All questions of History Class 12 for Humanities/Arts Exam

Context of the Found Bathroom in a Citadel

The correct option is D, which means the context in which the bathroom was found is a Citadel. A Citadel is a fortress that is typically built on high ground for defense purposes. Here are some details about the context of the found bathroom:

Definition of a Citadel
A Citadel is a fortress or stronghold that provides protection to a city or town. It is usually built on high ground to give a strategic advantage in case of an attack.

Purpose of a Citadel
The primary purpose of a Citadel is to provide a safe haven for the inhabitants of a city or town. It is designed to withstand attacks from enemies and keep the people inside safe.

Features of a Citadel
A Citadel typically has thick walls, watchtowers, and gates that are designed to keep intruders out. It may also have a moat, a drawbridge, and other defensive features. A Citadel may also have residential quarters, storage facilities, and other amenities to support the people living inside.

Bathroom in a Citadel
The fact that a bathroom was found in a Citadel suggests that even in times of war, people needed basic amenities like sanitation. The bathroom may have been used by soldiers or civilians living in the Citadel. It is also possible that the bathroom was added later, during a time of peace, as an improvement to the living conditions inside the Citadel.

Conclusion
The context in which the bathroom was found is a Citadel, which is a fortress built for defense purposes. The presence of a bathroom in the Citadel suggests that even in times of war, people needed basic amenities like sanitation.

I'm sorry, I cannot provide an answer without knowing the context or question. Please provide more information.

Correct answer is 'd'

Al-Biruni was born in 973 CE in the town of Kath, Khwarezm, which is now present-day Uzbekistan. He was a renowned scholar and polymath who made significant contributions to fields such as mathematics, astronomy, geography, physics, and history.

Early life and education
Al-Biruni was born into a family of scholars and received his initial education from his father and other local scholars. He showed a keen interest in learning from a young age and soon surpassed his teachers in knowledge. He was fluent in Arabic, Persian, Sanskrit, and several other languages.

Career and contributions
Al-Biruni worked under the patronage of several rulers and scholars throughout his life. He is best known for his work on Indian mathematics and astronomy, where he made significant contributions to trigonometry, the study of eclipses, and the measurement of the earth's circumference. He also wrote extensively on Islamic philosophy, history, and theology.

Later life and legacy
Al-Biruni passed away in 1048 CE in Ghazni, Afghanistan, where he had spent the latter part of his life working under the patronage of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni. His works were translated into several languages and influenced scholars throughout the Islamic world and beyond. Today, he is considered one of the greatest scholars of the Islamic Golden Age, and his contributions to fields such as astronomy and mathematics continue to be studied and used by scholars worldwide.

Ending is आ so it is स्त्रीलिंग

The Only Prescribed Occupation for Shudras: Servitude

Shudras were considered the lowest caste in the Indian social hierarchy during the ancient period. The caste system in India was based on a hierarchical structure where people were divided into four main castes: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. Shudras were not allowed to perform any high-level jobs and were restricted to certain occupations. Let us discuss the only prescribed occupation for Shudras:

Background of Shudras

Shudras were considered the lowest caste in the Indian social hierarchy and were treated with contempt. They were not allowed to perform any high-level jobs and were restricted to certain occupations. They were not allowed to receive an education, enter temples, or read the holy scriptures. They were also not allowed to own property or have any social or political power.

The Only Prescribed Occupation for Shudras: Servitude

The only prescribed occupation for Shudras was servitude. They were supposed to serve the higher castes and perform menial jobs. They were considered to be impure and were not allowed to touch or come into contact with the higher castes. They were supposed to live outside the village and were not allowed to enter temples or other religious places.

Shudras were expected to serve the higher castes without any expectation of reward or recognition. They were supposed to work hard and do whatever was asked of them. They were not allowed to complain or protest against any injustice done to them.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the only prescribed occupation for Shudras was servitude. They were supposed to serve the higher castes and perform menial jobs. They were not allowed to receive an education, enter temples, or read the holy scriptures. They were supposed to live outside the village and were not allowed to enter temples or other religious places. They were expected to serve the higher castes without any expectation of reward or recognition.

