All questions of Environmental Organizations for BPSC (Bihar) Exam

**Yokkaichi Asthma: An Introduction**

Yokkaichi asthma is a specific type of industrial pollution-induced asthma that was first observed in the city of Yokkaichi, Japan. It refers to a respiratory condition caused by the inhalation of toxic air pollutants, mainly sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, which are released during industrial activities. This phenomenon gained significant attention in the 1960s when a severe outbreak of asthma cases occurred in Yokkaichi.

**Explanation of the Correct Answer: Japan**

The correct answer to the question is option 'D' - Japan. Yokkaichi asthma is directly associated with Japan because it was first identified and extensively studied in the city of Yokkaichi, located in Mie Prefecture, Japan. The condition was primarily caused by the industrial pollution resulting from the large-scale petrochemical industry and oil refinery operations in the area.

Yokkaichi, a highly industrialized city, experienced rapid industrial growth after World War II. The city's petrochemical industry and oil refinery operations emitted significant amounts of air pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, into the surrounding atmosphere. These pollutants contributed to the development of Yokkaichi asthma among the city's inhabitants.

**Impact and Symptoms of Yokkaichi Asthma**

Yokkaichi asthma had a profound impact on the health of the local population. The condition resulted in a range of respiratory symptoms, including coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and respiratory distress. The severity of the symptoms varied among individuals, with some experiencing acute attacks and others developing chronic respiratory problems.

The outbreak of Yokkaichi asthma prompted extensive research and investigations to understand the causes and effects of industrial pollution on human health. This led to improvements in pollution control measures and the development of stricter regulations to minimize emissions from industrial sources.

**Conclusion**

In conclusion, Yokkaichi asthma is a form of industrial pollution-induced asthma that was first observed in Yokkaichi, Japan. The condition was primarily caused by emissions from the city's petrochemical industry and oil refinery operations. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is option 'D' - Japan.

Explanation:
1. Lead is highly toxic to plants and animals including man.
This statement is correct. Lead is a potent toxicant that can cause a wide range of health effects, especially in children. It can affect multiple systems in the body and is harmful to both plants and animals, including humans. Exposure to lead can cause damage to the nervous system, reproductive system, cardiovascular system, and kidneys.

2. Lead generally affects adults more severely than children.
This statement is incorrect. Lead affects children more severely than adults. Children are more vulnerable to lead exposure because their developing bodies absorb more lead than adults do, and their brains and nervous systems are more sensitive to the damaging effects of lead. Even low levels of lead exposure can cause developmental delays, lower IQ, and behavioral problems in children.

Therefore, option 'A' is the correct answer as only statement 1 is correct.

The answer is option 'C': Approval from the National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) with benefit-sharing conditions.

The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) is a statutory body established by the Government of India under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002. Its main objective is to regulate access to biological resources and associated knowledge for research, commercial utilization, and other purposes. In order to ensure fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of these resources, the NBA requires intellectual property rights (IPR) on research based on biological resources from India to be approved by them with benefit-sharing conditions.

Reasons for approval from NBA with benefit-sharing conditions:

1. Regulation of access: The NBA regulates access to biological resources to prevent unauthorized exploitation and ensure that the resources are used in a sustainable manner. By requiring approval for IPR on research, the NBA can monitor and control the access and use of these resources.

2. Protection of traditional knowledge: India is rich in traditional knowledge related to biodiversity, which has been developed and preserved by local communities for generations. The NBA aims to protect this traditional knowledge from misappropriation and ensure that the benefits derived from its use are shared with the communities that hold such knowledge.

3. Fair and equitable benefit-sharing: The NBA requires benefit-sharing conditions to ensure that the benefits derived from the use of biological resources are shared fairly and equitably with the local communities and the country as a whole. This helps in promoting sustainable development and conservation of biodiversity.

4. Preservation of biodiversity: By regulating IPR on research, the NBA can promote research and development activities that contribute to the conservation and sustainable use of biological resources. This can help in preserving India's rich biodiversity and the associated ecosystems.

Conclusion:

The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) requires intellectual property rights (IPR) on research based on biological resources from India to be approved by them with benefit-sharing conditions. This is done to regulate access, protect traditional knowledge, ensure fair and equitable benefit-sharing, and promote the conservation of biodiversity. Researchers and organizations working with biological resources from India need to comply with these requirements to avoid any legal issues and contribute to the sustainable use of biodiversity.

's place of work or residence.2. Symptoms of SBS include headaches, dizziness, fatigue, and nausea.3. The exact causes of SBS are not fully understood, but poor indoor air quality, inadequate ventilation, and high levels of pollutants are believed to be contributing factors.4. SBS can be prevented by improving ventilation, maintaining clean indoor environments, and reducing the use of chemicals and other pollutants.5. SBS can be treated by identifying and addressing the underlying causes, such as improving air quality and reducing exposure to pollutants.All of the above statements are true.

