All questions of Class-wise NCERT Tests for BPSC (Bihar) Exam

Explanation:

2 Only
- Statement 1 is incorrect because both Sri Lanka and India have faced challenges to their democratic systems since independence. Sri Lanka, in particular, has experienced periods of political instability and conflict.
- Statement 2 is correct. Nepal is indeed a constitutional monarchy, where the monarch's powers are limited by a constitution.
- Statement 3 is incorrect. Pakistan has had a tumultuous political history with periods of military rule interspersed with democratic governments. It was only after the early 2000s that Pakistan saw more consistent democratic governance.
Therefore, the correct answer is option C) 2 Only.

Answer is D

Judicial Powers and Functions -

Explanation:

The Preamble of the Indian Constitution is a brief introductory statement that sets out the objectives and purposes of the Constitution. It was adopted on 26 November 1949 by the Constituent Assembly of India.

The language of the Preamble is inspired by the Constitution of Australia. However, the idea of including a Preamble in the Constitution was borrowed from the Constitution of the United States of America.

The Preamble is a non-justiciable part of the Constitution, meaning that it cannot be enforced by a court of law. However, it serves as a guiding principle for the interpretation of the Constitution.

The Preamble of the Indian Constitution reads as follows:

"We, the people of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic and to secure to all its citizens:

Justice, social, economic and political;
Liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
Equality of status and of opportunity;
and to promote among them all
Fraternity assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation;
In our constituent assembly this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do hereby adopt, enact and give to ourselves this Constitution."

Conclusion:

Thus, it can be concluded that the language of the Preamble of the Indian Constitution is taken from the Constitution of Australia, but the idea of including a Preamble in the Constitution was borrowed from the Constitution of the United States of America.

C

Understanding the Statements
To determine the correctness of the statements, we need to analyze each one:
Statement 1: The Patwari's Role
- The Patwari is indeed responsible for conducting land surveys and maintaining/updating land records.
- These records are essential for resolving land disputes, making this statement correct.
Statement 2: The Tehsildar's Role
- The Tehsildar supervises the Patwari and is also responsible for the collection of land revenue.
- This statement accurately reflects the hierarchical structure in land administration, confirming its correctness.
Statement 3: Hindu Succession Amendment Act, 2005
- The Hindu Succession Amendment Act, 2005, does not apply only to sons.
- It grants equal rights to daughters in ancestral property, ensuring gender equality in inheritance rights. Therefore, this statement is incorrect.
Correct Answer Explanation
- Since Statements 1 and 2 are correct while Statement 3 is incorrect, the answer is option 'B': 1 and 2 Only.
Key Takeaways
- The Patwari plays a crucial role in land surveys and records, vital for land dispute resolution.
- The Tehsildar supervises Patwaris and manages land revenue collection.
- The Hindu Succession Amendment Act, 2005, promotes equal rights for daughters, not just sons.
In conclusion, options 'B' encompasses the accurate understanding of the roles and legal provisions concerning land administration and inheritance.

Understanding the Gram Sabha's Role
The Gram Sabha is a crucial component of the Panchayati Raj system in India, serving as a platform for grassroots democracy. Its primary function is to engage the local populace in decision-making processes.
Key Functions of the Gram Sabha
- Approval of Work: The Gram Sabha is responsible for approving the plans and activities proposed by the Gram Panchayat. This includes developmental programs and projects that directly impact the local community. By providing approval, the Gram Sabha ensures that the needs and priorities of the villagers are addressed.
- Monitoring Implementation: The Gram Sabha plays a significant role in monitoring the implementation of various developmental programs in the village. This oversight helps maintain transparency and accountability in the functioning of the Gram Panchayat.
- Participatory Governance: The Gram Sabha encourages active participation from villagers in governance. It serves as a forum for discussing local issues, where residents can voice their concerns and suggestions, thereby fostering a sense of ownership and responsibility.
- Empowerment of Local Communities: By involving the community in decision-making, the Gram Sabha empowers citizens to influence the development trajectory of their villages, ensuring that development is inclusive and reflective of the community's needs.
Conclusion
In summary, the primary function of the Gram Sabha within the Panchayati Raj system is to approve the work of the Gram Panchayat. This role is vital for ensuring that local governance is responsive to the needs of the community, facilitating effective development and enhancing democratic practices at the grassroots level.

