plant and its significance in colonial India. Fischer explores the economic, social, and political aspects of indigo cultivation and trade during the British colonial period.

The book sheds light on the exploitative practices of the British indigo planters and the resulting struggles faced by the Indian peasants. Fischer's meticulous research and storytelling skills provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of the indigo industry and its impact on the lives of the people involved.

Overall, Louis Fischer's "Indigo" is a valuable contribution to the understanding of colonial history and serves as a reminder of the challenges faced by marginalized communities under oppressive systems.

Gandhiji went to Lucknow in December 1916 to attend the annual convention of the Indian National Congress Party. Rajkumar Shukla, a peasant from Champaran met him there to complain about the injustice of the landlord system in Bihar.

Gandhiji demanded 50% refund from the British landlords in the form of repayment of money which the landlords had illegally and deceitfully extorted from the poor sharecroppers.

The peasants paid the entire indigo harvest, which they had to cultivate on 15 percent of the land, as a rent to the British. The British then wanted to release the peasants from this arrangement, provided they compensate for being released.

Gandhi ji, also known as Mahatma Gandhi, was a prominent leader of the Indian independence movement against British rule. During his activism, he fought for the rights of farmers who were being exploited by the indigo planters in Champaran, Bihar, India.

Gandhi ji's involvement in the Champaran Satyagraha movement in 1917 aimed to address the grievances of the indigo farmers. The indigo planters forced the farmers to cultivate indigo on their lands and then sell it to them at very low prices, leading to severe economic exploitation.

To address this issue, Gandhi ji demanded fair compensation for the farmers from the indigo planters. The specific amount he asked the planters to pay was not a fixed percentage but rather a specific amount per acre of land cultivated with indigo. The demand was for the planters to pay Rs. 25 per acre to the farmers.

This demand was significant because it aimed to provide a fair and just remuneration to the farmers for their labor and prevent their exploitation by the planters. It also sought to challenge the unjust and oppressive system of indigo cultivation that had been prevalent in the region.

Gandhi ji's demand for Rs. 25 per acre was based on his understanding of the economic conditions of the farmers and the value of their labor. He believed that this amount was fair and reasonable, considering the hardships faced by the farmers and the profits earned by the planters from the indigo trade.

By demanding fair compensation for the farmers, Gandhi ji aimed to empower them and improve their economic conditions. This demand was an important aspect of the Champaran Satyagraha movement, which ultimately led to the abolition of the oppressive indigo system and brought attention to the plight of farmers in India.

In conclusion, Gandhi ji demanded Rs. 25 per acre from the indigo planters as fair compensation for the farmers. This demand aimed to address the economic exploitation faced by the farmers and played a significant role in the Champaran Satyagraha movement.

When the Champaran peasants heard that a Mahatma, who wanted to help them, was in trouble with the authorities. The government was baffled and the official felt powerless without the cooperation of Gandhi. Gandhi helped them to regulate the crowd.

The British landlords as well as Commissioner of Tirhut were non-cooperative. Lawyers from Muzaffarpur briefed him about court cases of these peasants. Gandhiji and the lawyers collected depositions by about ten thousand peasants.

When the Champaran peasants heard that a Mahatma, who wanted to help them, was in trouble with the authorities. The government baffled and the official felt powerless without the cooperation of Gandhi. Gandhi helped them to regulate the crowd. Gandhi gave the concrete proof about the might of the British.

Explanation:
The given passage describes a spontaneous demonstration by thousands of Indians around a courthouse in support of a Mahatma who was in trouble with the authorities. This demonstration marked the beginning of their liberation from fear of the British. Let's analyze the options:

a) Policies of the British had failed:
There is no direct mention or evidence in the passage to support this option. The passage focuses on the demonstration and its impact, rather than the failure of British policies.

b) Dread instilled in the hearts of Indians had begun to lessen:
This option is supported by the passage. The demonstration by thousands of Indians around the courthouse indicates that they were no longer afraid of the British authorities. They were willing to challenge the might of the British, which implies that the fear had started to diminish.

c) Dealings with the Indian citizens had been unsuccessful:
This option is not supported by the passage. The passage does not mention any specific dealings or interactions between the British authorities and Indian citizens.

d) Might of the British had not been understood by Indians:
This option is contradicted by the passage. The demonstration by thousands of Indians challenging the British authorities clearly indicates that they understood the might of the British and were willing to challenge it.