Correct answer is jewellery because in ancient time they believe that it goes to afterlife with you

Colossal statues of Kushana rulers are found in Uttar Pradesh.

Historical Background
The Kushana Empire was a powerful empire that ruled over a large part of South Asia and Central Asia from the 1st to the 3rd century CE. The Kushanas were great patrons of art and architecture, and their reign saw the creation of magnificent sculptures and monuments.

Colossal Statues
Among the most impressive achievements of Kushana art are the colossal statues of their rulers. These statues were often carved from stone, and were placed in public spaces as a symbol of the power and authority of the emperor.

Location
The colossal statues of Kushana rulers are primarily found in Uttar Pradesh, a state in northern India. This region was an important center of Kushana power, and many of the most important Kushana monuments and sculptures are located here.

Examples of Colossal Statues in Uttar Pradesh
Some of the most famous examples of colossal statues of Kushana rulers in Uttar Pradesh include:

1. The Mathura Lion Capital: This is a large stone sculpture of a lion, which was originally part of a pillar erected by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. The pillar was later removed, but the lion capital was preserved and is now on display at the Sarnath Museum in Uttar Pradesh.

2. The Buddha Statue at the Sarnath Museum: This is a large stone sculpture of the Buddha, which was carved during the Kushana period. It is one of the finest examples of Kushana art and is considered a masterpiece of Indian sculpture.

3. The Kushana Buddha Statue at the Mathura Museum: This is another large stone sculpture of the Buddha, which was created during the Kushana period. It is a striking example of the style and craftsmanship of Kushana art.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the colossal statues of Kushana rulers are an important part of India's cultural heritage, and are primarily found in Uttar Pradesh. These magnificent sculptures are a testament to the skill and creativity of Kushana artists, and are a must-see for anyone interested in the history and art of South Asia.

It is likely that B. Pocker Bahadur made a powerful plea for continuing separate electorates, although without more context it is difficult to provide a definite answer. B. Pocker Bahadur was a member of the Constituent Assembly of India, the body responsible for drafting the Constitution of India. During the debates on the draft Constitution, Pocker Bahadur made a powerful plea for continuing separate electorates for Muslims, arguing that this would protect the rights and interests of the Muslim minority in India. The Constituent Assembly ultimately rejected the proposal for separate electorates and instead adopted a system of universal adult franchise, which ensured that all citizens of India, regardless of religion, would have the right to vote and be represented in the government.

Ibn Battuta's Stay in the Maldives as Qazi

Heading: Introduction
Ibn Battuta was a famous Moroccan explorer who traveled extensively throughout the Islamic world during the 14th century. He served as a qadi or judge in several regions, including the Maldives.

Heading: Ibn Battuta's Journey to the Maldives
In 1343, Ibn Battuta set out on a sea voyage from the port of Calicut (in present-day Kerala, India) to the Maldives. The Maldives is a group of islands located in the Indian Ocean, southwest of India and Sri Lanka. It was known for its thriving maritime trade and Islamic culture.

Heading: Ibn Battuta's Appointment as Qazi
Upon his arrival in the Maldives, Ibn Battuta was appointed as the qazi or chief judge by the sultan. He was tasked with overseeing the legal affairs of the country, which was under Islamic law. Ibn Battuta held this position for eighteen months, during which he gained valuable insights into the local customs and traditions.

Heading: Ibn Battuta's Observations in the Maldives
During his stay in the Maldives, Ibn Battuta observed several interesting aspects of the local culture. He noted that the Maldivians were skilled fishermen and boat builders, and that they had a unique system of writing called "Eveyla Akuru". He also remarked on the Maldivian tradition of using coconut oil as a primary source of fuel.