Communalism was and continues to be one of the major challenges to democracy in our country. The makers of our Constitution were aware of this challenge. That is why they chose the model of a secular state. This choice was reflected in several constitutional provisions which are as follows

The Black Power Movement emerged in the United States of America.

The Black Power Movement was a social and political movement that emerged in the 1960s as a response to racial inequality and discrimination faced by African Americans. It aimed to empower and mobilize the black community, promote black pride and identity, and challenge white supremacy. The movement advocated for self-determination, self-defense, and economic and political empowerment.

The Black Power Movement gained momentum in the 1960s alongside the Civil Rights Movement, which fought for equal rights and an end to segregation. However, while the Civil Rights Movement focused on nonviolent resistance and integration, the Black Power Movement took a more assertive and militant approach.

Some key factors that contributed to the emergence of the Black Power Movement in the United States include:

1. Civil Rights Movement: The Black Power Movement was influenced by the Civil Rights Movement and its leaders, such as Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. The Civil Rights Movement exposed the systemic racism and injustice faced by African Americans and laid the groundwork for the Black Power Movement.

2. Racial Inequality: African Americans continued to face racial discrimination, poverty, and limited opportunities despite the gains made during the Civil Rights Movement. The Black Power Movement emerged as a response to these ongoing issues and aimed to address them directly.

3. Political Activism: The Black Power Movement was fueled by political activism and the desire to challenge the existing power structures. Activist groups such as the Black Panther Party and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) played a significant role in mobilizing the black community and advocating for their rights.

4. Cultural Identity: The Black Power Movement emphasized the importance of embracing and celebrating African American culture, history, and identity. It sought to challenge the notion of white superiority and promote black pride and self-determination.

Overall, the Black Power Movement emerged in the United States as a response to racial inequality and discrimination faced by African Americans. It aimed to empower and mobilize the black community, challenge white supremacy, and promote black pride and identity.

As far as we all know the word "neutrality" means neutral ,it is the state of not supporting either side in a conflict, disagreement or impartiality etc.
Therefore,option 'c' is the correct one

• Emergence of regional political party: The emergence of regional political parties plays a crucial role in promoting better understanding between the Centre and State governments. These parties represent the interests and aspirations of specific regions or states, giving them a voice in the overall governance of the country.
• The beginning of the era of coalition government: When the government is formed through a coalition of multiple parties, it necessitates cooperation and understanding between the Centre and State governments. As different parties come together to form a government, they need to negotiate and work collaboratively to achieve common goals.
• When no single party got a clear majority: In situations where no single political party secures a clear majority in the elections, it often leads to a fragmented political landscape. This scenario requires the Centre and State governments to engage in dialogue, negotiation, and compromise to form stable governments and ensure effective governance.
• All of the above: All the mentioned factors are important for better understanding between the Centre and State governments. The emergence of regional parties, the era of coalition governments, and situations with no clear majority all contribute to the need for cooperation, collaboration, and understanding between the Centre and State governments.

Answer:

Statement 1: If political parties start competing in terms of some existing social divisions, it can lead to conflict or violence in the country.

Explanation:
When political parties start competing in terms of existing social divisions, it means that they are trying to gain support from different social groups by exploiting the divisions that already exist in society. This can lead to conflict or violence in the country due to the following reasons:

1. Polarization: When political parties compete based on social divisions, it often leads to the polarization of society. People are divided into different groups based on religion, caste, ethnicity, or other social identities. This can lead to animosity between different groups and result in conflicts.

2. Identity Politics: Political parties may use identity politics to mobilize support from specific social groups. They may appeal to the emotions and grievances of these groups, which can further deepen the divisions in society. This can create an "us versus them" mentality and fuel conflict.

3. Marginalization: Competing on social divisions can lead to the marginalization of certain groups. Political parties may prioritize the interests of one group over others, resulting in the exclusion and oppression of marginalized groups. This can breed resentment and lead to conflicts between different sections of society.

4. Violence and Aggression: When political parties exploit social divisions, it can incite violence and aggression. Supporters of different parties may engage in physical confrontations, riots, or other forms of violence to assert their group's dominance. This not only threatens public safety but also undermines the democratic fabric of the country.