Therefore, the correct answer is option B) Dread instilled in the hearts of Indians had begun to lessen, as the passage describes how the spontaneous demonstration marked the beginning of their liberation from fear of the British.

The Champaran Indigo sharecroppers faced several problems during the colonial period in India. One of the major issues they faced was being forced to grow indigo on their land.

The Problem of Forced Indigo Cultivation:
- The British planters in Champaran, Bihar, had a monopoly on indigo cultivation and forced the local farmers to grow indigo on at least 3/20th of their land.
- The sharecroppers were compelled to cultivate indigo against their will, which led to a decrease in the cultivation of food crops, resulting in food scarcity and poverty.
- The British planters also imposed unfair terms and conditions on the farmers, such as low wages and high rents, making it extremely difficult for them to sustain themselves and their families.

Exploitation and Oppression:
- The sharecroppers were subjected to various forms of exploitation and oppression by the British planters. They were forced to provide free labor, known as Tinkathia system, for cultivating indigo on the planters' land.
- The planters often manipulated the accounts and forced the farmers into debt bondage, making it impossible for them to break free from the cycle of poverty and exploitation.
- The farmers had no control over the produce they cultivated. The planters decided the quantity, quality, and price of the indigo, leaving the sharecroppers at the mercy of the planters' arbitrary decisions.

Lack of Voice and Representation:
- The sharecroppers had no voice or representation in matters concerning their own land and livelihood. They were denied basic rights and were not allowed to protest against the oppressive indigo system.
- Illiteracy and lack of awareness further compounded their problems, as they were unaware of their rights and unable to advocate for themselves.
- The British planters used their power and influence to suppress any form of dissent, making it extremely difficult for the sharecroppers to raise their voices against the injustices they faced.

Conclusion:
The forced cultivation of indigo was a major problem faced by the Champaran Indigo sharecroppers. It not only resulted in poverty and scarcity of food crops but also subjected the farmers to exploitation and oppression. The lack of voice and representation further exacerbated their plight. This oppressive system eventually led to the famous Champaran Satyagraha, where Mahatma Gandhi played a significant role in mobilizing the farmers and fighting for their rights.

Statement read by Gandhiji pleading himself guilty

Gandhiji was a prominent freedom fighter and leader of the Indian National Congress. He was known for his non-violent approach to protesting against British colonial rule in India.

During the Quit India Movement in 1942, Gandhiji was arrested by the British authorities and charged with sedition. At the trial, he was given the opportunity to plead guilty or not guilty.

Gandhiji chose to plead guilty, and he read out a statement in court explaining his reasons for doing so. The statement he read was as follows:

"I am here to plead guilty to the charge of preaching disaffection towards the government. My statement will be all too brief, for I know the penalty I incur. I have not come here to defend myself, for I look upon this trial as a mere incident in a long struggle for freedom. I am charged with disaffection, but who can deny that there is disaffection in India today? Thousands of people are dying for want of food, and I, for one, am not prepared to see them perish when I can help them. I am not a lawbreaker, but I have come to render humanitarian and national service."

Explanation:

Gandhiji's statement in court made it clear that he was not a lawbreaker, but rather someone who was committed to serving his country and helping his fellow citizens. He acknowledged that there was disaffection in India, but he did not believe that this justified the severe actions taken by the British authorities. By pleading guilty, Gandhiji was making a statement about his commitment to the cause of Indian independence, even if it meant facing punishment for his actions.

Conclusion:

Gandhiji's statement pleading himself guilty demonstrated his unwavering commitment to the cause of Indian independence. He was willing to face the consequences of his actions in order to bring attention to the plight of his fellow citizens and to fight for their rights. His non-violent approach to protesting inspired countless others to follow in his footsteps, and his legacy continues to inspire people around the world to this day.

Rajkumar Shukla was a poor peasant from Champaran district in Bihar. He had come to Lucknow, where a Congress session was being held, to complain about the injustice of the landlord system in Bihar.

Sir Edmund posted at Bihar & Orissa Province in Bengal Presidency of British India

The average Indians in smaller localities were scared to show sympathy for the advocates of home-rule due to the fear and control instilled by British. They were not courageous enough to say or act anything against these rulers as they were afraid of the dire consequences of helping the advocates of home rule.