Heading: Ibn Battuta's Departure from the Maldives
In 1344, Ibn Battuta left the Maldives and continued his travels to other parts of the Islamic world. He documented his experiences in his famous travelogue, "Rihla", which is considered one of the most important literary works of the medieval era.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, Ibn Battuta's stay in the Maldives as qazi was an important phase of his travels. It provided him with a unique perspective on the legal system and culture of the Maldives, which he later documented in his writings. His observations continue to be a valuable source of information for scholars and historians today.

The Mutiny in the Sepoy Ranks

The mutiny in the sepoy ranks quickly became a rebellion. Here's why:

Causes of the Mutiny

- The introduction of new rifle cartridges greased with animal fat, which offended both Hindu and Muslim sepoys who had to bite the cartridges to load their rifles.
- The use of Indian soldiers in British wars, which was against their religious beliefs.
- The abolition of the Mughal Empire by the British, which was seen as an attack on Indian culture and tradition.
- The imposition of Western education and values on India.

Spread of the Mutiny

- The mutiny started in Meerut on May 10, 1857, when sepoys refused to use the new cartridges.
- The mutiny quickly spread to other parts of India, including Delhi, Lucknow, Kanpur, and Jhansi.
- The rebellion was supported by Indian princes, who resented British interference in their affairs.

Rebellion against the British

- The mutiny soon turned into a rebellion against British rule in India.
- Indian soldiers and civilians attacked British officials and civilians, killing many.
- The British responded with brutal force, massacring Indians and burning villages.
- The rebellion lasted for almost two years, but was eventually crushed by the British.

Impact of the Rebellion

- The rebellion had a profound impact on India's history.
- It marked the end of the Mughal Empire and the beginning of direct British rule in India.
- It also led to the British government taking greater control over Indian affairs, including education and administration.
- The rebellion also inspired Indian nationalism and the struggle for independence from British rule.

The correct answer is option 'A' - Buddhists.

Buddhism, founded by Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha), provides an alternative understanding of social inequalities. Buddhism emerged in ancient India during a time when the caste system was deeply entrenched, and social inequalities were prevalent. The Buddha challenged the traditional understanding of social hierarchies and offered a different perspective on social inequalities.

Understandings of Social Inequalities in Buddhism:
1. Rejection of Caste System: Buddhism rejects the caste system, which divided society into rigid social classes based on birth. The Buddha emphasized that one's social status should not be determined by birth but by one's actions (karma) and spiritual attainment.

2. The Concept of Anatta (No-Self): Buddhism teaches the concept of anatta, which means that there is no permanent, unchanging self or soul. According to Buddhism, individuals are interconnected and constantly changing, and therefore, no individual is inherently superior or inferior to others based on their social position.

3. The Four Noble Truths: The Buddha's teachings revolve around the Four Noble Truths, which address the nature of suffering and the path to liberation. The Second Noble Truth states that the cause of suffering is craving and attachment. This implies that social inequalities and the desire for power, wealth, and social status contribute to human suffering.

4. The Middle Way: Buddhism advocates for the Middle Way, which is a balanced approach to life. It encourages individuals to avoid extreme behaviors and attachments, including excessive wealth or poverty. The Middle Way promotes social harmony and equality by encouraging individuals to find a balanced and moderate approach to their lives.

5. Compassion and Equality: Buddhism places a strong emphasis on compassion and treating all sentient beings equally. The concept of Bodhisattva, an enlightened being who postpones their own liberation to help others, exemplifies the importance of compassion and equality in Buddhism.

Conclusion:
Buddhism offers an alternative understanding of social inequalities by rejecting the caste system, emphasizing the impermanence of the self, addressing the root causes of suffering, promoting the Middle Way, and advocating for compassion and equality. Through these teachings, Buddhism challenges the prevailing social inequalities and provides a framework for social harmony and liberation.

Recognition of Local Deity in Puri, Orissa as a Form of Vishnu

Background: Puri is a city located in the eastern state of Orissa in India. It is known for its famous Jagannath Temple, which is dedicated to Lord Jagannath, a form of the Hindu God Vishnu. However, in addition to Lord Jagannath, there are also other deities that are worshipped in Puri.