Therefore, statement 1 is correct as political parties competing on existing social divisions can indeed lead to conflict or violence in the country.

Statement 2: Social divisions affect voting patterns in most countries.

Explanation:
Social divisions, such as religion, caste, ethnicity, language, or socio-economic status, often influence voting patterns in most countries. This can be explained by the following points:

1. Identity-based Voting: People often vote for candidates or parties that they perceive to represent their social identity or group interests. For example, voters from a particular caste may vote for a candidate who belongs to the same caste or is seen as representing their caste's interests.

2. Mobilization: Political parties often mobilize support by appealing to specific social divisions. They may use factors like religion, language, or ethnicity to gain the support of particular communities. This can influence voting patterns as people tend to vote for the party that they perceive as representing their community's interests.

3. Socialization: Social divisions can also influence voting patterns through the process of socialization. People's political attitudes and preferences are often shaped by their social background, including their caste, religion, or socio-economic status. These divisions can influence how individuals perceive political issues and make voting decisions.

4. Historical Factors: In many countries, social divisions have deep historical roots. Historical events, conflicts, or inequalities based on social divisions can influence voting patterns even in the present. People may vote based on long-standing grievances or to address historical injustices.

Therefore, statement 2 is also correct as social divisions do affect voting patterns in most countries.

Conclusion:
Both statement 1 and statement 2 are correct. Political parties competing on existing social divisions can lead to conflict or violence in a country, and social divisions indeed affect voting patterns in most countries.

Legislative and Executive Powers and Functions of Parliament
1. Parliament can make laws on the subjects enumerated in the State List:
- This is a legislative power of Parliament where it can make laws on subjects specified in the State List as per the distribution of powers between the Union and State governments under the Constitution.
2. Parliament exercises control over the Executive through question-hour:
- Question hour is a significant tool through which Members of Parliament can seek information and hold the government accountable for its actions. This helps in ensuring transparency and oversight over the Executive.
3. Lok Sabha can express lack of confidence in the government by no confidence motion:
- This is a crucial legislative power where the Lok Sabha can express lack of confidence in the government by passing a no-confidence motion. If the motion is passed, the government is bound to resign.
Therefore, the correct answer is option 'A' as these are the legislative and executive powers and functions of Parliament.

Nehru had always put his faith in science and technology for rapidly building a modern India. A significant component of his industrialisation plans was the nuclear programme initiated in the late 1940s under the guidance of Homi J. Bhabha. India wanted to generate atomic energy for peaceful purposes. Nehru was against nuclear weapons. So he pleaded with the superpowers for comprehensive nuclear disarmament. However, the nuclear arsenal kept rising.

The correct answer is option 'D' - 1, 2 and 3 only.

Explanation:

1. EC takes decisions on every aspect of conduct and control of elections:
The Election Commission of India (EC) is an independent constitutional authority responsible for the conduct and control of elections in India. It has the power to take decisions on all aspects related to elections, including the scheduling of elections, setting up polling stations, determining the code of conduct, etc. The EC ensures a level playing field for all political parties and candidates and works towards conducting free and fair elections.

2. When on election duty, government officers work under the control of the EC and not the government:
During elections, government officers are appointed as election officials to carry out various electoral duties such as voter registration, polling, counting, etc. When these officers are on election duty, they work under the control and supervision of the EC and not the government. This ensures that the election process remains impartial and unbiased.

3. It implements the Code of Conduct and punishes any candidate or party that violates it:
The Election Commission enforces the Model Code of Conduct (MCC), which is a set of guidelines that political parties and candidates are expected to follow during elections. The MCC aims to ensure that the election process is conducted in a fair and transparent manner. The EC has the power to take action against any candidate or party that violates the code of conduct. It can issue warnings, reprimands, or even disqualify candidates if necessary.

The Election Commission plays a crucial role in upholding the democratic process in India. It ensures that elections are conducted in a free, fair, and transparent manner. Its powers include decision-making authority, control over government officers during elections, and enforcement of the Code of Conduct. Therefore, all the statements given in the question are correct, and the correct answer is option 'D' - 1, 2 and 3 only.