India's first civil disobedience movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi to protest against the injustice meted out to tenant farmers in Champaran district of Bihar. During British rule, many tenant farmers were forced to grow indigo on part of their land, often working under oppressive conditions.

Motihari was back with peasants because their champion, George Orwell, was in trouble. Let's delve into the details to understand this further.

- George Orwell, a renowned English writer, was born in Motihari, Bihar, India in 1903. He is best known for his works such as "Animal Farm" and "Nineteen Eighty-Four," which are powerful critiques of totalitarianism and oppression.

- Orwell's connection with Motihari goes back to his childhood. His father, Richard Blair, worked as an opium agent in Bihar, and the family lived in Motihari during Orwell's early years.

- In 1922, Orwell returned to India and worked as an assistant superintendent of police in the Indian Imperial Police in Burma (now Myanmar). However, he was deeply disturbed by the oppressive nature of British colonial rule and resigned from his position in 1927.

- Orwell's experiences in Burma and his growing disillusionment with imperialism shaped his political and social consciousness. He became a staunch critic of British colonialism and dedicated himself to advocating for the rights of the oppressed.

- Orwell's commitment to social justice and his empathy for the plight of peasants led him to write several essays and books highlighting their struggles. One of his most notable works on this topic is "The Road to Wigan Pier," in which he vividly describes the harsh living conditions of the working class in northern England.

- Orwell's writings resonated with the common people, especially the peasants, as they captured their hardships and gave voice to their grievances. The peasants saw Orwell as their champion and admired his courage to speak out against injustice.

- However, Orwell's outspoken criticism of both left-wing and right-wing ideologies made him a target of surveillance and suspicion. He was constantly under scrutiny by the British intelligence agencies, who viewed him as a potential threat to the established order.

- As a result, Orwell faced several challenges and troubles in his life. He was monitored, interrogated, and even blacklisted by the British authorities. This constant pressure and surveillance forced him to live a nomadic and precarious existence.

- Despite these difficulties, Orwell remained committed to his ideals and continued to write fearlessly. His works inspired generations of readers and activists, and his legacy as a champion of the oppressed endures to this day.

In conclusion, Motihari was back with peasants because George Orwell, their champion, was in trouble due to his outspoken criticism of oppression and his unwavering commitment to social justice. The peasants saw Orwell as a beacon of hope and admired his courage to speak truth to power.

M.K. Gandhi fought in Champaran to secure justice for the oppressed.

Introduction:
Mahatma Gandhi, also known as M.K. Gandhi or Bapu, was a prominent leader of the Indian independence movement. He advocated for nonviolent civil disobedience as a means to achieve political and social change. One of the significant events in his early activism was his involvement in the Champaran Satyagraha, which aimed to address the grievances of the indigo farmers in Champaran, Bihar.

The Oppressed Farmers:
The indigo farmers in Champaran were facing various injustices under the British colonial rule. The British indigo planters forced the farmers to cultivate indigo on a significant portion of their land, leading to a decrease in food production and economic hardship for the farmers. Additionally, the planters imposed exploitative contracts and unfair compensation, leaving the farmers in a state of perpetual debt and poverty.

Gandhi's Arrival:
Gandhi arrived in Champaran in 1917 after being invited by Rajkumar Shukla, a local farmer who sought his assistance. Upon his arrival, Gandhi witnessed the dire conditions faced by the indigo farmers and decided to take up their cause. He believed that it was his duty to fight for the rights of the oppressed and work towards their emancipation.

Gandhi's Approach:
Gandhi's approach in Champaran was rooted in his philosophy of Satyagraha, which means "truth force" or "soul force." He advocated for nonviolent resistance as a powerful tool to challenge unjust systems. Gandhi organized meetings, held discussions with the farmers, and conducted extensive research on the issues they faced. He sought to gather evidence to present to the authorities and expose the exploitation carried out by the British planters.

Negotiations and Success:
Through his efforts, Gandhi was able to negotiate with the British authorities, demanding justice for the indigo farmers. He led a nonviolent protest campaign and encouraged the farmers to resist the unjust demands of the planters. The protest gained significant attention and support, both locally and nationally.

