All questions of Biotechnology for BPSC (Bihar) Exam

Introduction:
DNA barcoding is a technique used to identify and classify organisms based on their DNA sequences. It involves analyzing a specific region of an organism's DNA to create a barcode-like pattern that can be used for identification purposes. The main application of DNA barcoding mentioned in the text is the identification of plant leaves.

Identification of plant leaves:
DNA barcoding has been widely used in the identification of plant species based on their leaves. Each plant species has a unique DNA sequence that can be used to distinguish it from other species. By comparing the DNA barcode of an unknown plant leaf with a reference database of known plant species, scientists can quickly and accurately identify the species to which it belongs.

Advantages of DNA barcoding in identifying plant leaves:
1. Accuracy: DNA barcoding provides a highly accurate method for identifying plant species. It eliminates the potential for human error that can occur with traditional methods of identification, such as relying on morphological characteristics.

2. Speed: DNA barcoding is a rapid technique that can provide results within a short period of time. This is particularly useful when dealing with large numbers of plant samples that need to be identified.

3. Non-destructive: DNA barcoding can be performed using small leaf samples, which do not require the destruction of the entire plant. This is important for conserving rare or endangered plant species.

4. Overcoming limitations of traditional methods: Traditional methods of plant identification, such as relying on physical characteristics or microscopic examination, can be challenging, especially when dealing with dried or processed plant materials. DNA barcoding can overcome these limitations by providing a molecular-based identification method.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the main application of DNA barcoding mentioned in the text is the identification of plant leaves. DNA barcoding offers several advantages in this context, including accuracy, speed, non-destructiveness, and the ability to overcome limitations of traditional identification methods. This technique has revolutionized the field of plant taxonomy and has become an essential tool for plant identification and classification.

The text states that the primary mission of the Department of Biotechnology in India is to focus on developing human resources, creating appropriate infrastructure, and promoting research and development in biotechnology. This includes strengthening indigenous capabilities in this field.

DNA fingerprinting is used for identifying individuals based on their unique DNA sequences. It is employed in forensic investigations, paternity testing, and other applications requiring precise identification.

Antigens play a crucial role in the immune system as they are responsible for identifying and fighting against foreign substances in the body. These foreign substances, known as pathogens, can include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms that can cause infections or diseases. The primary role of antigens is to initiate an immune response to eliminate these harmful invaders.

The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from pathogens. When a pathogen enters the body, it is recognized by the immune system as foreign and potentially harmful. This recognition is possible due to the presence of antigens on the surface of the pathogen.

Antigens are unique molecules that can be found on the surface of pathogens or even on the surface of our body's own cells. Each antigen has a specific shape and structure that is recognized by the immune system. When an antigen is detected, it triggers an immune response to eliminate the pathogen.

The immune response involves several key components, including the production of antibodies. Antibodies are proteins produced by specialized immune cells called B cells. These antibodies are designed to bind specifically to the antigens on the surface of the pathogen, marking it for destruction by other immune cells.

The immune system also has other mechanisms to fight against pathogens, such as the activation of T cells. T cells are another type of immune cell that can recognize and destroy infected cells directly.

In summary, the primary role of antigens in the immune system is to identify and trigger an immune response against foreign substances. They play a crucial role in initiating the production of antibodies and activating immune cells to eliminate pathogens and protect the body from infections and diseases.

Influenza is a viral disease caused by the influenza virus. It is commonly known as the flu.

Multidrug therapy (MDT)
Multidrug therapy (MDT) is the recommended treatment for leprosy by the World Health Organization (WHO). It involves the use of a combination of three antibiotics - rifampicin, clofazimine, and dapsone. This combination therapy is highly effective in treating all forms of leprosy, including paucibacillary and multibacillary leprosy.

Components of MDT:
- Rifampicin: Rifampicin is a powerful antibiotic that is effective against the bacteria that cause leprosy. It is a key component of MDT and is usually given as a monthly dose.
- Clofazimine: Clofazimine is another antibiotic that is used in the treatment of leprosy. It helps to kill the bacteria that cause the disease and reduce inflammation in the skin.
- Dapsone: Dapsone is also an antibiotic that is included in the MDT regimen. It works by inhibiting the growth of the bacteria that cause leprosy.