Local Deity Recognized: One such deity is called Alarnath, who is worshipped as a form of Vishnu. According to legend, Alarnath was a hunter who had a vision of Vishnu while he was hunting. Vishnu appeared to him in the form of a deity and asked him to stop hunting. From that day on, Alarnath became a devotee of Vishnu and built a temple in his honor.

Significance: The Alarnath Temple is located in the Brahmagiri area of Puri and is considered to be a very sacred site for Vishnu devotees. It is believed that worshipping Alarnath can bring blessings and fulfillment of wishes. The temple is especially busy during the month of Ashadha (June-July) when devotees come to offer prayers and seek blessings. The festival of Alarnath Yatra is also celebrated during this time, which attracts thousands of pilgrims.

Conclusion: The recognition of Alarnath as a form of Vishnu is significant because it shows the diversity of Hinduism and the different forms in which deities are worshipped. It also highlights the importance of local traditions and beliefs in shaping religious practices.

Conclusion:
Temples have played a crucial role in the worship of Vishnu and Shiva, serving as centers of devotion, culture, and community for followers of these deities. The elaborate architecture, rituals, and significance of these temples have contributed to the rich tapestry of Hindu religious practices and beliefs.

Language adopted by Arab Muslim traders

Introduction: Arab Muslim traders were the first to trade with India and they had a significant impact on India's culture and economy. They brought with them their language, religion, and customs. However, they also adopted the local languages for communication purposes.

Language adopted: Arab Muslim traders adopted the Malayalam language for communication purposes. Malayalam is a language spoken in the South Indian state of Kerala. It is one of the 22 official languages of India and is spoken by around 38 million people worldwide.

Reasons for adopting Malayalam: Arab Muslim traders adopted Malayalam because of the following reasons:

1. Easy communication: Malayalam was the language spoken by the locals in Kerala. The Arab traders found it easier to communicate with the locals in their own language rather than using Arabic.

2. Trade: The Arab traders were primarily involved in the spice trade with Kerala. They needed to communicate with the locals for the trade to flourish.

3. Integration: The Arab traders wanted to integrate with the local community. They adopted the local language to show their respect towards the locals.

4. Spread of Islam: The Arab traders also spread Islam in Kerala. They used Malayalam to communicate the teachings of Islam to the locals.

Impact of Arab traders: The Arab traders had a significant impact on Kerala's culture and economy. They introduced the Islamic religion, Arabic language, and customs to the state. They also brought with them new spices and other products that were not available in Kerala. The spice trade with the Arabs helped Kerala become a major trading center in South India.

Conclusion: In conclusion, Arab Muslim traders adopted the Malayalam language for communication purposes in Kerala. Their adoption of the local language helped in the integration of Arab traders with the local community. It also had a significant impact on Kerala's culture and economy.

The Language of Jatakas

The Jatakas are a collection of stories about the previous births of the Buddha. These stories were originally written in the Pali language, which was the language of the Theravada Buddhist scriptures.

Explanation:

The Jatakas are an important part of Buddhist literature, and they are studied by Buddhists all over the world. These stories have been passed down through the centuries, and they continue to be an important part of Buddhist teachings today.

The Jatakas were written in the Pali language, which is an ancient language that was spoken in India. The Pali language was used by the Theravada Buddhist tradition, which is one of the oldest and most traditional forms of Buddhism. The language is still used today by Theravada Buddhist monks for chanting and for reading the scriptures.

The Pali language was chosen for the Jatakas because it was the language of the people at the time when the stories were first written down. The language was also well-known among the Buddhist monks of the time, and it was seen as a language that was particularly suited to religious teachings.

In conclusion, the Jatakas were written in the Pali language, which is an ancient language that was spoken in India. The language was chosen because it was well-known among the Buddhist monks of the time, and it was seen as a language that was particularly suited to religious teachings. Today, the Jatakas continue to be an important part of Buddhist literature, and they are studied by Buddhists all over the world.

Commissioner of Guntur in 1854 was Walter Elliot.