Explanation:

1. Purpose of the invasion:
The first statement is correct. The ostensible purpose of the Operation Iraqi Freedom was to prevent Iraq from developing weapons of mass destruction. The US government, under President George W. Bush, claimed that Iraq possessed chemical and biological weapons, as well as was pursuing nuclear weapons, posing a threat to international security. This justification was a major factor in the decision to invade Iraq in 2003.

2. Participation of other countries:
The second statement is also correct. While the United States led the invasion of Iraq, more than forty other countries joined in the operation. These countries provided varying levels of support, including troops, logistical assistance, and political backing. Some of the key allies in the coalition included the United Kingdom, Australia, and Poland. The coalition of countries aimed to overthrow the regime of Saddam Hussein and stabilize Iraq after the invasion.

Therefore, both statements are correct as the Operation Iraqi Freedom was indeed carried out to prevent Iraq from developing weapons of mass destruction, and it involved the participation of more than forty other countries in the military operation.

Democracy is a better form of government when compared with dictatorship or any other alternative, because it: Promotes equality among citizens; Enhances the dignity of the individual; Improves the quality of decision making; Provides a method to resolve conflicts; Allows room to correct mistake.

Laws enforcing Fundamental Rights can be made only by the Parliament and not by state legislatures so that uniformity throughout the country is maintained.

The constitution of a country is a set of written rules that are accepted by all people living together in a country. The Constitution is the supreme law that determines the relationship among people living in a territory (called citizens) and also the relationship between the people and government. A constitution does many things

Maoists are those communists who believe in the ideology of Mao, the leader of the Chinese revolution. They seek to overthrow the government through an armed revolution so as to establish the rule of the peasants and workers.

In 1992, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution. The resolution reflected three main complaints: The Security Council no longer represents contemporary political realities. Its decisions reflect only Western values and interests and are dominated by a few powers. It lacks equitable representation. In view of these growing demands for the restructuring of the UN, on 1 January 1997, the UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan initiated an inquiry into how the UN should be reformed.

The correct answer is option 'B' - 2, 3, 5.

Explanation:
The parliamentary system is a democratic form of government in which the executive branch is responsible to the legislature. It is important to note that the parliamentary system can vary from country to country, so these statements may not apply universally. However, based on general characteristics of the parliamentary system, we can analyze the given statements to determine their correctness.

2. It is an unstable government:
- This statement is correct. One of the criticisms of the parliamentary system is its potential for instability. In a parliamentary system, the government is formed by the majority party or coalition in the legislature. If the government loses the support of the majority, it can lead to a vote of no confidence and a new government may have to be formed. This can result in frequent changes in government and political instability.

3. It is against separation of powers:
- This statement is correct. The parliamentary system does not strictly adhere to the principle of separation of powers. In a parliamentary system, the executive branch (government) is formed by and is accountable to the legislature. This means that there is a fusion of powers between the legislative and executive branches, as opposed to a strict separation of powers found in presidential systems.

5. It is a responsible government:
- This statement is correct. In a parliamentary system, the executive branch is accountable to the legislature. If the government fails to perform its duties or loses the support of the legislature, it can be removed through a vote of no confidence. This accountability mechanism ensures that the government remains responsible to the people and the legislature.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 'B' - 2, 3, 5.

Kittiko-Hachchiko movement took place in the state of Karnataka in India during the 1980s.

Explanation:
The Kittiko-Hachchiko movement was a social movement that emerged in the state of Karnataka in the 1980s. It was led by the Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha (KRRS), a farmers' organization that aimed to address the issues faced by farmers in the region.

Under the leadership of M.D. Nanjundaswamy, the KRRS launched the Kittiko-Hachchiko movement to protest against the exploitation of farmers by moneylenders and middlemen. The movement aimed to create awareness about the plight of farmers and press for their rights and welfare.

The movement derived its name from the two slogans used by the KRRS. "Kittiko" means "reclaim what is rightfully yours" and "Hachchiko" means "become aware and fight for your rights". These slogans encapsulated the core objectives of the movement - to empower farmers and fight against exploitation.

During the movement, the KRRS organized rallies, protests, and demonstrations across various parts of Karnataka. They highlighted issues such as land reforms, fair prices for agricultural produce, access to credit, and the abolition of the moneylender system. The movement gained significant support from farmers and agricultural laborers who were struggling with poverty and debt.