Benefits of MDT:
- High cure rates: MDT has been shown to be highly effective in curing leprosy and preventing the development of drug resistance.
- Short treatment duration: MDT is usually given for a period of 6 to 12 months, depending on the severity of the disease. This relatively short treatment duration helps to improve patient compliance.
- Low risk of side effects: MDT is generally well-tolerated by patients and has a low risk of serious side effects.
In conclusion, multidrug therapy (MDT) is the standard treatment for leprosy that involves a combination of rifampicin, clofazimine, and dapsone. This regimen is highly effective, relatively short in duration, and well-tolerated by patients, making it the treatment of choice for individuals with leprosy.

The primary goal of the US-India Knowledge Initiative on Agricultural Education, Teaching, Research, Services, and Commercial Linkages (KIA agreement) is to establish control over Indian agricultural research by US-based multinational corporations.

Antibodies are proteins manufactured by the body to fight against foreign substances called antigens. They attach to antigens and inactivate them, playing a crucial role in the immune system's defense against infections.

DNA molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination are known as Recombinant DNA (rDNA). These molecules combine genetic material from multiple sources.

The main purpose of the Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India (BRAI) as discussed in the text is to establish a strong regulatory framework for biotechnology, including the research, transport, import, and environmental release of biotechnology products.

The Biotechnology Regulatory Appellate Tribunal plays a role in hearing civil cases related to biotechnology and appeals on decisions and orders made by the Biotechnology Regulatory Authority.

Red blood cells, or RBCs, are responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and organs. They contain hemoglobin, a protein that binds to oxygen.

DNA primarily serves as the storehouse of genetic information in organisms. It carries the instructions needed for the growth, development, and functioning of living organisms.

The Global Fund for AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria is a partnership aimed at providing funding and resources to combat these infectious diseases worldwide.

"Green biotechnology" mainly focuses on improving agricultural and food production, including efforts to fight pests, enhance crop nutrition, and strengthen crops against environmental challenges.

The first methods for sequencing DNA were developed by Fred Sanger, as well as by Walter Gilbert and Allan Maxam. Fred Sanger's method remains a basis for modern DNA sequencing techniques.

Microinjection is a technique that involves directly injecting foreign DNA into recipient cells using a fine microsyringe under a microscope. This precise method is used for genetic engineering.

According to the European Federation of Biotechnology, biotechnology is defined as "The integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof and molecular analogues for products and services." This definition emphasizes the use of living organisms and biological processes for various applications.

Genome sequencing is the process of obtaining the complex DNA sequence of an organism's genome. It provides valuable information for various scientific and medical purposes.

DNA sequencing is used in agriculture for the production of genetically modified crops. Specific genes are introduced to make crops resistant to pests and herbicides.

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by deficient insulin production and usually requires daily insulin injections or the use of an insulin pump. It is not preventable with current knowledge.

The text mentions that the establishment of the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) in India was necessary to address challenges in research, infrastructure, and human resources in biotechnology. It aimed to develop these aspects of biotechnology.

Diseases that can be passed between animals and humans are known as zoonotic diseases. They include infections like rabies and Ebola.

According to the text, the passing of the BRAI bill is linked to the interests of multinational corporations because it simplifies the commercialization process of genetically modified (GM) crops, making it more favorable for multinational corporations in the agricultural sector.

Tetanus is a bacterial disease caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. It affects the nervous system and can lead to muscle stiffness and spasms.

Polygenic disorders are caused by multiple genes and may contribute to the risk of developing conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, and obesity.

White biotechnology is primarily focused on improving manufacturing processes, making industries more efficient and sustainable. It is often associated with biofuels and other technologies for industrial applications.

In the context of biotechnology applications, "Red biotechnology" refers to the branch related to healthcare and medical advancements. It includes the development of vaccines, medications, and regenerative therapies.

Brewing beer is an example of a traditional biotechnological process where yeast, a living organism, is used to produce beer through fermentation. This process has been practiced for centuries.

In the context of biosafety legislation, the "Precautionary Principle" means taking precautionary measures to ensure the safety of biotechnology products before proceeding with their release or use.