Walter Elliot was a British colonial administrator who served as the Commissioner of Guntur in 1854. He was born on 1st May 1803 in Thornton, Scotland, and joined the East India Company's Bengal Civil Service in 1822.

Elliot held various administrative positions in India, including Collector of Madras, Commissioner of Coimbatore, and Commissioner of Guntur. He was known for his efforts to modernize the region and improve the living conditions of the people. During his tenure as the Commissioner of Guntur, he worked towards the development of irrigation systems, roads, and public buildings. He also focused on improving the education system and encouraged the establishment of schools.

Elliot was a supporter of the British policy of modernization and believed that the British rule in India was necessary for the country's progress. However, he was criticized by some for his harsh treatment of the local population and his support for the exploitation of India's resources by the British.

Elliot retired from the civil service in 1857 and returned to Scotland, where he died on 23rd June 1887.

The Quit India Movement was the most popular movement against the British raj.

Background:

- The Quit India Movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi on August 8, 1942, demanding an end to British colonial rule in India.

Reasons for the Movement:

- The failure of the Cripps Mission, which proposed dominion status for India after the war
- The British government's refusal to grant immediate independence to India
- The worsening economic conditions in India during World War II

Features of the Movement:

- The movement was non-violent and aimed at creating a mass civil disobedience movement.
- The Indian National Congress, under Gandhi's leadership, called for the British to "Quit India" and hand over power to an Indian government.
- The British government responded with a harsh crackdown, arresting thousands of Congress leaders and activists, including Gandhi himself.
- The movement inspired a wave of protests and strikes across India, but was eventually suppressed by the British authorities.

Impact:

- The Quit India Movement marked a turning point in India's struggle for independence, as it demonstrated the strength of popular opposition to British rule.
- The British government began to realize that it could no longer maintain its hold on India, and began to make concessions towards Indian independence.
- The movement also inspired a new generation of Indian leaders, such as Jawaharlal Nehru and Sardar Patel, who would go on to lead India after independence.

Conclusion:

- The Quit India Movement was the most popular movement against British rule in India, and played a key role in India's struggle for independence. Its legacy continues to inspire movements for freedom and democracy around the world.

It is likely that B. N. Rau prepared a series of background papers based on a close study of the political systems obtaining in other countries. B. N. Rau, also known as Benegal Narsing Rau, was a constitutional expert and lawyer who played a significant role in the drafting of the Constitution of India. He served as the Constitutional Adviser to the Constituent Assembly of India, the body responsible for drafting the Constitution of India, and prepared a series of background papers on various aspects of the Constitution, including the political systems of other countries.

Gandhiji's Involvement in Campaigns in 1918 in Gujarat

Background Information:
Mahatma Gandhi was a prominent political and spiritual leader of India who played a crucial role in the Indian independence movement. He was involved in various campaigns and movements to fight against British rule in India. In 1918, he led two significant campaigns in Gujarat.

Campaigns in Gujarat:
Gandhiji's involvement in these campaigns is as follows:

1. Kheda Satyagraha:
- The Kheda Satyagraha was a non-violent protest against the British government's decision to increase land revenue in the Kheda district of Gujarat.
- The farmers of the region were unable to pay the increased taxes due to a crop failure.
- Gandhiji, along with other leaders, organized a campaign to support the farmers.
- They urged the government to exempt the farmers from paying taxes, but the authorities refused to accept their demands.
- The campaign continued for several months, and eventually, the government agreed to reduce land revenue and provide other concessions to farmers.

2. Ahmedabad Mill Strike:
- The Ahmedabad Mill Strike was organized in 1918 by textile workers in Ahmedabad to demand better working conditions, wages, and an end to the practice of racial discrimination.
- Gandhiji supported the strike and helped the workers in organizing the movement.
- The strike continued for several months, and eventually, the workers' demands were accepted by the mill owners.