The British authorities, realizing the impact of the Satyagraha movement, formed a committee to investigate the farmers' grievances. As a result, the Champaran Agrarian Act was passed, which addressed some of the key issues faced by the farmers. The act provided relief to the indigo cultivators and ensured fair compensation for their work.

Conclusion:
M.K. Gandhi fought in Champaran to secure justice for the oppressed indigo farmers who were subjected to exploitation and poverty. His involvement in the Champaran Satyagraha not only brought attention to their grievances but also highlighted the power of nonviolent resistance in achieving social and political change. Gandhi's fight in Champaran was a significant step towards his broader mission of achieving independence and justice for all of India.

Gandhiji viewed the social, economic and cultural backwardness of the area. He appointed volunteers to teach the villagers. Kasturba taught the Ashram rules and personal cleanliness and community sanitation. A doctor volunteered his services for six months to improve the health conditions of the people.

The peasants of Champaran suffered exploitation, injustice and atrocities at the hands of British landlords. First, they compelled them to grow indigo on 15% of the land and give it to them as rent but later with the invention of synthetic indigo in Germany they obtained agreement from them to pay them compensation.

The head of the artisan union came with goons and took all the assets of the poor artisans is that exemplifies a deceitful extortion.

In Muzaffarpur, Gandhi stayed in Professor Milkani's house. He stayed there for two days. Gandhi went to Muzaffarpur to acquire the information about the peasants' conditions. He went there along with his students to investigate the issue in person.

Raj Kumar Shukla, a farmer from Bihar, came to Lucknow at the Annual Congress party session in order to complain against the injustice of the landlord system in Bihar. This event took place in the year 1916.

Complaint against the Landlord System in Bihar
The landlord system in Bihar during that time was characterized by the exploitation and oppression of the farmers by the landlords. The farmers were forced to work on the land owned by the landlords under oppressive conditions. They were subjected to high rents, unfair taxation, and various forms of exploitation. This system created a cycle of poverty and indebtedness for the farmers, who were unable to escape the clutches of the landlords.

Raj Kumar Shukla's Determination
Raj Kumar Shukla, being a farmer himself, was deeply affected by the oppressive landlord system. He witnessed the suffering and misery of his fellow farmers, and he decided to take a stand against this injustice. He believed that the only way to bring about change was to bring the issue to the attention of the political leaders who had the power to enact reforms.

His Journey to Lucknow
With the intention of drawing attention to the issue, Raj Kumar Shukla embarked on a journey to Lucknow, where the Annual Congress party session was being held. Lucknow was known to be a significant gathering place for political leaders, and Shukla saw this as an opportunity to present his case.

During the Congress session, Shukla approached Mahatma Gandhi, who was a prominent leader within the Congress party. Shukla explained the plight of the farmers in Bihar and urged Gandhi to take up their cause. Initially, Gandhi was hesitant to intervene in a local issue, but Shukla's determination and persistence eventually convinced him to take action.

Gandhi's Involvement
Moved by Shukla's passion and commitment, Gandhi decided to support the farmers' cause. He recognized the injustice of the landlord system and believed that it was essential to address this issue in order to bring about social and economic justice.

The Outcome
As a result of Shukla's efforts and Gandhi's support, the issue of the landlord system in Bihar gained significant attention. It became a prominent part of the Congress party's agenda, and efforts were made to bring about reforms in the system.

In conclusion, Raj Kumar Shukla came to Lucknow at the Annual Congress party session to complain against the injustice of the landlord system in Bihar. His determination and persistence, along with Gandhi's support, led to significant attention being given to this issue and paved the way for reforms to be made.

Indigo is about how Mahatma Gandhi struggled for the underprivileged peasants of Champaran. They were the sharecroppers with the British planters. The peasants use to live a wretched life and were under an agreement to grow Indigo. Thus, Gandhi decided to fight against injustice.

Gandhi addressed the actions of the people of Motihari as liberation from the fear of the British. Let's explore the context and reasoning behind this answer.

Context:
Motihari is a town in Bihar, India, where the people had been living under the oppressive rule of the British during the time of Gandhi's leadership. Gandhi was a prominent figure in the Indian independence movement and advocated for nonviolent resistance against British colonial rule.