The Kittiko-Hachchiko movement played a crucial role in bringing the issues faced by farmers to the forefront of public discourse. It also led to the formation of the Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha Party, a political party dedicated to championing the cause of farmers.

In conclusion, the Kittiko-Hachchiko movement took place in the state of Karnataka in India during the 1980s. It was a significant movement that aimed to address the issues faced by farmers and empower them in their fight against exploitation.

Statement Analysis:
Let's analyze each statement one by one:

Statement 1:
The statement says, "The UN’s most visible public figure, and the representative head, is the Secretary-General."

This statement is correct. The Secretary-General of the United Nations (UN) is indeed the most visible public figure and serves as the representative head of the organization.

Statement 2:
The statement says, "The present Secretary-General is António Guterres."

This statement is correct. António Guterres is the current Secretary-General of the UN. He assumed office on January 1, 2017.

Statement 3:
The statement says, "António Guterres is former President of Spain."

This statement is incorrect. António Guterres is not the former President of Spain. He is a Portuguese politician and diplomat who served as the Prime Minister of Portugal from 1995 to 2002. He has no affiliation with Spain.

Conclusion:
Based on the analysis of each statement, we can conclude that:
- Statement 1 is correct.
- Statement 2 is correct.
- Statement 3 is incorrect.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 'D' - 1 and 2 only.

Fundamental rights unavailable to foreign citizens are: Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment (Article 16). Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions (Article 30) Protection of six rights regarding freedom of : (i) speech and expression, (ii) assembly, (iii) association, (iv) movement, (v) residence, and (vi) profession (Article 19). It is notable that foreign citizens even enjoy the Right to elementary education (Article 21A).

1. Bribing or threatening voters.
   • This is correct. It falls under corrupt practices as defined in the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
2. Appealing to voters in the name of caste or religion.
   • This is correct. The Supreme Court of India has ruled that appealing for votes on the basis of caste, creed, or religion is a corrupt practice under the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
3. Use government resources for election campaigns by party or candidate.
   • This is correct. The Election Commission of India prohibits the use of government resources for election campaigns to ensure a level playing field.
4. A candidate can spend more than Rs. 25 lakh in a constituency for an for a Lok Sabha election: Spend more than ` 25 lakh in a constituency for a Lok Sabha election or `10 lakh in a constituency in an Assembly election.

The correct answer is option D, which means all of the given statements are correct. Let's understand each statement in detail:

1. Council of Ministers is the official name for the body that includes all the Ministers:
- The Council of Ministers is the collective decision-making body that includes all the ministers appointed by the President or the Prime Minister in a parliamentary system of government. It is responsible for formulating and implementing government policies and decisions. This statement is correct.

2. Cabinet is the inner ring of the Council of Ministers:
- The Cabinet refers to the core group of ministers who hold key portfolios and are responsible for major policy decisions. It is the inner circle within the Council of Ministers. The Cabinet ministers are usually the heads of various ministries or departments. This statement is also correct.

3. Ministers of State are attached to and required to assist Cabinet Ministers:
- Ministers of State (MoS) are junior ministers who are appointed to assist the Cabinet Ministers. They are responsible for specific areas or departments within a ministry. MoS are assigned to support and assist the Cabinet Ministers in their duties and responsibilities. This statement is correct.

4. Parliamentary democracy in most countries is often known as the Cabinet form of government:
- In a parliamentary democracy, the government is formed by the political party or coalition of parties that has the majority in the parliament. The head of the government is usually the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the President or elected by the parliament. The Cabinet form of government refers to the system where the executive power is vested in the Cabinet, which consists of the Prime Minister and other ministers. This form of government is prevalent in many countries with parliamentary democracies. Hence, this statement is also correct.

In conclusion, all the given statements are correct. The Council of Ministers is the official name for the body that includes all the ministers, the Cabinet is the inner ring of the Council of Ministers, Ministers of State are attached to and required to assist Cabinet Ministers, and parliamentary democracy in most countries is often known as the Cabinet form of government.

In the Kesavananda Bharati judgement, the SC has laid down the new doctrine of 'basic structure' of the Constitution which constitutes features that cannot be amended even by the Parliament. However, SC has not clearly defined what constitutes Basic Structure but the 'basic features' have emerged over various judgements of the SC, including Supremacy of the Constitution, Rule of Law, Federal character etc.