Conclusion:
Gandhiji's involvement in these campaigns was significant as they marked the beginning of his non-violent resistance strategy, which he later used in various movements and campaigns against British rule. His leadership and contribution to these campaigns played a crucial role in the Indian independence movement, which eventually led to the country's freedom in 1947.

Satyagraha - Gandhi's Non-Violent Protest

Satyagraha is a term coined by Mahatma Gandhi, which means "holding on to the truth". It was a non-violent protest method that he first forged in South Africa in 1906 and later used in India to fight for India's independence from British rule.

Key features of Satyagraha:

1. Nonviolent resistance
2. Truthfulness and honesty
3. Self-suffering
4. Appeal to the conscience of the opponent
5. Willingness to compromise

Gandhi's Satyagraha movement was based on the principles of non-violence, love, truth, and self-suffering. He believed that these principles could be used to fight any form of oppression or injustice. The Salt March of 1930 was a major example of Satyagraha in India. In this movement, Gandhi led a march to the Arabian Sea to protest against the British salt tax. The march was a peaceful protest that attracted thousands of supporters, and it inspired many others to join the fight for independence.

Conclusion:

Satyagraha was a powerful tool that Gandhi used to fight for justice and freedom. He believed that non-violence and truth were more powerful than any weapon. His legacy continues to inspire people around the world to stand up for what is right and to fight against oppression and injustice.

The Congress Annual Session of 1929 was held in Lahore, which is located in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The session is significant in Indian history, as it was during this event that the demand for complete independence from British rule was made by the Indian National Congress for the first time.

Importance of the Congress Annual Session of 1929:

1. Demand for Complete Independence: The Lahore Congress session was a turning point in India's freedom struggle. It marked the beginning of the demand for complete independence from British rule, which was a departure from the earlier demand for Dominion status.

2. Resolution on Fundamental Rights and Economic Policy: The Congress also passed a resolution on Fundamental Rights and Economic Policy, which demanded the protection of civil liberties and the promotion of economic welfare.

3. Jawaharlal Nehru's Presidential Address: Jawaharlal Nehru, who presided over the session, delivered his famous Presidential Address, which articulated the vision of a free and democratic India. It was during this speech that he used the phrase "tryst with destiny."

4. Participation of Women: The session was also notable for the participation of women, who were given a separate session to discuss their concerns and demands.

Conclusion:

The Congress Annual Session of 1929 in Lahore was a significant event in Indian history, as it marked the beginning of the demand for complete independence from British rule. The session was also notable for the resolution on Fundamental Rights and Economic Policy, Jawaharlal Nehru's Presidential Address, and the participation of women.

The call to unite, rise and exterminate the firangis was mainly directed towards the Muslim community in India during the 1857 revolt against British colonial rule. The term "firangi" was used to refer to the British colonizers who were seen as a threat to the Indian way of life and culture.

Reasons for the call to unite and rise against the firangis:
1. British colonial rule: The British East India Company had established its rule in India and was exploiting the resources and people of the country. The Indians were not happy with the British rule and wanted to regain their independence.

2. Social and cultural changes: The British introduced many social and cultural changes in India which were seen as a threat to traditional Indian values and customs. This led to resentment among the Indian people.

3. Economic exploitation: The British were also exploiting the Indian economy by imposing heavy taxes and tariffs on Indian goods. This led to poverty and misery for the Indian people.

Role of Muslims in the revolt:
1. Leadership: Many Muslim leaders played a key role in the 1857 revolt, including Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last Mughal emperor of India.

2. Religious motivation: The revolt was also motivated by religious factors, with many Muslims seeing it as a jihad against the British infidels.

3. Unity: The call to unite against the firangis was heeded by many Muslims who joined the revolt in large numbers.

The call to rise and exterminate the firangis was a desperate attempt by the Indian people to regain their independence and protect their way of life from British colonialism. While the revolt ultimately failed, it marked a turning point in Indian history and paved the way for the Indian independence movement.

In Gujarat peasants possessing about six acres of land were considered to be affluent; in Bengal, on the other hand, five acres was the upper limit of an average peasant farm ; 10 acres would make one a rich asami.