Gandhi's View on Actions of the People of Motihari:
Gandhi saw the actions of the people of Motihari as a form of liberation from the fear imposed by the British. He believed that by actively participating in acts of civil disobedience and nonviolent resistance, the people of Motihari were breaking free from the shackles of fear and asserting their rights as individuals and as a community.

Reasoning behind Option 'A':
Option A states that Gandhi addressed the actions of the people of Motihari as liberation from the fear of the British. This option is correct because Gandhi believed that overcoming fear was a crucial step towards achieving freedom and independence. By engaging in acts of civil disobedience, such as boycotting British goods, organizing protests, and refusing to cooperate with British authorities, the people of Motihari were reclaiming their power and challenging the oppressive rule of the British. Gandhi saw this as a courageous and liberating act, empowering the people to stand up for their rights and challenge the unjust system.

In conclusion, Gandhi addressed the actions of the people of Motihari as liberation from the fear of the British. He saw their participation in acts of civil disobedience as a bold and courageous step towards reclaiming their freedom and asserting their rights. By breaking free from fear and actively resisting British oppression, Gandhi believed that the people of Motihari were on the path to liberation and self-determination.

Sharecroppers were in a miserable condition when Gandhi arrived at Champaran. They were supposed to grow indigo on 15% of their land and give it as rent to the landlords.

The correct is sarcastic because

• In the passage, the author described that how the Indians were dependent on Gandhi for representation.
• They saw a true leader in him and didn't know how to deal a situation without him.
• Also, the officials couldn't control the people without the help of Gandhi. It was Gandhi who could calm a crowd.
• The writer expresses a sarcastic tone to represent that the prosecutor requested to postpone the hearing because Gandhi was not present there.

He spoke to Mahatma Gandhi.

Gandhi's fight in Champaran signifies the power of effective leadership. It was a significant event in the early life of Mahatma Gandhi and played a crucial role in shaping his philosophy and approach to nonviolent resistance. Here is a detailed explanation of why the answer is option 'A':

1. Background:
- The fight in Champaran took place in 1917 in the Champaran district of Bihar, India.
- The farmers in the region were forced to cultivate indigo by the British indigo planters, leading to exploitation and distress.
- The farmers were compelled to grow indigo on a portion of their land, known as the tinkathia system, and were paid very low wages for their labor.

2. Gandhi's Involvement:
- Gandhi, who had recently returned to India from South Africa, was requested by Rajkumar Shukla, a poor farmer from Champaran, to intervene in the situation.
- Despite being initially hesitant, Gandhi eventually agreed to visit Champaran and understand the farmers' grievances.

3. Leadership Approach:
- Gandhi employed a unique leadership approach during his fight in Champaran, which demonstrated the power of effective leadership.
- He actively listened to the concerns of the farmers and empathized with their struggles.
- Gandhi organized meetings and discussions with the local community to understand the depth of the problem.
- He encouraged the farmers to share their experiences and unite against the unjust practices of the indigo planters.

4. Mobilization and Advocacy:
- Gandhi mobilized the local farmers and organized protests and strikes against the indigo planters.
- He educated the farmers about their rights and encouraged them to resist the exploitation.
- Gandhi's ability to communicate effectively and inspire the farmers to fight for their rights showcased his leadership skills.

5. Negotiation and Resolution:
- Gandhi led negotiations with the British authorities and the indigo planters to address the farmers' concerns.
- Through his persuasive approach and nonviolent resistance, Gandhi was able to secure significant concessions for the farmers.
- The tinkathia system was abolished, and the farmers were given the freedom to choose their crops.

6. Impact and Significance:
- Gandhi's successful fight in Champaran marked a turning point in his life and the Indian independence movement.
- It demonstrated the power of effective leadership in mobilizing communities, advocating for justice, and achieving positive change.
- The event also solidified Gandhi's commitment to nonviolent resistance and his belief in the power of grassroots movements.

In conclusion, Gandhi's fight in Champaran signifies the power of effective leadership because of his ability to mobilize and empower the local farmers, advocate for their rights, negotiate with the authorities, and ultimately bring about positive change. His approach showcased the transformative potential of effective leadership in challenging unjust systems and inspiring others to join the struggle for justice.

He sent a telegram to Professor J.B. Kripalani who received them at the station with a large body of students. Gandhi stayed there for two days in the home of professor Malkani, a government teacher.