Statement 1: It is a species whose presence indicates the presence of a set of other species and whose absence indicates the lack of that entire set of species.

This statement is correct. Indicator species are species whose presence or absence can indicate the presence or absence of a specific set of other species in an ecosystem. They are often used as ecological indicators to assess the health or condition of an ecosystem. If an indicator species is present, it suggests that the conditions required for the presence of other associated species are also present. Conversely, if an indicator species is absent, it suggests that the conditions required for the presence of other associated species are lacking.

Statement 2: Lichens are indicators of air quality and are sensitive to sulfur dioxide.

This statement is also correct. Lichens are composite organisms consisting of a fungus and a photosynthetic partner, such as an alga or cyanobacterium. They are highly sensitive to air pollution, especially sulfur dioxide. Lichens obtain nutrients and water from the air, and their structure allows them to accumulate pollutants from the environment. Therefore, their presence or absence can provide valuable information about the air quality in a particular area. In areas with high levels of sulfur dioxide pollution, lichens may be absent or show signs of damage, while in areas with clean air, healthy lichen populations can thrive.

Therefore, both statements are correct, and the correct answer is option 'D' - Neither of them.

Blue Baby SyndromeBlue Baby Syndrome is a condition that occurs when a baby's skin turns blue due to a lack of oxygen in the blood.Causes of Blue Baby SyndromeThe condition is caused by a variety of factors, including heart defects, lung problems, and blood disorders. However, one of the most common causes of Blue Baby Syndrome is high nitrate contamination in groundwater.Effects of Nitrate ContaminationNitrate contamination in groundwater can lead to the decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin, resulting in the symptoms of Blue Baby Syndrome. Nitrate is a chemical compound that is found in fertilizers and manure. When nitrate levels in groundwater are high, it can cause a reaction with hemoglobin in the blood, which reduces its ability to carry oxygen.Symptoms of Blue Baby SyndromeThe symptoms of Blue Baby Syndrome include a blue tint to the skin, difficulty breathing, and a rapid heartbeat. If left untreated, the condition can lead to brain damage or even death.Prevention of Blue Baby SyndromeTo prevent Blue Baby Syndrome, it is important to ensure that the nitrate levels in groundwater are within safe limits. This can be achieved by properly disposing of fertilizers and manure, and by monitoring the quality of groundwater.ConclusionIn conclusion, Blue Baby Syndrome is a serious condition that can be caused by high nitrate contamination in groundwater. It is important to take steps to prevent nitrate contamination in order to protect the health of infants and young children.

The correct answer is option 'C' - Both 1 and 2.

Explanation:

1. Bio-magnification of DDT:
Bio-magnification refers to the process of increasing concentration of a substance as it moves through the food chain. DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) is a synthetic pesticide that was widely used in the past for its insecticidal properties. DDT is highly persistent and does not easily break down in the environment. When DDT is released into water bodies, it can be absorbed by algae and plankton. These organisms are then consumed by small fish, which are in turn eaten by larger fish. As DDT moves up the food chain, each predator accumulates higher concentrations of the pesticide. This process is known as bio-magnification.

Fish-eating birds and humans are higher up in the food chain and are therefore more likely to be exposed to higher concentrations of DDT. This bio-magnification of DDT from water to fish-eating birds and humans has been well-documented and has led to concerns about the impact of DDT on these organisms.

2. Effects of DDT on hormones:
DDT has been found to have endocrine-disrupting properties, meaning it can interfere with the normal functioning of hormones in the body. Specifically, DDT is known to depress the activity of estrogen, the female sex hormone, and testosterone, a male sex hormone.

Estrogen plays a crucial role in the development and regulation of female reproductive organs and secondary sexual characteristics. Testosterone, on the other hand, is responsible for the development and maintenance of male reproductive tissues and secondary sexual characteristics. Disruption of these hormones can have significant effects on reproductive health and overall hormonal balance.

Studies have shown that exposure to DDT can lead to alterations in hormone levels, decreased fertility, and reproductive disorders in both animals and humans. The specific mechanisms through which DDT affects hormone activity are still being studied, but it is believed that DDT can interfere with hormone receptors and disrupt hormone synthesis and metabolism.

In conclusion, both statements are correct. DDT has been found to bio-magnify from water to fish-eating birds and humans, leading to higher concentrations in these organisms. Additionally, DDT is known to depress the activity of estrogen and testosterone, which can have significant effects on reproductive health.

Shrimati Rukmini Devi Arundale pioneered the setting up of the Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI) in 1962.